I-O-Chem-Lab-Lesson-1-2-Safe-Laboratory-Practices-Common-Laboratory-Apparatus.pdf

INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Safe Laboratory Practices 15. Hair must be tied back so it does not 1. Personal Protective Equipment fall into flames or chemic...

INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Safe Laboratory Practices 15. Hair must be tied back so it does not 1. Personal Protective Equipment fall into flames or chemicals. (PPE) must be worn at all times in 16. Exercise great care in noting the the laboratory. odor of gasses. Fan the gas towards 2. Contact lenses should not be worn your nose with your hand. in the laboratory; special goggles are 17. Do not mouth suction in filling pipette required for contact lens wearers with chemical reagents. Use a pipet who have no regular glasses. or suction bulb. 3. Perform only the assigned 18. Do not force glass tubing or experiments. Never work alone in thermometers into rubber stoppers. the laboratory. Protect your hands with a towel or 4. Read experimental procedures at hand saver during this operation. Do least twice before beginning an not force rubber tubing, bulbs, or experiment. stoppers off glass apparatus. 5. Strictly follow all the steps in a given 19. Heat test tubes containing liquid procedure. Never undertake any gently so the contents will not shortcuts. splatter. Be careful of your neighbor 6. Obtain all the necessary reagents when heating test tubes. Do not put and materials before starting an your face directly over a vessel, experiment. which you are hitting. 7. Record all data, calculations, and 20. Mercury spills are dangerous results in an approved laboratory because of the poisonous vapors. If notebook. you spill mercury or break a 8. Keep work areas clean and thermometer, ask your instructor for uncluttered. assistance in cleaning up all the 9. No matter how minor, report any residual drops of mercury. accident to your laboratory 21. Note the location of the eyewashes. instructor. If you get a chemical in your eye or 10. Use mantle when viewing end points on your face, wash with flowing during titration. (Mostly common for water from the eyewash. If contact Pharmacy students) lenses are worn, they must be 11. Never open any reagent bottle removed during washing. without reading the label first. Note 22. Learn where the safety shower, fire any special warnings on the extinguishers, and fire blankets are. reagents or materials to be handled. Use the shower if your clothing 12. Label all reagents properly by catches fire or you spill a large indicating its concentration and the amount of chemicals on yourself. In date of preparation. case of fire or accident, call the lab 13. Do not taste anything in the instructor at once. laboratory. Do not eat, drink, or 23. You must go to the school clinic for smoke in the laboratory. the treatment of cuts, burns, or 14. Shoes must be worn in the accidents involving the inhalation of laboratory. Sandals do not give fumes. Know the location of the adequate protection. clinic. kelacnls :P 1  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Handling of Reagents 1. Stock bottles or reagents should always be covered either by a glass or rubber stopper to avoid contamination. 2. To remove the stopper from a reagent bottle, hold the stopper with the first portion between the index and middle finger and with the plug projecting from the back of the hand. Stoppers are placed with the flat top inverted on the glasswatch. 3. Liquids are transferred quantitatively into another container with the use of pipet or with the aid of a stirring rod firmly against the side tip of the vessel. 4. Excess reagents should be flushed down with plenty of water and should never be returned to the reagent bottle. 5. Solids are spooned out with a perfectly clean and dry spatula to avoid contamination. The mouth of the reagent bottle should be tilted slightly downward to give a fine flow of the chemical. 6. Acid solutions are prepared by pouring acid to water; alkaline solutions are prepared by pouring the alkali to water. (Acid or Chemical to Water, NOT Water to Acid or Chemical) kelacnls :P 2  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Common Laboratory Apparatus Erlenmeyer Flask Balance - It has a flat bottom, a conical body, 1. Triple Beam Balance and a cylindrical neck - Used to measure masses - Usually marked very precisely; the reading on the side (graduated) to error is 0.05 gram. indicate the approximate volume of contents 2. Platform Balance - A balance consisting of a Filter Flask lever with two equal arms - A special designed and a pan suspended from flask with a side arm for each arm. conveying filtered liquid into other vessels 3. Top Loading Balance - A digital instrument that is Florence Flask used to measure the mass of - Used for heating an object. Consists of a substances that need to metal plate to place the be heated evenly object and a digital readout. - The bulbed bottom allows the heat to 4. Analytical Balance distribute through the - Accurate and precise liquid more evenly instrument to measure - Mostly used in distillation experiment weights. They require a draft-free location on a solid Volumetric Flask bench that is free of - Used to vibrations. prepare solutions and to dilute them to Alcohol Lamp specific volume - Source of heat - Shape - Typical fuel is denatured consists of a long alcohol, methanol or isopropanol upper neck plus a round, flat-bottom lower region for Hot Plate mixing and holding solution - Used as a source of heat when an open flame is not desirable Graduated Cylinder - A narrow, Beaker cylindrical container - A simple container for marked with horizontal stirring, mixing, and heating lines to represent units liquids, commonly used in many of measurement laboratories - Used to precisely measure the volume of liquids kelacnls :P 3  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Burettes Forceps - Used accurately to - To hold and move parts measure and deliver