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-Structure and synthesis of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids) Lecture 2 Dr. Zainab Almansour Elements of the human body  Types of chemical compounds Living things are made up of inorganic and orga...

-Structure and synthesis of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids) Lecture 2 Dr. Zainab Almansour Elements of the human body  Types of chemical compounds Living things are made up of inorganic and organic compounds. Organic Compounds Contains carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and/or other elements. Typically hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Inorganic Compounds include compounds that are made up of two or more elements other than carbon. Organic vs Inorganic compounds Examples of Organic compounds: Carbohydrates Protein Lipids/fats Nucleic acids Enzymes Carbon-based polymers Examples of Inorganic compounds: Salts Minerals and simple elements Water Ionic compounds Compounds without carbon  Organic Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecule that made from thousands of smaller molecules. Polymerization the process in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. - Smaller units, called monomers, join together to form polymers, - Polymer =Macromolecule There are four groups of large organic compounds found in living things: 1) carbohydrates 2) lipids, 3) nucleic acids, and 4) proteins. Organic Macromolecules  Carbohydrate A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a ratio of C 1 : H 2 : O 1 Importance of carbohydrates: 1) primary source of fast energy 2) structural purposes for plants and some animals There are three types of carbohydrates: 1) Monosaccharide 2) Disaccharides 3) Polysaccharides  Types of Carbohydrate 1- Single or simple sugar molecules are called monosaccharides. (ex. Glucose, Galactose, Fructose) Formula- C 6 H 12 O 6 2- Two monosaccharides combined to form disaccharides (ex. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose) Formula – C 12 H 22 O 11 3- Large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides or complex sugars (ex. Glycogen, Cellulose) Types of Carbohydrate  Protein Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. - They are composed of carboxylic end COOH and amino end NH2 and α carbon attached to both of them and special side chain (R) attached to this α carbon  Protein There are 20 amino acids used by human body to make proteins  Protein Structure Primary: amino acid sequence Secondary: Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats Tertiary: Secondary structure folds into a unique shape Quaternary: several tertiary structures together  Biological functions of proteins 1. Catalytic function: Nearly all chemical reactions in biological systems are catalyzed by specific enzymes. 2. Transport and storage: For example; Hemoglobin transports oxygen in erythrocytes 3. Coordinated motion: Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in muscle. 4. Control of growth and differentiation 5. Structural and Mechanical support: For Example; collagen, a fibrous protein in skin and bone.  Lipids A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. - It contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are hydrophobic. - They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes Lipids function as energy-storage molecules, signalling and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Fat is the common name for just one type of lipid, known as a triglyceride. Types of lipids  Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids: large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. - composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. - Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group. - Include DNA and RNA - perform the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parent A gene is a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide  DNA Vs RNA RNA is a is a DNA is a double single-stranded helix made of two molecule, that is antiparallel essential in various strands of biological roles in nucleotides linked coding, decoding, by hydrogen regulation, and bonding between expression of complementary genes base pairs. DNA Vs RNA