ICT NOTES.docx

ICT NOTES (QUARTER 1) CPU - The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor - is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. - It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. - The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square w...

ICT NOTES (QUARTER 1) CPU - The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor - is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. - It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. - The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside - The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. - The CPU fits into the motherboard\'s CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink. - heat sink is an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. - SPEED is measured megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second; gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. CPU History - early 1970s \- The CPU was first invented and developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff and others. - 4004 processor \- first processor released by Intel \- \* 4-bit architecture \* 640 bytes RAM capacity \* 108-kilohertz maximum clock speed COMPONETNTS OF CPU - ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - CU (control unit) ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations. CU (control unit) - directs all the processors operations. Machine Cycle Step 1: Fetch instruction from the memory Step 2: Decode instruction into commands Step 3: Execute commands Step 4: Store results in memory Types of CPUs +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AMD PROCESSORS | AMD PROCESSORS | | | | | K6-2\ | Phenom FX - A10 series\ | | K6-III\ | Phenom X4 | | Athlon\ | | | Duron\ | Phenom X3\ | | Athlon XP | Athlon 6-series\ | | | Athlon 4-series\ | | Sempron\ | Athlon X2\ | | Athlon 64\ | Phenom II\ | | Mobile Athlon 64\ | Athlon II\ | | Athlon XP-M\ | E2 series\ | | Athlon 64 FX | A4 series\ | | | A6 series\ | | Turion 64\ | A8 series | | Athlon 64 X2\ | | | Turion 64 X2 | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Intel processors | Intel processors | | | | | 4004 Pentium III | Pentium Extreme Edition | | | | | 8080 Pentium M | Core Duo | | | | | 8086 Celeron M | Core 2 Duo | | | | | 8087 Pentium 4 | Core i3 | | | | | 8088 Mobile Pentium 4-M | Core i5 | | | | | 80286 (286) Pentium D | Core i7 | | | | | 80386 (386) | Core i9 | | | | | 80486 (486) | | | | | | Pentium | | | | | | Pentium w/ MMX | | | | | | Pentium Pro | | | | | | Pentium II | | | | | | Celeron | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ CPU FACTS: - Lan Grid Array and Pin Grid Array are the two types of pin connectors of the processor. - From the 70's to now, what changed the most in processor was SPEED. - A bit is the basic unit of information which can either be 1 and 0. - Multi threading allows each of the CPU cores to perform two sets of tasks or threads at the same time and was introduced during 90's - A bit is a " binary digit". - The CLOCKSPEED is how many times per second a CPU completes a work cycle. - A processor\'s speed is measured in megahertz and gigahertz, of instructions per second. - The CPU fits into the motherboard\'s CPUsocket, which is covered by the heatsink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. - Processors and heatsink were bonded by thermal paste. - Binary code is a computer language based on LOGIC (yes or no, true or false). - RAM - - - Three Main Memory Circuit Boards Types Containing Chips - - -   RIMMs - - -   SIMMs - -   RAM : Two Primary Forms DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)   SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)   DRAM - - - - - -   SRAM - - - - - -     HOW MUCH RAM IS IDEAL? - - -   USES OF RAM - - - - Magnetic Core Memory is the type of RAM that is *non-volatile*. - The first RAM is *Williams Tube.* - Semiconductors for solid-state memory proved to be cheaper, this RAM decided to replaced Magnetic Core Memory - In today's PC uses this type of RAM called the Dynamic RAM, made of capacitors, modern RAM needs a consistent electric flow to retain data - Information is loaded into RAM from the HARD DRIVE in binary language that is bits. - The CPU accesses these addresses in RAM via the *address bus*. - RAM has a *clock frequency*, the number of times per second that it can complete a cycle. - Currently, Memory modules are 64 bits wide. Transfers 8 bytes per clock cycle. - If a RAM has a maximum clock speed of 2400 MHz. Its bus is 8 bytes wide. It means that it can reach a transfer rate 19200 megabytes per second. - DIMMs was popularized in *2000s* - The difference of DIMMs and SIMMs, SIMMs contact on both sides are interconnected allowing only one set of connector. DIMMs sides are not, making better use of the module's space for more capacity. - RIMM modules, short for Rambus Inline Memory Module, were considerably faster than other available RAM reaching a clock speed of 800 MHz. RIMM also had a metallic shield acting as a heat spreader. Work at a lower voltage than other versions..   