HWL Midterm Review PDF

HWL Midterm Review Definitions: 1. Ordoro Amourous - Latin for 'the order of our loves' or 'rightly ordered loves' - brief and true definition of virtue as described by st. augustine 2. Virtue - the excellence of action and character - examines the dept...

HWL Midterm Review Definitions: 1. Ordoro Amourous - Latin for 'the order of our loves' or 'rightly ordered loves' - brief and true definition of virtue as described by st. augustine 2. Virtue - the excellence of action and character - examines the depth of moral life - simply put: the quality of being morally good 3. Canon - a collection of rules or texts that are considered to be authoritative or "good" literature, ex. shakespeare or chaucer 4. Canonization - the way and the process in which literary works become canons 5. Courtly Love - a highly conventionalized medieval tradition of love between a knight and a (possibly) married noblewoman - a knight's love for a woman of noble birth, characterized by ritual, rivalry, and obsession 6. Estates Satire - a genre of writing from 14th Century, Medieval literary works 7. Chivalry - the combination of qualities expected of an ideal knight, especially courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak - chivalric code: a moral system which combined a warrior ethos, knightly piety, and courtly manners, all combining to establish a notion of honor and nobility (or simply a set of rules by which a knight ought to behave) 8. Pilgrimage - Religious journey to Holy place 9. Piety  - Devotion and reverence to God Fig. Language 1. Allegory - a story, poem, or work of art that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, usually moral or political - I.e. Animal Farm 2. Alliteration - repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words in succession - I.e. Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore 3. Anthropomorphism - figurative language that involves animals or non-human beings displaying human traits and behavior. - I.e. a dog speaking 4. Biblical allusion - any reference to scripture and people and stories in the Bible - I.e. Dante’s Inferno: harrowing of hell 5. Dramatic irony - When the audience/reader, who has knowledge of some critical piece of information, while the character is in the dark - I.e. Romeo and Juliet: Juliet taking the sleeping potion, and Romeo thinking she is dead 6. Foreshadowing - use of dialogue, character, motifs and symbols to hint to readers something that is to appear or occur later in the story - I.e. “All was dark as I walked home alone, feeling as if I was being watched…” 7. Historical allusion - brief and direct or indirect reference to a person, place, event, or idea of historical significance - I.e. “He was a Nero” 8. Hyperbole  - extravagant exaggeration - I.e. “I’m so hungry, I could eat 100 cows!” 9. Literary allusion - References to another work via dialogue or some detail recalled in the referenced work that the well-read, cultured reader would recognize - I.e. “Don’t be a Scrooge” 10. Metaphor - Comparing two unlike things without using like/as - “She’s got a heart of gold” 11. Motif - A recurring element that conveys a theme - Blood as a motif in Macbeth (spilt literally and symbolically, real and imagined) 12. Mythological allusion - Alluding to mythology - “When she discovered that, she had opened Pandora’s Box” 13. Onomatopoeia - a word that sounds like the sound it describes - “WeeOh WeeOh” (ambulance siren) 14. Oxymoron - figure of speech combining contradictory words with opposing meanings - “Organized chaos” 15. Paradox - a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well-founded or true - “Less is more” 16. Personification - figurative language that gives inanimate objects or natural phenomena humanlike characteristics - “The old house creaked”  17. Pun - literary device that builds on meanings associated with homonyms or words with more than one meaning - Mercutio saying he’ll be a “grave man” tomorrow 18. Simile - Comparing Two things using like using like or as - “she was like a breath of fresh air” 19. Situational irony - a situation describing an event or thing in a story that is not expected - A swimmer drowning 20. Symbolism - use of words or images to represent specific concepts, people, objects, or events, broadly or narrowly - But she-wolf, lion and leopard representing incontinence violence and fraud blocking Dante's way in Inferno Short Answer/Multiple Choice 1. Seven Deadly Sins - Lust, gluttony, pride, sloth, wrath, greed, envy 2. Which attributes did Everyman ask to accompany him? Who remained and why? - ​Discretion, Strength, Beauty, Five-Wits, Knowledge, and Good-Deeds - All abandon him but knowledge and good-deeds - Knowledge gets him where he needs to go but cannot accompany him to the afterlife showing that knowledge can help you get places but it cannot be how you get to eternal life - Good Deeds is the only one to go to the Grave with every man showing that good deeds is the only thing that can get you eternal life - He first goes to Fellowship, then meets his Kindred and Cousin, and after that Goods. Finally he comes upon Good Deeds, too weak to stand. She sends Everyman to her sister, Knowledge - Good Deeds ends up following him to death and knowledge accompanies him until his death but everyone else leaves; this is  because in real life our works and actions