HV4 Heart Failure Part 2 PDF

Health Variations 4 NURS3015 Heart Failure- Part 2  Commonwealth of Australia Copyright Act 1968 WARNING This mate...

Health Variations 4 NURS3015 Heart Failure- Part 2  Commonwealth of Australia Copyright Act 1968 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Western Sydney University under Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Congestive Cardiac Failure “Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that is frequently, but not exclusively, characterised by an underlying structural abnormality or cardiac dysfunction that impairs the ability of the left ventricle (LV) to fill with or eject blood, particularly during physical activity. Symptoms of CHF can occur at rest or during physical activity”(The National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand) CCF is the inability of the heart to maintain an output, at rest or during stress, necessary for the metabolic needs of the body Congestive Cardiac Failure systolic failure/reduced ejection fraction diastolic failure/preserved ejection failure (HFrEF)/left heart failure fraction failure (HFpEF)/right heart failure Risk Factors for Heart Failure Causes of heart failure Two types: (1) disorders that increase the workload of the heart and (2) disorders that interfere with the pumping ability of the heart Patients with Coronary artery disease Myocardial Infarction Cardiomyopathy Hypertension Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) Pulmonary hypertension Anemia Disease of the heart valves Fluid volume overload Other conditions that increase metabolic needs, such as fever and pregnancy, may also precipitate HF. Pathophysiology- Acute Compensatory mechanisms Cardiac Output Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Stimulates baroreceptos and chemoreceptors in carotid sinus, aortic sinus Stimulates cardio-regulatory and vasomotor centers in the medulla oblongata Stimulates the Sympathetic Stimulates Renin Angiotensin Nervous System (SNS) Aldosterone System (RAAS) Pathophysiology- Acute Compensatory mechanisms Stimulates SNS Stimulates Sino-Atrial (SA) Stimulates Beta 1 (β 1) Stimulates Alpha (α) receptors on Node in the heart receptors on myocardium smooth muscles of venous system Heart Rate Contractility Vasoconstriction (Venous) Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Venous Return Pre-load Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Pathophysiology- Acute Compensatory mechanisms Stimulates RAAS Stimulates Juxta Glomerular cells in the Kidneys to produce Renin Angiotensinogen Renin Angiotensin I Angiotensin Converting Enzyme(ACE) Angiotensin II RAAS continued- Effects of Angiotensin II Angiotensin II Direct Vasoconstriction of Stimulates the Adrenal Stimulates Pituitary gland blood vessels Cortex Systemic Vascular Resistance Stimulates Anti Diuretic Hormone Stimulates production of (SVR) (ADH) production aldosterone Blood Pressure and afterload Reabsorption of sodium and water Reabsorption of sodium and water Cardiac Output Blood Volume Blood Volume Cardiac Output Cardiac Output Buckley. T, Understanding Pathophysiology, 2019 Ventricular remodeling Progression Semigran, & Shin, Heart Failure, 2012 References Semigran, M., & Shin, J. T. (Eds.). (2012). Heart failure, second edition. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com García, J. E., & Wright, V. R. (Eds.). (2020). Congestive heart failure : Symptoms, causes and treatment : symptoms, causes and treatment. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com Hagler, D., Harding, Mariann author, Kwong, Jeffrey author, Roberts, Dottie author, Reinisch, Courtney author, ClinicalKey Nursing, & ClinicalKey. (2020). Clinical companion to Medical- surgical nursing : assessment and management of clinical problems (Eleventh edition.) Linton, A. D., Matteson, Mary Ann, author, & ClinicalKey. (2020). Medical-surgical nursing (7th edition.) Buckley, T. (2019). Alterations to cardiovascular function across the lifespan In Craft, J. Gordon, C. Heuther, S. McCance, K. Brashers. V. Rote, N.Understanding pathophysiology (3rd ed., pp 657-661.). Australia: Elsevier.