IASTE-ENGLISH101-MODULE1-BERRAS-1stSemAY2021-22.pdf

CYCLE 1 1st Semester | A.Y. 2021-2022 MODULE 1 Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics September 06 – 11, 2021 ENGLISH101 Purposive Communication FERNANDO E. BERRAS Instructor Institute of...

CYCLE 1 1st Semester | A.Y. 2021-2022 MODULE 1 Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics September 06 – 11, 2021 ENGLISH101 Purposive Communication FERNANDO E. BERRAS Instructor Institute of Arts, Sciences, and Teacher Education BSEd-Social Studies 1-A Institute of Business Education BSCA 1-A, BSCA 1-B Institute of Hospitality and Tourism Management BSHM 2-A, BSHM 2-B 1  MODULE 1 COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, you should be able to: Describe the nature, elements and functions of verbal, non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts; Determine the necessary principles in addressing a formal or informal speaking engagement; Recognize the importance of ethics in communication; and Discuss ethical issues in communication. II. TOPIC OUTLINE: A. The Communication Process 1. Communication 2. Types of Communication 3. Types of Non-Verbal Communication 4. Five Theories of Non-Verbal Communication 5. The Cyclical Flow of the Communication Process B. Principles of Communication C. Communication Ethics 1. What is Ethics? 2. What is Communication Ethics? 3. The Truth Standard 4. Ethical Issues in Communication III. LESSON PROPER: 2  THE COMMUNICATION PROCESSES COMMUNICATION Everything that revolves around us is communication. Spoken or not, every act conveys meanings and various interpretations because all of us come from diverse backgrounds. As such, it is necessary if we give and provide accurate messages so that misinterpretation will be minimized. © hrasiamedia.com So, what is communication? Communication is the process of people reacting to the various attitudes and behaviors of other individuals, communication can be looked upon as a personal process taking into the feelings, attitudes, and ideas so that their goals are met. It compels people to be aware that communication events are not isolated but can be transmitted as simple to very complicated situations. Additional References/Suggested Readings All living beings existing on the planet communicate although the way of communication is different. The Communication Theory Framework was proposed by S. F. Scudder in the year 1980. Examine more communication and communication theory through the following viewpoints through this link: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/communication-theory.htm 3 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Verbal Communication includes the use of symbols that have universal meanings and can be classified as spoken or written. Intrapersonal Communication It is communication through self-talk. This involves personal thoughts and emotions. Feedback goes back to you. Interpersonal Communication It is communication between two people (dyadic) or a small group of individuals (also known as small group discussion). This type of communication allows speakers to discuss topics that interest them or they may share a common bond with each other. Public Communication Where one person is speaking in front of an audience. The magnitude or size may be limited or numerous. The speaker delivers the message in a formal setting, giving a topic that is thematic. Feedback from the audience may be available or not. 4 Mass Communication It is communication that takes place through a technology such as the social network/internet, television, radio, and newspaper. Through these channels of communication, the message is replicated many times, resulting to a multiplier effect to the receivers. Speakers must be very careful of the kind of information being disseminated. The messages conveyed must be screened prior to public dissemination. Non-verbal Communication is an oversimplification to say that non-verbal communication is communication without words because written words are perceived as “verbal” but there is a lack of sound element attached to it. Hence, words in non-verbal communication are still involved however speaking is not included. Therefore, non-verbal symbols consist of gestures eye movements, tone of voice, the use of space and touch. Because these non-verbal cues are not shared universally, they may give different meaning to another culture and thus, considered as ambiguous. “Nonverbal communication performs a third valuable social function: conveying emotion that we may be unwilling or unable to express-or ones we may not even be aware of. In fact, nonverbal communication is much better suited to expressing attitudes and feelings than ideas” (Adler & Rodman, 2006) Non-verbal communication is necessary to repeat and ascent the verbal message accompanied by using gestures. It also regulates interaction since non-verbal action may indicate who will speaks or not. It serves as a substitute in the absence of words. TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION In the absence of any written or spoken words, gestures and symbols serve as a substitute to make non-verbal communication easier to understand. 