HDD(Hard Disk Drive) - a non-volatile data storage device - It is usually installed internally in a computer, attached directly to the disk controllers of the computer\'s motherboard. - It contains one or more platters, housed inside of an air-sealed casing. - Data is written to the platters using a magnetic head, which moves rapidly over them as they spin. - Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay, connected to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. They are powered by a connection to the computer\'s PSU.   Hard disk drive components - - - - - - - -   Platters (for storing data) - - Spindle (for spinning the platters) - - - -   Read/write actuator arm - -   Read/write head - -   For *reading and writing data* : - -   Actuator / head actuator (for controlling the actions of the read/write arm) - -   Other Parts and Interface and Protect - - - - - From Video: - - - - - - - STRUCTURE OF PLATTER - - - - - -   Types of Hard Disk Drive - - - -   PATA ( Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) - - - - - - -   SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) - - - SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) - - - -   SSD (Solid State Drive ) - - -   SSD vs Hard Drive vs Hybrid Drive - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -   ALWAYS BACKUP YOUR DATA -  Data is written into a disc by converting strings of bits into electrical current fed into an electromagnet. Facts about the Humble Hard Disk Drive - HDD was invented as a means of secondary storage for computers by IBM in 1954 lead by Rey Johnson - The first HDD was the size of two medium fridges, weighed a ton and had a storage capacity of 3.75 megabytes. - In 2016, Dutch scientists invented the world's smallest hard drive. ( This drive is capable of re-writing information by manipulating single atoms. Put simply, it means that all the books ever written could in theory be stored on a hard drive the size of a postage stamp ) - The substances contained in a hard disk drive are numerous ( Some are even valuable. Typically, the outer parts are made of aluminium, but within the shell you will find glass, cobalt, nickel and magnesium. Precious metals such as platinum, copper, gold and silver are also components.Each year, the US throws away silver and gold worth more than \$60 million, from mobile phones alone, into landfill) - Every day, in the US, 112,000 laptops and PC's are discarded containing precious metals, glass and plastics that could all be recovered ( Harmful pollutants such as mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are buried in landfill sites which is disastrous for the environment. ) - It's difficult to erase the data on a hard disk drive - Today, technology in laptops and PC's are moving towards the more compact SSD for data storage. - Don't forget the Cloud HDD TIMELINE: THE SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT 1956 - The First Commercial Hard Drive - IBM introduces the first computer disk storage system, the 305 RAMAC - The system could store 5 megabytes and had fifty 24-inch diameter disks. - It used a single set of read/write heads to operate. - The 305 RAMAC was introduced for business use. 1961 - The First Air-Bearing Read/Write Heads - It was invented by IBM and was called IBM 301 Disk Storage Unit. - The IBM 301 Disk Storage Unit was less prone to failure and data loss than the 305 RAMAC, since the heads didn't actually touch the disks during operation; they floated on a thin layer of air. - Invented by Engineers R.E. Pattison and Thomas G. Leary of IBM company. - introduced by IBM - layered platters that could be read simultaneously with multiple sets of heads 1970 - The Floppy Disk - Several companies (including IBM once again) introduce 200 millimeter diskettes. 1973 - The First Sealed Hard Drive - It also has lubricated platters and low-load read/write heads. - It features two spindles, each with a disk capacity of 35 megabytes for a total capacity of 70 megabytes. 1980 - Hard Disk Drives for Microcomputers - Seagate Technology introduces the first hard disk drive for microcomputers (The ST506) - The ST506 can hold 5 megabytes of data -- an astounding accomplishment for the time. - Phillips also introduces the first optical laser drive. 1986 - The Introduction of IDE and SCSI - The mid-1980s was the introduction of two important technologies that would have a lasting impact on hard drives: IDE and SCSI. - IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) was an interface that allowed for smaller, more efficient hard drives. - SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) was a high-speed interface that allowed for faster data transfer rates. - IDE drives became the standard for personal computers - SCSI drives remained popular in servers and high-end workstations 1988 - RAID Technology Expands Hard Drive Storage Capabilities - Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) is proposed. - RAID technology, allow hard drives to store more data than ever before. - This was a critical development for hard drive manufacturers, as it allowed them to increase the storage capacity of their drives without increasing the cost. 1993 - Introduction of Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics - Western Digital introduces Enhanced IDE (EIDE). - It is built to overcome the constraints of ATA, and it supports faster data transfer rates and higher disk capacities - EIDE also supports AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI), which allows for non-disk peripherals such as CD-ROM drives and tape drives. 