towards others will follows us and knowledge is important but won't be needed in heaven, but we don't need things like beauty or strength 3. Why, according to C. S. Lewis, did God give man free will if doing so made choosing evil a possibility? Why did Lewis believe we are living on the “battlefield of an endless war”? - Because free will, though it makes evil possible, is also the only thing that makes possible any love or goodness or joy worth having, we need to choose to love God, and free will is the only way. - He believed that The good and bad Spirit were always fighting each other - Christianity agrees with Dualism that this universe is at war. But it does not think this is a war between independent powers. It thinks it is a civil war, a rebellion, and that we are living in a part of the universe occupied by the rebels. Enemy-occupied territory—that is what this world is. Christianity is the story of how the rightful king has landed, you might say landed in disguise, and is calling us all to take part in a great campaign of sabotage. 4. Feudalism - - a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return - greatest to least: kings-lords-knights-peasants 5. Four temperaments in medieval society - sanguine (optimistic, social, and associated with the element of air) - melancholic (analytical, quiet, earth) - choleric (short-tempered, irritable, fire) - phlegmatic (relaxed, peaceful, water) 6. Sir Thomas Becket - Murdered by Knights of King - Martyr - chose loyalty to church over crown - His Shrine was the place the pilgrims were going to see in Canterbury Tales 7. Characters and plot of “The Knight’s Tale” - plot: Two great friends, Arcite and Palamoun, fall deeply in love with a woman named Emily. Their love for Emily is so great that it destroys their relationship, eventually leading to the death of Arcite as they compete with one another for Emily's hand in marriage. Arcite wins her hand after winning the battle Thesus set up, but then he dies by one of the gods, and Palamon marries Emily - characters: palamon, arcite, theseus, emily 8. Characters and plot of “The Wife of Bath’s Tale” - plot: In the Wife of Bath's Tale, a knight sets out on a quest to find out what women want in order to prevent his own execution from raping a maiden. He meets an old woman who gives him the answer - women desire control over their husbands. Because she gave him the answer, he must marry her. She gives him the choice to have her be a beautiful and unfaithful wife or an old but faithful wife. The knight gives her control and tells her to choose what she thinks is best. Because he gave her the answer she wanted, she transforms herself into a beautiful and faithful wife and the two have a long and happy marriage. - characters: the knight, the hag, the queen 9. Direct v. indirect characterization - Direct: when the author explicitly tells the reader what he or she wants us to learn about the character - Indirect: when the author shows the reader parts of the character that helps them understand the character's personality and the effect they have on other characters - ex. indirect characterization might read, "John snapped at the man without warning," whereas direct characterization would say simply, "John was short-tempered” 10. Allusion recognition - Recognize it 11. Why Dante’s trilogy is called the The Divine Comedy  - Unlike tragedies that begin on a high note and end tragically, comedies begin badly but end well 12. Historical conditions that made Dante’s Inferno widely read (c. 1215) - 4th Lateran Council convened by Pope Innocent III - council addressed a number of issues, including the sacraments, the role of the laity, the treatment of Jews and heretics, and the organization of the church - The war going on 13. Terza rima - A three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc 14. Animals blocking Dante’s way and which level of Hell each represents - She-wolf a. Incontinence b. Represented: 2, 3, 4 (lust, gluttony, greed) - Lion a. Violent b. Represented: 5, 6, 7 (wrath) - Leopard a. Fraud b. Represented: 8, 9 ( fraud, treachery) 15. Match contrapassos to sins - Limbo: virtuous pagans who were born before christ or didn't know christ/unbaptized a. contrapasso: Live normal lives but are unable to experience the "Light of God." - Lust: those with immoderate passion a. contrapasso: Sinners are blown away by a storm which cuts them. - Gluttony: over-consumption of food a. Contrapasso: Lie in a large pool of waste and excrement, freezing at all times. Cerberus lashes at the sinners with his claws. - Greed: hoarders and wasters  a. contrapasso: Hoarders and wasters are forced to push rocks against one another. Rock represents the dead weight of their obsessions - Wrath: - Anger that's expressed immoderately (the Wrathful) or harmfully repressed (the Sullen) a. contrapasso: The Wrathful are locked in an endless, desperate physical battle above the water against each other. The sullen lie repressed in the bottom of the water. They have wasted God's light. - Heresy: Denied the idea of the soul's immortality a. Contrapasso: Forever stuck in a coffin of fire. - Violence: Murderers, suicides and blasphemers a. Murderers: stuck in river of blood parallel to how much blood they spilled in life. River: Phlegethon b. Suicides: stuck in trees can only talk when scratched at. Their ultimate expression