5  Silence conveys meaning to the spectators that can be seen in a person who is quiet yet busy, a person who is contemplating, grieving, not to be disturbed, or being in a difficult situation. In a conversation between two individuals, a silent reply may signify the receiver does not understand or may refuse to answer at all. Body language (gesture) is employed in two ways unconscious movement to tell the state of emotion the person is undergoing such as walking around for being bored, biting the fingernails for being nervous or other activities done unconsciously. On the other hand, conscious movement entails individuals to render the designated action such as saluting to the national flag, or appropriate actions to be rendered for specific activities. Facial expression is manifested to evoke certain emotions such as happy, joyful, sad, frustration, and many other facial movements… 6  Paralanguage or use of voice is detected in loud, or faint sounds to provide authority or emphasis to the volume of words. Touch (hug, kiss, handshake) in some cultures is a symbol of affection but may not be allowed in certain communities. Space & distance indicate the importance of a person. Distance signifies the intimacy and personal acceptance in some cultures and in others not. Clothes and personal appearance provide a quick personal surveillance of the person’s age, interest, personality, sex, attitude, social standing, or religious affiliation. 7  Symbols are general graphical presentation so that people will be guided accordingly such as traffic signs, mathematical problems, medical, and other fields of specialty (Rasel, 2013). FIVE THEORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Semiotics (Sign Language) © newsweek.com Sign languages are used in the absence of the spoken word and have phonological, lexical, and even syntactic levels. 8 Kinesics (Body Language) Kinesics comes from the word kinesis which means movement. In nonverbal communication, it is the study of the hand, arm, body, and face movements. Gestures are body movements that can be classified into adaptors, emblems, and illustrators. Adaptors pertain to the self, indicating internal states related to stress, anxiety or when things are not in control of the surroundings. Adaptors are manifested through unconscious movements such as clicking of pens, shaking of legs, and many other. Emblems are gestures to signify agreement such as raising a thumb or a hitch hiker or an OK sign with thumb and index finger forming a circle but will vary from culture to culture. Emblems are different from that of sign language. In addition, head movements and posture among many cultures may provide various meanings such as head nodding or a bow, a handshake. Human posture like standing, sitting, squatting and lying down also provide different interpretations in various societies. So is the ability to establish eye contact that sets interaction, relay information and link interpersonal relationship. Eye contact is also cognitive activity, express engagement, and express intimidation. In addition, facial expression manifests happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and many other emotions that will give information to the receivers from the person conveying it (Communication in the Real World: An introduction to Communication, 2016) Haptics (Touch) The study of communication by touch is known as Haptics. Touch is essential for social development which can either be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive. There are numerous kinds of touch such as functional-professional, social-polite, friendship-warmth, love-intimacy, and sexual-arousal touch. 9  A functional-professional level touch is associated with professional routine such as barbers, hairstylist, doctors, nurses, tattoo artist, security screeners whose touch is less threatening. The social-polite level includes a handshake, a pat on the arm or shoulder. A handshake is actually an abbreviated hand-holding gesture, but we know that prolonged hand-holding would be considered too intimate and therefore inappropriate at the functional-professional and social-polite levels, touch still has interpersonal implications. The touch, although professional and not intimate, between hairstylist and client, or between nurse and patient, has the potential to be therapeutic and comforting. In addition, a social-polite touch exchange plays into initial impression formation, which can have important implications for how an interaction and a relationship unfold” (Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication, 2016, p. 176). Meanwhile in friendship-warmth level touch is significant since it serves a relational continuance that will foster closeness, adoration, attention, and concern. Friends at times may negotiate since being too touchy may send signals of being sexual or romantic or less touch may signal detachment or disassociation. However, touch in the love-intimacy level such as holding hands and full-frontal hugging is more personal and done through “significant other, best friends, close family members and romantic partners”. None the less, this level of touch is not sexual since it only spurs emotion intimacy but may lead to sexual-arousal touch. Touch is also used in other contexts like wrestling, slapping, bumping into another person, and many other scenarios. 10 Chronemics (Time) Chronemics is the study of how time influences communication involving biological time, personal time, physical time, and cultural time. Biological time is the rhythm of living things where the daily body cycle affects our eating patterns, sleeping and waking moments. When biological clock is disturbed (sleepless nights, jet lag or other abnormalities in scheduling), our communication proficiency and personal relationships will be greatly affected. Meanwhile, personal time is associated to a person’s mood in a specific activity that defines his or her experience time. “People with past-time orientations may want to reminisce about the past, reunite with old friends, and put considerable time into preserving memories and keepsakes in scrapbooks and photo albums. People with future-time orientations may spend the same amount of time making career and personal plants, writing out to-do