2003 - Introduction of the SATA Interface - Serial ATA is introduced, allowing faster data transfer through a revised computer bus interface. - SATA quickly becomes a popular hard drive standard for desktops and laptops, replacing earlier standards such as EIDE. - 2007 - The First 1 Terabyte Hard Drive - Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST) surpasses an important benchmark in data storage technology by announcing a hard drive with a 1 terabyte capacity - Hitachi Global Storage Technologies achieves another milestone by introducing the 7K1000.D. - The drive's platters are each capable of storing 1 terabyte of information. 2014 - The Rise of Helium - HGST (now owned by Western Digital) announces that it will end production of air-filled hard drives for corporate products, instead using helium to improve reliability while reducing power consumption. 2015 - 2022 - Hard disk Timeline - the release of the first 3TB hard disk, as well as the first 10TB hard disk. (2015) - release of the world's first 16TB hard disk and the release of several new NVMe, SSDs, including models from Samsung and Western Digital. (2018) PSU - is the metal box usually found in a corner of the system case.  - a hardware component of a computer that supplies all other components with power. - converts a 110-115- or 220-230-volt AC (alternating current) into a steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by the computer and rated by the number of watts it generates. - The maximum rated power output of a PSU can range from around 250 watts up to as high as 2 kilowatts - Power Supply Typical Voltages SupplyMolex power connector I. 3.3 volts , 5 volts - used by digital circuits II. 12 volts - used to run motors in disk drives and fans. Common PSU Connectors ( P1, ATX12V(or P4), Molex, Berg (or Mini- Molex), Serial ATA (SATA), PCI Express) - P1 -- ATX 24-PIN power connector \- It is a 20-pin or 24-pin connector that provides power to the motherboard. \- the P1 is split into ne 20-pin connector and one 4- pin connector which can be combined if required to form a 24-pin connector. - ATX12V(or P4) power connector \- A 4-pin power connector that goes to the motherboard in addition to a P1 to supply power to the processor. - Molex power connector \- A 4-pin peripheral power connector that supplies power to IDE disk drives, optical drives, case fans and CD-ROM/DVD drives. - Berg (or Mini- Molex) power connector \- A 4-pin power connector that supplies power to the floppy disk drive. - Serial ATA (SATA) power connector \- This is a 15-pin power connector mainly used for SATA hard drives, case fans, SSD and optical drives. - PCI Express power connector \- A 6-pin or 8-pin power connector used for PCI Express graphics cards. MOTHERBOARD A motherboard is the main printed circuit board in a computer. The computer's central communications backbone connectivity point, through which all components and external peripherals connect. It provides the connectivity between the hardware components of a computer. MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS 1. Expansion slot 2. RAM slot 3. CPU socket 4. Power Supply Connectors 5. 4-pin CPU fan header 6. Front Panel Connectors 7. IDE (PATA) Channel 8. SATA connector 9. CMOS Battery 10. Chipsets 11. Capacitors 12. Transistors 13. Diode 14. VRMs 15. Mounting Screw Hole Expansion Slot The connection or port inside a computer on the motherboard or riser card Alternatively known as bus slot or expansion sport. It provides an installation point for a hardware expansion card to be connected. Expansion Card Slots and the devices associated with those slots - AGP - CNR - ISA - PCI - EISA - VESA - PCI Expres - AMR Accelerated Graphics Port - Video card - an advanced port designed for video cards and 3D accelerators - Developed by Intel and introduced in August 1997 - channel is 32-bits wide and runs at 66 MHz, which is a total bandwidth of 266 MBps Peripheral Component Interconnect - Network card, SCSI, sound card, video card - The PCI bus came in both 32-bit (speed of 133 MBps) and 64-bit versions - was introduced by Intel in 1992 Peripheral Component Interconnect Express - Video card, Wifi Card, SSD, network card - Originally known as 3rd Generation I/O (3GIO), PCI Express, or PCIe - It was approved in July 2002 as a serial computer expansion bus - was PCIe slots come in different physical configurations: - x1 X8 X4 X16 x32 Audio/Modem Riser - Modem, sound card - allows OEMs to make one card with the functionality of either a Modem or audio or both as one card - Released September 8, 1998 Communication and Network Riser - Modem, network card, sound card - It was developed in order to reduce the cost to OEMs of implementing LAN, home networking, audio, and modem subsystems widely used in PCs during early 2000. - was introduced by Intel on February 7, 2000. Extended Industry Standard Architecture - SCSI, network card, video card. - first announced in September 1988 for IBM compatible computers that competed with the MCA bus - introduced by IBM and headed by Mark Dean - originally an 8-bit computer bus that was later expanded to a 16-bit bus in 1984 Video Electronics Standards Association - video card. - non-profit standard sorganization in the field of computer graphics - It was formed in 1988 by monitor and video car manufacturers - With the goal of driving standard initiatives and product and market implementations in the field of electronics technology. 