was in death. c. Blasphemers: I. God- They lay on their backs on the burning plain II. nature- Running in circles while being bombarded by flames III. art- Usurers forced to stare at money pouch with family emblem - Fraud: people who used fraud against those with whom they had no special bond of trust a. Seducers: Walk while being whipped by Demons b. Flattery: Lie in excrement c. Simoniacs: Feet burned whilst upside down. Shoved in rock after someone replaces them d. Fortune tellers: Heads turned backward and is forced to walk forward while blind e. Grafters: Buried in pitch and hidden from sight while being flayed by demons with grappling hooks  f. Hypocrites: Stuck in leaden heavy pretty robes and are forced to walk in circles g. Thieves: Reptiles lunge and bite them which turns them into reptiles after being bitten, can steal another identity if they bite someone else h. Evil counselors: Stuck in tongues of fire because they used their tongues for crime i. Sowers of discord: Forever cut with organs falling out and regenerating quickly. Torn apart for tearing apart others j. Falsifiers: They are warped and live in a twisted and dirty human reality. - Treachery: betrayal against one whom one owed something to (family, state, guests) a. All in frozen lake a. Caina- Cain who killed his own brother, frozen in place with only head and neck above, betray kinsmen b. Antenora- Antenor who tried to return Helen to Greeks but his reputation was messed up by Romans, betrays political party/nation, can't bend necks c. Ptolomea- Ptolemy presented father-in-law and his sons with a feast before murdering them, half their heads above ice, betray friends or guests, lives with their bodies intact d. Judecca- Judas the apostle who betrayed God, betrayed masters or benefactors & sins important historically. e. Center- Satan trapped in ice, 3 faces, Brutus & Cassius, who betrayed Caesar, and Judas, who betrayed Jesus (eating them) 16. Simple fraud v. Complex fraud - Simple was against someone who you did not owe something to and complex was against someone you did owe something to like the state your family or guests 17. Character arc of Dante the pilgrim (i.e., how did he react to sinners in the beginning and at the end); what did he learn about the nature of sin?  - sin must be punished because it goes against God and the perfection of the world - in the beginning of the journey, Dante the Pilgrim weeps and suffers with those who are suffering their punishments that he faints, but in the end, Dante is accepting of the punishments he sees in hell and no longer feels pity for the sinners by the end of the journey Essay: You will be responding to an essay prompt based on either “The Knight’s Tale”or the Prologue to “The Wife of Bath’s Tale” in The Canterbury Tales. You will be expected to: - apply concepts from the Inferno to characters’ immorality (which circles of Hell); - link behavior to the proper- or mis-ordering of the loves (ordo amoris); - articulate the moral lesson(s) contained in the tale; a. Moral lessons in TKT: I. anyone can change their destiny in life through courage, determination, and knowing when to ask for help II. joy and suffering are never far apart from one another, and nobody is safe from disaster. Moreover, when one person's fortunes are up, another person's are down. III. People can easily be led astray by emotion IV. people get what they ask for V. Lust only gets you in trouble VI. Greed is the root of all evil VII. Make peace with your enemies VIII. Never trust a flatterer b. Moral lessons in TWOB: I. woman does not want to be controlled by a man II. Women want control over husband III. Men should listen to wives and let them have control - support your answer with both textual and scriptural references, citing per MLA Bonus Essay: Be familiar with the basic plotline of A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story of Christmas by Charles Dickens. You can view the movie here (film begins at the 3.33 mark) and/or you can access the story here. Questions to Consider when reading/watching A Christmas Carol: - In what ways could A Christmas Carol be considered an allegorical allusion to Dante's Inferno? For example, is there a pilgrim? Guide(s)? What are other parallels? a. guides: christmas past, christmas yet to come, christmas present (ghosts) b. pilgrim: scrooge c. circles of hell: phases of life d. scrooge (pilgrim) is being brought through his life (stages of hell) by the ghosts of christmas (his guides) to show him a lesson and the impact of his behavior (sins). Likewise, Dante went through hell to see the impact of sins, and the story gave a message to others as well to be careful. e. He learns how to be patient, kind and generous - What is the moral lesson contained in A Christmas Carol? (cite scripture) a. the pursuit of money will not make one happy b. humility enhances life and your views of the world c. defying the common beliefs doesn't mean that it's a good thing d. We should not have Idols above the Lord and above others and we should not be worshiping money. I. 1 Timothy 6:9-10 - What sort of contrapasso would Dante have designed for Scrooge, had he died prior to the Enlightenment? a. I think maybe to have him work and work and never get paid and see everybody else getting paid and having money except for him b. Scrooge would probably be with the hoarders