iesc106.pdf

C hapter 6 TISSUES From the last chapter, we recall that all living There are noticeable differences between d organisms...

C hapter 6 TISSUES From the last chapter, we recall that all living There are noticeable differences between d organisms are made of cells. In unicellular the two. Plants are stationary or fixed – they organisms, a single cell performs all basic don’t move. Most of the tissues they have are he functions. For example, in Amoeba, a single supportive, which provides them with cell carries out movement, intake of food and structural strength. Most of these tissues are respiratory gases, respiration and excretion. dead, since dead cells can provide mechanical But in multi-cellular organisms there are strength as easily as live ones, and need less millions of cells. Most of these cells are maintenance. is specialised to carry out a few functions. Each Animals on the other hand move around specialised function is taken up by a different in search of food, mates and shelter. They group of cells. Since these cells carry out only consume more energy as compared to plants. bl a particular function, they do it very Most of the tissues they contain are living. efficiently. In human beings, muscle cells Another difference between animals and contract and relax to cause movement, nerve plants is in the pattern of growth. The growth pu cells carry messages, blood flows to transport in plants is limited to certain regions, while oxygen, food, hormones and waste material this is not so in animals. There are some tissues in plants that divide throughout their be T and so on. In plants, vascular tissues conduct food and water from one part of the plant to life. These tissues are localised in certain re other parts. So, multi-cellular organisms regions. Based on the dividing capacity of the o R tissues, various plant tissues can be classified show division of labour. Cells specialising in one function are often grouped together in as growing or meristematic tissue and the body. This means that a particular permanent tissue. Cell growth in animals is tt E more uniform. So, there is no such function is carried out by a cluster of cells at demarcation of dividing and non-dividing a definite place in the body. This cluster of regions in animals. C cells, called a tissue, is arranged and designed The structural organisation of organs and so as to give the highest possible efficiency of organ systems is far more specialised and function. Blood, phloem and muscle are all localised in complex animals than even in very no N examples of tissues. complex plants. This fundamental difference A group of cells that are similar in reflects the different modes of life pursued structure and/or work together to achieve a by these two major groups of organisms, particular function forms a tissue. particularly in their different feeding methods. © Also, they are differently adapted for a 6.1 Are Plants and Animals Made sedentary existence on one hand (plants) and of Same Types of Tissues? active locomotion on the other (animals), contributing to this difference in organ system Let us compare their structure and functions. design. Do plants and animals have the same It is with reference to these complex structure? Do they both perform similar animal and plant bodies that we will now talk functions? about the concept of tissues in some detail.  Q uestions From the above observations, answer the following questions: 1. What is a tissue? 1. Which of the two onions has longer 2. What is the utility of tissues in roots? Why? 2. Do the roots continue growing even multi-cellular organisms? after we have removed their tips? 3. Why would the tips stop growing in jar 2 after we cut them? 6.2 Plant Tissues The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific regions. This is because the dividing 6.2.1 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE tissue, also known as meristematic tissue, is d located only at these points. Depending on the region where they are present, meristematic tissues are classified as apical, he lateral and intercalary (Fig. 6.2). New cells produced by meristem are initially like those of meristem itself, but as they grow and mature, their characteristics slowly change is and they become differentiated as components of other tissues. bl pu Apical meristem Jar 1 Jar 2 Intercalary meristem be T Fig. 6.1: Growth of roots in onion bulbs re Activity ______________ 6.1 o R Take two glass jars and fill them with water. tt E Now, take two onion bulbs and place one on each jar, as shown in Fig. 6.1. C Observe the growth of roots in both the bulbs for a few days. Measure the length of roots on day 1, Lateral meristem no N 2 and 3. On day 4, cut the root tips of the onion bulb in jar 2 by about 1 cm. After this, observe the growth of roots in both the Fig. 6.2: Location of meristematic tissue in plant body jars and measure their lengths each © day for five more days and record the Apical meristem is present at the growing observations in tables, like the table tips of stems and roots and increases the below: length of the stem and the root. The girth of the stem or root increases due to lateral Length Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 meristem (cambium). Intercalary meristem is the meristem at the base of the leaves or Jar 1 internodes (on either side of the node) Jar 2 on twigs. TISSUES 69  As the cells of this tissue are very active, Now, answer the following on the basis they have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose of your observation: walls and prominent nuclei. They lack 1. Are all cells similar in structure? vacuoles. Can we think why they would lack 2. How many types of cells can vacuoles? (You might want to refer to the be seen? functions of vacuoles in the chapter on cells.) 