2\. RAM Slot - allows RAM to be inserted into the computer. - Most motherboards have two to four memory slots, which determine the type of RAM used with the computer - Why are the memory slots have different colors?They are color coded because of a dual channel support and that you should install RAM as a pair to take advantage of it. 3\. CPU Socket - a specific part on a motherboard that is purposely designed to hold a CPU and help to prevent potential damage when the device is moved. - A CPU socket is designed with thousands of pins or contact points. - for power and data transfer etween the CPU and the rest of the processors on the motherboard. - HOW DOES A CPU SOCKET WORK? A locking mechanism mounted a CPU tight in place with-a-lever applies constant pressure on the CPU and makes sure the contact points are properly aligned with the CPU socket. Note: there is only ONE CORRECT installation alignment which is indicated with a SMALL TRIANGLE on the edge of the CPU and CPU socket - Pin Grid Array - mainly used by AMD now, This kind of socket is known as a zero-insertion force socket which means the CPU will be able to drop in without any pressure. - Land Grid Array - mainly used by intel now, consists of a series of pins that correspond to flat connectors on the bottom of the processor. 4\. Power Supply Connectors P4 (4pin atx 12V) Power Connector 24-pin ATX Power Connector 5\. 4-pin CPU fan header - used to control the cooling fan that\'s attached to the enclosure 6\. Front Panel Headers A. System Panel Headers B. USB headers C. Audio headers - also known as the Front Panel Header or FPanel, consist of small pins that serve a specific electrical purpose. - that controls the power on, power reset, beep code speaker, and the LED light Panel indicators on your PC case/chassis. - 5 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS Power Switch Pins Reset Switch Pins Power LED Pins Hard Disk LED Pins Speaker Pins - Power Switch Pins \- Abbreviated as PWRSW or simply PW - Connect Reset SW to the pins labelled "- RES +" - Connect Audio panel connector to the front Audio panel of the motherboard - Connect USB panel connector to the front USB panel header of the Motherboard. - AUDIO HEADERS - Let\'s you connect to a front panel audio module built into a system chassis - USB HEADERS - are the physical connectors used for connecting USB ports on a PC\'s case 7\. IDE/PATA channel - for compatible HDD (Hard Disk Drives) and ODD (Optical Disc Drives) channel - It is a standard interface for IBM computers that was first developed by Western Digital IDE/PATA and Compaq in 1986 - IDE DATA CABLE - 34-PIN AND 40-PIN 8\. SATA Connector - an industry-standard bus interface for connecting a computer\'s host bus adapter to storage devices. - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment 9\. CMOS Battery (Complementary Metal-oxide-semiconductor) battery - an onboard, battery- powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information (BIOS settings) - Some of these BIOS settings include the system time and date, as well as hardware settings. 10\. Chipsets - Chips that have a specific set of tasks and communicates between the CPU and external devices through buses. - It handles the faster components on the motherboard. - often referred to as the memory controller hub - Including RAM, ROM, BIOS, AGP, PCI Express, and the southbridge chip as well as the CPU. (NORTHBRIDGE) 11\. Capacitor - a tiny electrical component soldered to the motherboard - It conditions DC voltage to other components to provide a steady stream of power - It also holds or stores an electric charge to be discharged at a later time. 12\. Transistors - semiconductors that are designed to generate, control, and amplify electrical signals 13\. Diode - a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. - It allows current to flow easily in one direction but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction 14\. VRMs - this voltage is again taken by VRMs first and then again step down and regulates these voltages and provides the continuous required power to the processor - stands for Voltage Regulator Module. - VRMs are electronic circuits located near the CPU - Their main work is to provide steady and consistent voltage to the processor. - As the Powersupply unit converts external voltage. eg. 240 volts to 12V or 5 V, 15\. Mounting Screw Hole - let us mount motherboard to a surface