lists, or researching future vacations, potential retirement spots, or what book they’re going to read next” (Communication in the Real World: An introduction to Communication, 2016) Physical time is the fixed cycles of days, weeks, months, years, and seasons that affect people’s mood and psychological levels. Others are affected by a seasonal disorder from “warm and bright to dark and cold” and so forth that result in emotional tensions and worry. Cultural time on the other hand, is how a large group of individuals look at time. Polychronic individuals are flexible people who engage in many activities since they refuse to look at the time as a linear development that requires division into small units and the need to plan in advance while monochronic individuals prefer to schedule their time strictly and do one task at a time (Communication in the Real World: an Introduction to Communication, 2016). 11 Proxemics (Use of Space) Proxemics is a theory of non-verbal communication introduced by Edward T. Hall in the 1960s to explain how people understand and used space to attain communication purposes. In the silent language, Hall outlines proxemic theory: Distances should be the preference of the individuals and not forced closeness. However, the study of distance varies from culture to culture like for instance the Americans prefer personal space of 18inches. According to Hall, following the use of space below will indicate the kind of relationship people have. Intimate (0-18 inches); Personal (18 inches to 4 feet); Social (4 feet – 10 feet); and Public (over 10 feet) Proxemics will not only show relationships and objectives in communication but detail other cultural undertakings like how the town is arrange and the living spaces therein. It is believed that how things are arranged defines one’s region. Hence, territories are planned to create comfort to home owners and keep away intruders. Colors identify the types of territories and the behavioral expectations of the individuals in it. 12  For example, a bright violet sofa in a small apartment signifies fun, carefree atmosphere while a white sofa indicates formality. Even restaurants in soothing pastels entice dinners to stay a little longer with their meals or those decorated with loud designs may prompt diners to leave right away after eating. Types of Territories in Proxemics 1. Body Territory refers to the personal space the individual maintains with other people. 2. Primary Territory refers to the home, vehicle or another living spaces of the person. 3. Secondary Territory refers to school, office, or church where entry is reserve for specific individuals and norms are expected and looked upon. 4. Public Territory refers to the open space where everyone visits such as the part, market, shopping mall, and many other. Because people come and go, these territories may overlap from each other. CYCLICAL FLOW OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS The Source/Encoder holds the fulcrum of the communication since this individual determines whether the purpose of the message is to inform, persuade, or entertain. The speaker begins by creating message and then passes the message to the receiver through the use of a channel whether personal or through mass media. The speaker uses past experiences, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. 13  The Message is the second element of the communication process. The sender encodes an idea and then decides whether or not to inform, persuade or entertain the receiver. After evaluating what message will be conveyed, the sender will use symbols on how to get the message across. The receiver then decodes and interprets the message. The Channel is a pathway or device where in messages passed through from sender to receiver using verbal and nonverbal channels of communication. The five senses are important in transporting these messages to the receiver. Other methods of sending these messages can be done through face-to-face communication, letter writing, through a telephone or cellular phone, a public address with an audience that will be featured through television, radio or newspaper. Another is through the social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram and many others. The Receiver/Decoder is the person(s) involved in the communication process who receive(s) the message. The decoder receives the message and then interprets the message. If the message is simple or complex, the ability of the receive to the comprehend the message is big factor. Thus, the response of the decoder maybe silent, spontaneous, reluctant or many have pauses in between depending on the communicative situation. The Feedback is the result of the interaction between the sender and the decoder. In here the decoder gives a response to the message conveyed. As the communication process progresses, the speaker becomes the decoder too. Each party in the communication process continuously sends message to the other. Feedback serves as an assessment on how the receiver interprets each message: 1. Negative feedback happens when there is lack of understanding. 2. Positive feedback takes place when the receiver fully understands the message. Although it may not fully agree with the source as the message is interpreted precisely. 3. Ambiguous feedback only occurs when the message relayed is not very clear thereby giving confusion to the receiver. Likewise, feedback is neither positive or negative like saying the phrases, “I see” and “mmm-hmm”. 