3. Can we think of reasons why there would be so many types of cells? We can also try to cut sections of plant 6.2.2 PERMANENT TISSUE roots. We can even try cutting sections of root and stem of different plants. What happens to the cells formed by meristematic tissue? They take up a specific 6.2.2 ((ii) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE d role and lose the ability to divide. As a result, they form a permanent tissue. This process A few layers of cells form the basic packing of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a he tissue. This tissue is parenchyma, a type of function is called differentiation. Cells of permanent tissue. It consists of relatively meristematic tissue differentiate to form unspecialised cells with thin cell walls. They different types of permanent tissue. are live cells. They are usually loosely packed, is Trichome Mucilaginous canal bl Cuticle Epidermis Hypodermis pu Cortex Endodermis Pericycle be T Phloem Cambium re o R Medullary ray Xylem tt E Vascular bundle Pith C Fig. 6.3: Section of a stem no N Activity ______________ 6.2 so that large spaces between cells (intercellular spaces) are found in this tissue Take a plant stem and with the help [Fig. 6.4 a(i)]. This tissue provides support to of your teacher cut into very thin slices plants and also stores food. In some © or sections. situations, it contains chlorophyll and Now, stain the slices with safranin. performs photosynthesis, and then it is called Place one neatly cut section on a slide, chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants, large air and put a drop of glycerine. cavities are present in parenchyma to give Cover with a cover-slip and observe buoyancy to the plants to help them float. under a microscope. Observe the Such a parenchyma type is called various types of cells and their aerenchyma. The parenchyma of stems and arrangement. Compare it with Fig. 6.3. roots also stores nutrients and water. 70 SCIENCE  The flexibility in plants is due to another this tissue in leaf stalks below the epidermis. permanent tissue, collenchyma. It allows The cells of this tissue are living, elongated easy bending in various parts of a plant (leaf, and irregularly thickened at the stem) without breaking. It also provides corners. There is very little intercellular mechanical support to plants. We can find space (Fig. 6.4 b). Intercellular spaces Wall thickenings Nucleus Vacuole Cell wall d he a (i) b (i) is Cytoplasm bl Nucleus End wall Middle lamella Primary cell wall (thickened at corners) pu Chloroplast Chloroplast Nucleus be T Vacuole re Vacuole o R Cytoplasm Intercellular space Intercellular space tt E Primary cell wall C a (ii) b (ii) no N Narrow lumen Lignified Simple thick wall pit pair © c (i) c (ii) Fig. 6.4: Various types of simple tissues: (a) Parenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section; (b) Collenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section; (c) Sclerenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section. TISSUES 71  Yet another type of permanent tissue is epidermis may be thicker since protection sclerenchyma. It is the tissue which makes against water loss is critical. The entire the plant hard and stiff. We have seen the surface of a plant has this outer covering of husk of a coconut. It is made of epidermis. It protects all the parts of the plant. sclerenchymatous tissue. The cells of this Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant tissue are dead. They are long and narrow as often secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on the walls are thickened due to lignin (a their outer surface. This aids in protection chemical substance which acts as cement and against loss of water, mechanical injury and hardens them). Often these walls are so thick invasion by parasitic fungi. Since it has a that there is no internal space inside the cell protective role to play, cells of epidermal (Fig. 6.4 c). This tissue is present in stems, tissue form a continuous layer without d around vascular bundles, in the veins of intercellular spaces. Most epidermal cells are leaves and in the hard covering of seeds and relatively flat. Often their outer and side walls he nuts. It provides strength to the plant parts. are thicker than the inner wall. We can observe small pores here and there Activity ______________ 6.3 in the epidermis of the leaf. These pores are Take a freshly plucked leaf of Rhoeo. called stomata (Fig. 6.5). Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called is Stretch and break it by applying pressure. guard cells. They are necessary for While breaking it, keep it stretched exchanging gases with the atmosphere. gently so that some peel or skin bl Transpiration (loss of water in the form of projects out from the cut. water vapour) also takes place through Remove this peel and put it in a petri stomata. dish filled with water. pu Add a few drops of safranin. Think about which gas may be required Wait for a couple of minutes and then for photosynthesis. transfer it onto a slide. Gently place a Find out the role of transpiration in plants. be T cover slip over it. Observe under microscope. Epidermal cells of the roots, whose re function is water absorption, commonly bear o R long hair-like parts that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area. tt E In some plants like desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance with waterproof quality) C Guard cells on its outer surface. Can we think of a reason for this? Stomata Is the outer layer of a branch of a tree no N Epidermal different from the outer layer of a young stem? cell Guard As plants grow older, the outer protective cell (a) (b) tissue undergoes certain changes. A strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis © of the stem. Cells on the outside are cut off Fig. 6.5: Guard cells and epidermal cells: (a) lateral from this layer. This forms the several-layer view, (b) surface view thick cork or the bark of the tree. Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged What you observe is the outermost layer without intercellular spaces (Fig. 6.6). They of cells, called epidermis. The epidermis is also have a chemical called suberin in their usually made of a single layer of cells. In some walls that makes them impervious to gases plants living in very dry habitats, the and water. 72 SCIENCE  Cork cells Ruptured epidermis parts of the plant. Except for phloem fibres, phloem cells are living cells. d Fig. 6.6: Protective tissue he ii)) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE 6.2.2 ((ii ii Phloem Xylem The different types of tissues we have discussed until now are all made of one type is of cells, which look like each other. Such tissues are called simple permanent tissue. Yet another type of permanent tissue is bl Nucleus complex tissue. Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells. All these cells Pit coordinate to perform a common function. pu Xylem and phloem are examples of such complex tissues. They are both conducting Pits be T tissues and constitute a vascular bundle. Cytoplasm Vascular or conductive tissue is a distinctive re feature of the complex plants, one that has o R made possible their survival in the terrestrial environment. In Fig. 6.3 showing a section of (a) Tracheid (b) Vessel (c) Xylem parenchyma stem, can you see different types of cells in tt E the vascular bundle? Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, C xylem parenchyma (Fig. 6.7 a,b,c) and xylem Sieve plate fibres. The cells have thick walls, and many Sieve tube of them are dead cells. Tracheids and vessels no N are tubular structures. This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically. The Phloem parenchyma stores food and helps in the parenchyma sideways conduction of water. Fibres are © Companion cell mainly supportive in function. Phloem is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma [Fig. 6.7 (d)]. Sieve tubes are tubular cells with (d) Section of phloem perforated walls. Phloem is unlike xylem in that materials can move in both directions in Fig. 6.7: Types of complex tissue it. Phloem transports food from leaves to other TISSUES 73  Q uestions During breathing we inhale oxygen. Where does this oxygen go? It is absorbed in the 1. Name types of simple tissues. lungs and then is transported to all the body 2. Where is apical meristem found? cells through blood. Why would cells need 3. Which tissue makes up the husk oxygen? The functions of mitochondria we of coconut? studied earlier provide a clue to this question. 4. What are the constituents of Blood flows and carries various substances phloem? from one part of the body to the other. For example, it carries oxygen and food to all cells. It also collects wastes from all parts of the 6.3 Animal Tissues body and carries them to the liver and kidney d for disposal. When we breathe we can actually feel the Blood and muscles are both examples of he movement of our chest. How do these body tissues found in our body. On the basis of parts move? For this we have specialised cells the functions they perform we can think of called muscle cells (Fig. 6.8). The contraction different types of animal tissues, such as and relaxation of these cells result in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular movement. tissue and nervous tissue. Blood is a type of is connective tissue, and muscle forms muscular tissue. bl 6.3.1 EPITHELIAL TISSUE The covering or protective tissues in the pu animal body are epithelial tissues. Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different be T body systems separate. The skin, the lining re of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung o R alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. tt E They have only a small amount of cementing material between them and almost no intercellular spaces. Obviously, anything C entering or leaving the body must cross at least one layer of epithelium. As a result, the permeability of the cells of various epithelia no N play an important role in regulating the exchange of materials between the body and the external environment and also between different parts of the body. Regardless of the © Smooth muscle fibres type, all epithelium is usually separated from the underlying tissue by an extracellular Nucleus fibrous basement membrane. Smooth muscle fibre Different epithelia (Fig. 6.9) show differing structures that correlate with their unique (Cell) functions. For example, in cells lining blood vessels or lung alveoli, where transportation Fig. 6.8: Location of muscle fibres of substances occurs through a selectively 74 SCIENCE  permeable surface, there is a simple flat kind squamous epithelium. Simple squamous of epithelium. This is called the simple epithelial cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining. The oesophagus and the lining of the mouth are also covered with squamous epithelium. The skin, which protects the body, is also made of squamous epithelium. Skin epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear. Since (a) Squamous they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium. d Where absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall he epithelial cells are present. This columnar (meaning ‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier. In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial is tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial (b) Cuboidal cells. These cilia can move, and their bl movement pushes the mucus forward to clear it. This type of epithelium is thus ciliated columnar epithelium. pu Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides be T mechanical support. Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland re cells, which can secrete substances at the o R (c) Columnar (Ciliated) epithelial surface. Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue folds inward, and a tt E multicellular gland is formed. This is glandular epithelium. C 6.3.2 C ONNECTIVE TISSUE Blood is a type of connective tissue. Why no N would it be called ‘connective’ tissue? A clue is provided in the introduction of this chapter! Now, let us look at this type of tissue in some more detail. The cells of connective tissue are © loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix (Fig. 6.10). The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. The nature of matrix differs in concordance with the function of the particular connective (d) Stratified squamous tissue. Take a drop of blood on a slide and observe Fig. 6.9: Different types of epithelial tissues different cells present in it under a microscope. TISSUES 75  Reticular fibre Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called Fibroblast plasma, in which red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are suspended. The plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the Macrophage body. Bone is another example of a connective Collagen fibre tissue. It forms the framework that supports Plasma cell the body. It also anchors the muscles and d Mast cell (a) supports the main organs of the body. It is a Nucleus strong and nonflexible tissue (what would be he Fat droplet the advantage of these properties for bone functions?). Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds. Two bones can be connected to each other is by another type of connective tissue called the ligament. This tissue is very elastic. It has bl considerable strength. Ligaments contain very little matrix. Tendons connect muscles to bones and are another type of connective tissue. Tendons are fibrous tissue with great pu Adipocyte (b) strength but limited flexibility. Haversian canal (contains blood vessels Another type of connective tissue, be T Chondrocyte cartilage, has widely spaced cells. The solid and nerve fibres) Hyaline matrix matrix is composed of proteins and sugars. re Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints o R and is also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx. We can fold the cartilage of the ears, but we cannot bend the bones in our tt E Canaliculus (contains (d) slender process of bone arms. Think of how the two tissues are cell or osteocyte) (c) different! Areolar connective tissue is found between C Red blood corpuscle the skin and muscles, around blood vessels Cytoplasm Nucleus and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills no N the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues. Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Different white (polynuclear Where are fats stored in our body? Fat- blood corpuscles leucocyte) storing adipose tissue is found below the skin © and between internal organs. The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules. Storage of fats also lets it act as an insulator. Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets (e) 6.3.3 MUSCULAR TISSUE Fig. 6.10: Types of connective tissues: (a) areolar tissue, (b) adipose tissue, (c) compact Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, bone, (d) hyaline cartilage, (e) types of also called muscle fibres. This tissue is blood cells responsible for movement in our body. 76 SCIENCE  Muscles contain special proteins called to bones and help in body movement. Under contractile proteins, which contract and relax the microscope, these muscles show alternate to cause movement. light and dark bands or striations when Nuclei stained appropriately. As a result, they are Striations also called striated muscles. The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate (having many nuclei). The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the contraction and relaxation of (a) Spindle shaped blood vessels are involuntary movements. We muscle cell cannot really start them or stop them simply d by wanting to do so! Smooth muscles [Fig. 6.11(b)] or involuntary muscles control such he movements. They are also found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the lungs. The cells are long with pointed ends (spindle-shaped) and uninucleate (having a is single nucleus). They are also called Nucleus unstriated muscles – why would they be called that? bl (b) The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. These involuntary muscles are called cardiac pu muscles [Fig. 6.11(c)]. Heart muscle cells are Striations cylindrical, branched and uninucleate. Compare the structures of different types be T of muscular tissues. Note their shape, number of nuclei and position of nuclei within re the cell. o R Nuclei 6.3.4 NERVOUS TISSUE tt E All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, cells of the nervous tissue C are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the no N body. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are (c) all composed of the nervous tissue. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons. Fig. 6.11: Types of muscles fibres: (a) striated muscle, (b) smooth muscle, (c) cardiac A neuron consists of a cell body with a © muscle nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise (Fig. 6.12). Usually each We can move some muscles by conscious neuron has a single long part, called the axon, will. Muscles present in our limbs move when and many short, branched parts called we want them to, and stop when we so decide. dendrites. An individual nerve cell may be up Such muscles are called voluntary muscles to a metre long. Many nerve fibres bound [Fig. 6.11(a)]. These muscles are also called together by connective tissue make up skeletal muscles as they are mostly attached a nerve. TISSUES 77  Nucleus combination of nerve and muscle tissue is fundamental to most animals. This Dendrite combination enables animals to move rapidly Q in response to stimuli. Axon Nerve ending uestions 1. Name the tissue responsible for Cell body movement in our body. 2. What does a neuron look like? Fig. 6.12: Neuron-unit of nervous tissue 3. Give three features of cardiac d muscles. Nerve impulses allow us to move our 4. What are the functions of areolar he muscles when we want to. The functional tissue? What is you have bl learnt Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function. pu Plant tissues are of two main types – meristematic and permanent. be T Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions of the plant. re o R Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue once they lose the ability to divide. They are classified as simple and complex tissues. tt E Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are three types of simple tissues. Xylem and phloem are types of complex C tissues. Animal tissues can be epithelial, connective, muscular and no N nervous tissue. Depending on shape and function, epithelial tissue is classified as squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular. The different types of connective tissues in our body include © areolar tissue, adipose tissue, bone, tendon, ligament, cartilage and blood. Striated, unstriated and cardiac are three types of muscle tissues. Nervous tissue is made of neurons that receive and conduct impulses. 78 SCIENCE  Exercises 1. Define the term “tissue”. 2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them. 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants? 4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. 5. What are the functions of the stomata? d 6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres. he 7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? 8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. is 9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron. 10. Name the following. (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth. bl (b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans. (c) Tissue that transports food in plants. pu (d) Tissue that stores fat in our body. (e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix. be T (f) Tissue present in the brain. 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, re o R bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle. 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present. 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants? tt E 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue? 15. Complete the table: C no N © TISSUES 79