New Monarchs PDF

Nation-State - A territorially bounded sovereign polity ( state) that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify as a nation - The Late Middle Ages/Renaissance witnessed a beginning in the construction of Nation-States - France, England, Spain, etc No...

Nation-State - A territorially bounded sovereign polity ( state) that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify as a nation - The Late Middle Ages/Renaissance witnessed a beginning in the construction of Nation-States - France, England, Spain, etc Notable Monarchies - The Habsburgs (1270s-1918) - Originally small German family that came from switzerland - Gained importance and territories through medieval wars and marriages - 1270⇒Duke of Austria and control Vienna - 1440s⇒Frederik III of Habsburg = First Habsburg HREmperor - Family held on this title until Empire’s dissolution by Napoleon in 19th century - Son Maximilian III married Mary of Burgundy so Habsburgs inherited burgundy, netherlands and luxembourg - This marriage upset the french and started Habsburg-Valois wars - Married his children with Isabella and Ferdinand children which created Charles V power - Charles V of Habsburg - Super Habsburg - 1500-1558 - Grandson of Maximilian - Believed it was his duty to maintain political and religious unity in Western christendom (agaisnt reofrmation) - Alliance between Spain and HRE to contain France - Charles VIII’s Italian wars scared rest of Europe - Joanna de Castile(Daughter of Isabella de Castille that reunited spain with Ferdinand of Aragon) and HRE (Philip the Handsome, son of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian 1 (HRemperor)) baby - Ruled over Spain and its colonies (Grandparents, mother side), the HRE(Bought), Low Countries (benelux, grandparents father side) and Southern Italy (Mother’s grandfather) - Most powerful monarch since Charlemagne - Protected his empire through marriage alliances - Gained income from church appointments - Unable to centralize the Empire away from local control - Will cause important issues - The Valois (1328-1589) - Rocky and bloody start - Charles IV (last Capetian king) dies in 1328, no male heir - Phillip of Valois succeds him - Hundrred Years war begins in 1337 - Charles VII (1407-1461) - Ends the Hundred Years war - King of France (1429) - Creates more efficient state  - Reorganized royal council, favoring lawmakers and bankers, increased taxes - No state was as organized or as rich as France - allowed monarchy to gain territory and expel the english - Regular armed force of cavalry and archers (“Recruited, paid and inspected by the state”) - French kings consolidated Charles VII’s state building - Louis XI (Spider king) - Bullies nobles into submission with his army - Gains Burgundy, Anjou, Barn Laine and Provence - Charles VIII - Italian wars in 1494 - Marries Anne of Brittany (1499) to attach brittany to monarchy - Dies young hitting his head on a door - Louis XII - Prevents civil war after Charles death - Cousin of Charles VIII - Marries Anne of Brittany (1499) to keep Brittany - Continues the Italian wars - Dies without a male heir (==> François 1er) - François I of Valois (1494-1547) - Continued Italian Wars - Treaty of Madrid-France renounces controls and demands over Naples, Milan, Flanders, Artois and Burgundy - Power of Charles V too big - Gave his two sons to Habsburgs - Upset that Christian Europe was against France, alliance with Ottomans - Patron of the Arts and literature - Italian Renaissance brought to France (Italy) - Invited numerous Italian artists (Da vinci) - Humanism - Collège de France (1530) - Financed Cartier’s voyages to the New World (Quebec) (1534-1542) - Concordat of bologna - France has power over Catholic church in France - Church appointments in France (hence control of church policy) - Papacy received first year’s income of newly named bishops and abbots in France - The Tudors(1485-1603) - War of the Roses (1455-1487) - After Hundred YEars war, internal trouble in English Monarchy from powerful aristocrats - House of York vs House of Lacaster for control - Yorkist win, eventually no heir and tudor cousin reigns - Henry VII (first Tudor) becomes king in 1485 - Victory at Bosworth Field (1485)  - Created Court of Star chamber (excludes unwanted nobles and reduced aristocratic troublemaking with terrifying methods) - Maintain standing army - Crushes power of English Nobility - Established order and law at local level - Restored royal prestige - Machiavelian methods - Royal council at the center of authority - Chose educated men as advisors - Married his son with Catherine of Aragon to get recognition of his dynasty - Left country in peace, increased treasury and royal majesty - Tudors (except Henry VIII) depended on democracy and thus undercut aristocratic influence on parliament as they didn't have to ask for money - Henry VIII (1491-1547) - Second son of Henry VII - Marries brother’s fiance, Catherine of Aragon (Habsburg) - Unprepared as older brother should have been heir - Went to war and bankrupted England (Mostly failed conflicts) - Centralized English monarchy’s power - Deeply religious until 1532 - Divorced Catherine of Aragon for Anne Boleyn - Needs male heir - Catherine had 1 daughter and couldn't have more children - Badly seen by the Church and he had already been given papal allowance to marry brother’ wife (badly seen) - Pope refused as he was Charles V prisoner and Charles V opposed as Catherine nephew - Did it anyways - Has to separate from the church and create Anglican church - They have a daughter - Guillotined Anne - Gets a male heir from Jane Seamore - Leaves Catholic Church/Nationalizes all Church property - Fixes bankruptcy from war - Creates Anglican church (essentially same to papal church but English) - Has over 4 more wives after Anne (6 total) France - Seine ⇒ key connection - Agriculture around Bone Area easy - 3 key rivers  - Easy transportation - Easy food - Advantage in communication and moving goods - Easy food⇒more population (very populous state) - Eastern areas more flat and less fertile land (lots of forests)