HSC Assessment Metabolic Acidosis PDF

COURSE: Name USI Program HOMEOSTASIS 1 (HSC1101) 1 Anushri Ganesh 1052534 Bachelors of Science (Medical Laboratory...

COURSE: Name USI Program HOMEOSTASIS 1 (HSC1101) 1 Anushri Ganesh 1052534 Bachelors of Science (Medical Laboratory Science) LECTURER: RAVINDRA 2 Ashanna Gangadai 1045772 Bachelors of Science SINGH (Medical Laboratory Science) 3 Bhawanie Rajaram 1052612 Bachelors of Science (Medical Laboratory Science) 4 Ciara Vielisa Griffith 1052522 Bachelors of Science (Medical Laboratory Science) 5 Fabina Shafeek 1050789 Bachelors of Science (Medical Laboratory Science) HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  INTRODUCTION TO METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  Metabolic acidosis happens when the chemical balance of acids and bases in your blood gets thrown off. This can happen when your body: Is making too much acid Isn't getting rid of enough acid (via the kidney) Doesn't have enough base to offset a normal amount of acid  INTRODUCTION TO METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  Metabolic acidosis can develop:  If you have too many acids in your blood that wipe out bicarbonate. This is known as high anion gap metabolic acidosis.  If you lose too much bicarbonate in your blood as a result of kidney diseases or kidney failure. This is known as normal anion gap metabolic acidosis.  INTRODUCTION TO METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  In simpler terms: Metabolic acidosis is when acids build up in your body fluids. “Metabolic” refers to the fact that it’s a problem caused by a decrease in the bicarbonate ( )concentration in the blood. “Acidosis” refers to a process that lowers blood pH below 7.35.  FOR YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Bicarbonate is a base (more specifically an alkali). It is a form of carbon dioxide- a water by-product after your body converts food to energy. It helps to keep the acid-base balance of the body stable. An anion gap is the difference between positive and negative electric charges in the electrolytes in your blood. -A normal anion gap metabolic acidosis means the pH is low, but the blood is electrically neutral. -A high anion gap metabolic acidosis means the pH is low and the blood is not electrically neutral. Electrolytes are ions that help regulate many metabolic processes in your body. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphate.  CAUSES OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  The four leading causes of metabolic acidosis include:  Diabetes-related acidosis  Hyperchloremic acidosis.  Lactic acidosis.  Renal tubular acidosis  CAUSES: DIABETES-RELATED ACIDOSIS  Diabetes-related acidosis develops when ketone bodies build up in your body from untreated diabetes. Your body produces ketone bodies while it turns (metabolizes) fats into energy. Your body uses ketone bodies for energy when sugars (glucose) aren’t available. (high anion gap metabolic acidosis). NB: Ketone or ketone bodies are acids.  CAUSES: HYPERCHLOREMIC ACIDOSIS.  Hyperchloremic acidosis develops when your body loses too much sodium bicarbonate. It may occur if you take too many laxatives or have severe diarrhea. ( normal anion gap metabolic acidosis) NB: Laxatives are a type of medicine that can treat constipation.  CAUSES: LACTIC ACIDOSIS  Lactic acidosis develops when you have too much lactic acid in your body. Lactic acid is an organic acid that your muscle cells and red blood cells produce for energy when you don’t have a lot of oxygen in your body (Anaerobic respiration). Causes include liver failure, low blood sugar, alcohol use disorder, cancer and intense exercise. (high anion gap metabolic acidosis).  CAUSES: RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS  Renal tubular acidosis. Renal tubular acidosis develops when your kidneys don’t pass enough acids into your pee. As a result, your blood becomes more acidic. (normal anion gap metabolic acidosis)  Unmanageable diarrhea and kidney failure are the most common causes of metabolic acidosis.  SOME RISK FACTORS  Factors that can contribute to your risk of metabolic acidosis include: a high-fat diet that’s low in dehydration carbohydrates aspirin or methanol poisoning kidney failure diabetes obesity carbon monoxide poisoning  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS rapid and shallow breathing lack of appetite confusion jaundice fatigue increased heart rate Headache breath that smells fruity, which is a sleepiness sign of diabetic acidosis (ketoacidosis)  DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  Diagnostic methods: How is metabolic acidosis diagnosed?  Your healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and may perform a physical examination. They’ll also order tests to help confirm their diagnosis. They may also refer you to a nephrologist. A nephrologist is a doctor who specializes in kidney diseases.  DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS What tests will be done to diagnose metabolic acidosis?  