14  PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION In addressing a formal or informal speaking engagement, it is necessary to know the following: Know your audience is necessary to know whom you are talking because your speech has to match the interest of the listener. By gauging what they need, your speech is tailored perfect to the discussion. Know your purpose is also important to know the reason why you are you placed in such speaking engagement. Knowing your purpose is essential since it will help you outline on what you are going to say. Know your topic is actually the key and heart of your discussion. The topic knits all the information into a cohesive whole so that your speech will have significance to the listeners. Speaking without preparation is like going to the war field and so having a topic enables you not to go off tangent form the theme. Anticipate objections are difficult to handle but again presenting an idea to everyone does not necessarily give acceptance to the listeners. And so, during the open forum, be prepare to answer to answer challenging questions. Try to ask possible quarries before presenting your speech to an audience and frame credible answers to the list of questions. Achieve credibility to your audience by sharing information that are the first hand and authentic. Share personal inspiring stories that will motivate the listeners and therefore provide a lasting impression among themselves. Presenting information in several way is the best technique in storytelling. As speaker, you must be very creative and must not follow the linear way of telling your tale. You may start form the middle, beginning, middle, end and so forth. Be like a camera whose eyes can go 360 degrees, detailing all the angles and knitting the illuminating parts of the storyline. Other ways can be performing a drama, sing a song, or dance. Anything that is not predictable catches attention to the listeners. 15  COMMUNICATION ETHICS What is Ethics? As defined by Meriam Webster, ethics means: - rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad - an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior; a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong What is Communication Ethics? Communication Ethics takes place when a behavior of a person or group is subjected by their morals thereby affecting interpersonal, mass mediated, and digital communication. There should be a balance in speaking and listening, validity of emotional appeal, the level between praise and criticism. The imbalance of communication results in unfavorable circumstances between two parties and so, honesty on both groups must be maintained. Likely, understanding communication is manifested as “interest in ethics”. In the sixth century B.C., Aristotle deliberated the significance of ethos and the personal attributes in communication like honesty and credibly. This results to scholars to define ethics as the examination on personal morals, values, and choices. Moral choices and consequent behaviors will result to disagreement when individuals are vexing to implement people’s ethical beliefs on others (Tubbs, 2013). THE TRUTH STANDARD - “Communicators ought (expected) to be honest” ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION Lying & Interpretation Telling a lie and making it as truth is dangerous for people in providing information like James Frey in A Million little Pieces who invented parts of his memoir and New Times reporter Jayson Blair’s plagiarism case (Tubbs, 2013). 16 Secrets, Disclosures & Privacy Issue in disclosure of information is a case-to-case basis. “For example, imagine yourself as a reporter for the school newspaper. As part of your job, you interview a university official, and she gives you some controversial information on that you will not reveal her as the source. Grades of several athletes have been altered to raise their academic averages. Later a heated debate is stirred up by your article, and the dean of students demands to know the source of your information” (Tubbs, 2013, pp. 204-205). In the mass media, the ethical issue on the right to privacy is very important as journalist are confronted with the issue that the public has the right to know while their source have the right to be protected and the right to privacy. Whistleblowing It happens when someone from a group violated the group’s norm by revealing an evidence or activity that is considered dishonest, unethical, forbidden with the organization that can be private or public. It requires great courage since the whistleblower speaks out his or her status in a risk that will compromise his or her safety (Tubbs, 2013). Leaks These are unknown information shared to others like information disclosed to the press by a concealed identity who is familiar source. It protects the source and avoids confirmation of the truth (Tubbs, 2013). 17 IV. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT/STUDENT’S ACTIVITIES/WORKSHEETS: WORKSHEET # 1 Make sure to accomplish the following tasks: 1. Log-in to your Edmodo Account; 2. In your section’s Edmodo Class for Purposive Communication, accomplish the worksheet for Module 1; and 3. Upon finishing the worksheet, you are done with this module. V. REFERENCES: SyGaco, S. B. (2018). Principles & Competencies in Purposive Communication. Quezon City: Great Books Trading. ManagementStudyGuide. (2020). Communication Theory. Retrieved: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/ Google Images DISCLAIMER It is not the intention of the author/s nor the publisher of this module to have monetary gain in using the textual information, imageries, and other references used in its production. This module is only for the exclusive use of a bona fide student of Mabalacat City College. In addition, this module or no part of it thereof may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, and/or otherwise, without the prior permission of Mabalacat City College. 18