variable you should not touch amounts of a liquid - Used in titrations, Funnel where accurate volume - A cone-shaped measurements of a reagent vessel ending in a tube at solution and a known the base. used for pouring reaction of this reagent with liquids and solids through a sample are used to measure and a small opening and to analyze concentration hold the filter paper in filtering technique Pipette - Used to accurately Thistle Tube measure and transfer a volume of - Used to liquid from one container to add liquid to an another existing system of apparatus Aspirator - Used for - To safely fill glass and osmosis plastic pipettes experiment - Also helps control the flow of liquid from the dropping Separatory Funnel bottle - Used for separating immiscible Test Tubes liquids with different - Used to hold small densities samples - Primarily used for Watch Glass qualitative assessment and - A circular comparison concave piece of glass used as a Test Tube Rack surface to evaporate a - Wooden or metal bars liquid used for supporting the test - To hold solids tubes when not in use or while while being weighed waiting for the reaction of - For heating a small amount of reagents to take place substance and as a cover for a beaker Crucible Tongs - Used to hold crucibles and Evaporating Dish evaporating dishes when they are - A glazed porcelain hot vessel used to heat and kelacnls :P 4  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus consequently evaporate liquids Magnetic Stirrer - Uses a rotating magnetic Crucible with Cover field to move a stir bar around in - A porcelain container liquid samples used for heating or melting substance requiring extreme pH Meter heat - A precise instrument that quantitatively measure the acidity Spot Plate or basicity of solutions expressed - Plate with small wells as pH used to perform reactions on a very small amount of materials Microscope Slide - Holds the object you are Stirring Rod looking at on the microscope - Used to manually stir solutions Cover Slip - Assist in pouring liquids - Cover materials on a - Transfer a single drop of a glass slide solution Microscope Rubber Policeman - To magnify very small - Keeps glass stirring rod objects and observe objects from scratching beaker or other you cannot see with the naked container eye - Allows to scrape solids out of containers Autoclave - Sterilizes instruments Desiccator and equipments - A tightly closed container charged with a suitable desiccant Centrifuge (commonly calcium chloride or - Spins and separates calcium sulfate) that allows an specimen into its component atmosphere of low humidity to be parts obtained Vortex Wash Bottle - Used commonly in - A squeeze bottle with a laboratories to mix small vials nozzle, used to rinse various of liquids pieces of laboratory glassware, such as test tubes and round Incubator bottom flasks - A device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures kelacnls :P 5  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Fume Hood - A device that is designed to limit exposure to hazardous or toxic fumes, vapors, or dusts Biosafety Cabinet - Microbiological safety cabinet - An enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens kelacnls :P 6  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus Pipettes ❖ Design - Make sure that the eyes are To Contain (TC) - at the same level as the Holds or contain a meniscus, seeing the particular volume but meniscus at an angle causes does not dispense the parallax error exact volume Effects of Parallax in Reading To Deliver (TD) - Will - If the eye is below the dispense the volume meniscus, the reading is too indicated high, that is, a graduation mark is read which lies below Types of Pipettes the true value; a similar but Transfer Pipettes opposite occurs when the eye is above the meniscus 1. Volumetric Pipette - Has a single For Clear Solution: graduation that allows - The lower meniscus is read it to deliver one For Dark Colored or Opaque specific volume Solution: accurately - The upper meniscus is read 2. Oswald-Folin Pipette Classification of Pipettes - Designed “to deliver” ❖ Drainage Characteristics or “blow-out”, which Blow-out - This means they deliver means that the last indicated volume only drop of liquid should when the last bit of be expelled into the their contents is receiving vessel, this blown out with a pipet is marked with a pipette bulb frosted band or a - Used with biological continuous etched fluids having a ring or two small viscosity greater than continuous rings very water close together located near the top of the 3. Pasteur Pipette pipet - Also known as Self-draining - The Droppers remaining liquid - Used to transfer small inside the pipet has quantities of liquids been drained freely; frosted bands are Measuring or Graduated Pipettes absent - A pipette associated with only one volume is termed as a FIXED VOLUME, and kelacnls :P 7  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LAB) Lesson 1 & 2 Safe Laboratory Practices & Common Laboratory Apparatus models that are able to select Automatic Pipette different volumes are termed - Often called ‘liquid as VARIABLE handling robots’, automated pipetting 1. Mohr Pipette systems are used to speed - Does not have up the process of graduations to the tip transporting small and - Designed to deliver (TD) liquids through precise volumes of liquids the process of self-draining, but the tip should not be allowed to touch the vessel while the pipette is draining and its full volume should be used to achieve proper accuracy 2. Micropipettes - A pipette with a total holding volume of less than 1 mL; it may be designed as either a Mohr or Serological pipette 3. Automatic Pipette - Its major advantage are time saving, ease of use, increase in precision, and lack of required cleaning because the contaminated portions of the pipet, such as the tips are often disposable 4. Serological Pipette - Has calibration marks to the tip and is generally a blow-out pipette kelacnls :P 8