Your healthcare provider may order different tests according to what they believe may be the cause of your metabolic acidosis. These tests may include: Blood tests help provide important information about chemicals in your blood. Blood tests for metabolic acidosis may include:  VARIOUS TEST USED TO DIAGNOSE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  An anion gap blood test checks the acid-base balance of your blood and if the electrolytes in your blood are properly balanced.  Anion Gap. Your healthcare provider will use a thin needle to withdraw a small amount of blood from a vein in your arm. They’ll compare the difference between your blood’s positively charged electrolytes and negatively charged electrolytes. A large gap between your blood’s positive and negative electrolytes may indicate metabolic acidosis.  VARIOUS TEST USED TO DIAGNOSE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. It also checks the acidity of your blood. This is called your acid-base balance or your pH level. The blood sample is taken from an artery, which is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your body.  Arterial Blood Gas (ABG). Your healthcare will use a thin needle to withdraw a small amount of blood from an artery in your wrist, arm or groin. They’ll measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood. They’ll also measure your blood’s pH balance. A blood pH below 7.35 indicates that you have too much acid or too little base in your blood.  VARIOUS TEST USED TO DIAGNOSE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  The bicarbonate test or blood test determines the amount of bicarbonate in the blood. Bicarbonate () is gas waste left when your body burns food for energy. Your blood brings bicarbonate to your lungs and exhales as carbon dioxide (CO2).The bicarbonate (HCO3-) test is used to diagnose electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, or alkalosis.  VARIOUS TEST USED TO DIAGNOSE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS  Urine Tests: The American Association for Clinical Chemistry says the normal urine pH range is between 4.5 and 8. Any pH higher than 8 is basic or alkaline, and any under 6 is acidic. A urine pH test is carried out as a part of a urinalysis. During a urine test, you’ll pee into a special cup. Your healthcare provider will check the pH level of your pee. You may have too many acids in your pee or not enough bases in your pee.  TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS  How do you fix metabolic acidosis?  Once your healthcare provider determines what’s causing metabolic acidosis, they can recommend an appropriate treatment plan. Some treatments include: Fluids delivered through a vein in your arm (IV fluids). IV sodium bicarbonate, which helps balance the acids in your blood. Insulin if you have diabetes-related acidosis.  TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Sodium citrate if you have kidney disease or kidney failure. Removing toxic substances from your blood, including aspirin, methanol (a substance in adhesives, paints and varnishes) or ethylene glycol (a substance in antifreeze). CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES  REFERENCES Bicarbonate—Health encyclopedia—University of rochester medical center. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=bicarbonate#:~:text =Bicarbonate%20is%20also%20known%20as,is%20exhaled%20as%20carbon%20dioxide Contributors, W. E. (n.d.). Metabolic acidosis: Causes, symptoms, testing, treatment. WebMD. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-metabolic-acidosis Everything you need to know about metabolic acidosis. (n.d.). Verywell Health. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from Serum bicarbonate—Range, levels, testing | national kidney foundation. (n.d.) https://www.kidney.org/kidney- failure-risk-factor-serum-bicarbonate  REFERENCES Laxatives. (2017, October 23). Nhs.Uk. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laxatives/ Metabolic acidosis: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24492-metabolic-acidosis Metabolic acidosis: Causes, symptoms & treatment. (2015, October 23). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/acidosis  REFERENCES Metabolic acidosis—Metabolic acidosis. (n.d.). MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic- disorders/acid-base- regulation-and-disorders/metabolic-acidosis Metabolic acidosis: Practice essentials, background, etiology. (2024). https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242975-overview?form=fpf#a5 (N.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and- visitors/patient- information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/metabolic-acidosis  REFERENCES Serum bicarbonate—Range, levels, testing | national kidney foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.kidney.org/kidney-failure-risk-factor-serum-bicarbonate Smith, M. (n.d.). Bicarbonate blood test & carbon dioxide (Co2) levels in blood. WebMD. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bicarbonate-blood-test-overview What are ketones? (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/25177-ketones