Assignment 1: Artificial Intelligence - TST0154 General Computing - 2024/2025 - Islamic Science University of Malaysia PDF

SEMESTER 1, ACADEMIC SESSION 2024/2025 TST0154 – GENERAL COMPUTING TSF 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 Artificial Intelligence LECTURER’S NAME: Dr. Nur Ilyana binti Ismarau Tajuddin PARTICIPANT: Muhammad Tsaqif Amja...

SEMESTER 1, ACADEMIC SESSION 2024/2025 TST0154 – GENERAL COMPUTING TSF 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 Artificial Intelligence LECTURER’S NAME: Dr. Nur Ilyana binti Ismarau Tajuddin PARTICIPANT: Muhammad Tsaqif Amjad bin Zulkurnaini (9241490) Khairul Azfar Bin Abdul Jaid (9241511) Raihanatul Aisyah binti Razali (9241507)  Widad binti Muhammad Azizur Rahman (9241489) Sharifah Fatin Hanninah binti Syed Firdaus Al-Atas (9241499) HOW IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) USED IN INDUSTRIES Muhammad Tsaqif Amjad bin Zulkarnaini (9241490) Tamhidi Physical Science and Technology Program Khairul Azfar Bin Abdul Jaid (9241511) Tamhidi Physical Science and Technology Program Raihanatul Aisyah binti Razali (9241507) Tamhidi Physical Science and Technology Program Widad binti Muhammad Azizur Rahman (9241489) Tamhidi Physical Science and Technology Program Sharifah Fatin Hanninah binti Syed Firdaus Al-Atas (9241499) Tamhidi Physical Science and Technology Program Tamhidi Centre Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM), Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is drastically revolutionizing the education, healthcare, and business sectors by enabling innovation, increasing efficiency, and improving decision making. Artificial intelligence (AI) in education enables intelligent tutoring systems, automated administrative activities, and personalized learning, giving teachers more time to concentrate on innovative teaching methods while also giving students individualized learning experiences. AI drives personalized medicine, predictive analytics, and diagnostics in the healthcare industry, improving patient outcomes and streamlining administrative processes. Companies use AI to streamline processes, enhance client interactions, and propel data-driven tactics, giving them a competitive edge in ever-changing markets. To fully fulfill AI's promise in these areas, however, issues including labor adaption, ethical concerns, and data protection must be resolved. All things considered, AI provides revolutionary solutions that change the ways in which business, healthcare, and education function, increasing productivity and innovation. INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer just a futuristic concept; it is now driving some of the most significant advancements in education, healthcare, and industry today. AI is changing the way we work, learn, and heal by allowing data-driven technologies to be effortlessly integrated into everyday processes. AI in education improves student engagement and teacher effectiveness by personalizing learning experiences, providing adaptive tutoring, and automating administrative tasks. Through predictive analytics, AI is revolutionizing healthcare by speeding up tests, providing individualized therapies, and 2 enhancing patient care. Businesses are also utilizing AI to improve customer experiences, streamline operations, and make better decisions, all of which increase productivity and competitiveness. AI keeps pushing the envelope of what is feasible as these sectors develop, providing the groundwork. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing several industries, including education. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the power to completely transform education, making it more effective, interesting, and personalized (Alneyadi, Wardat, Alshannag, & Abu-Al-Aish,2023). We will examine the role of AI in education and how it is transforming the nature of learning in this review essay (Samad, Hamza, Muazzam, Ahmad, et al., 2022). Artificial intelligence (AI) in education is the application of AI technologies, like natural language processing and machine learning, to improve the learning process (Alneyadi et al., 2023). Additionally, it has been proposed that AI could have a revolutionary impact on improving human cognition in learning (Molenaar, 2022; Tuomi, 2018). It entails the application of algorithms that examine data, spot trends, and formulate forecasts, allowing teachers to tailor instruction to each student (Khanetal., 2022). The application of AI in education has a lot of potential advantages. One of the biggest benefits of AI in education is personalized learning, which allows students to learn at their own pace and in a way that best fits their learning preferences. This can improve student outcomes. Chatbots, automated grading and evaluation, and intelligent tutoring systems can boost productivity, free up teachers' time, and deliver feedback that is more precise and reliable. There are, however, drawbacks to implementing AI in the classroom. Concerns about privacy and security, mistrust, expense, and potential prejudice are a few of the issues that must be resolved ((Jarrah, Wardat, & Gningue, 2022). It's also important to take ethical factors into account while developing AI-based educational systems, such as making sure they are accessible, transparent, and equitable (AlArabi,Tairab,Wardat,Belbase,&Alabidi,2022)(Tariqetal.,2022). AI has enormous potential in teaching, despite these obstacles (MAl-Bahrani,Gombos,&Cree, 2018). With the aid of AI, data analysis may be improved, empowering educators to make data-driven choices. Additionally, by offering engaging and interactive learning opportunities, it can raise student engagement (Yang et al., 2022) (Wardat, Belbase, & Tairab, 2022). AI can help make education more inclusive and accessible, giving students from all backgrounds access to top-notch instruction. We will go into further detail on the uses of AI in education in the sections that follow, including chatbots, intelligent tutoring systems, individualized learning, and grading and assessment ((Madasamy, Raja, AL-bonsrulah, & Al-Bahrani, 2022). We will also talk about the advantages and difficulties of implementing AI in education, as well as the moral issues that must be resolved. ADVANTAGES OF AI IN EDUCATION Firstly, personalized learning. By enabling students to learn at their own pace and in accordance with their own requirements and talents, artificial intelligence (AI) can assist in personalizing the learning experience for each student. This may result in better learning results and more active participation from the students. Second, increased efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AI) can automate monotonous jobs like data analysis, administrative work, and grading, giving teachers and students more time to concentrate on more important tasks. Third, improved student engagement. By delivering dynamic and captivating educational experiences, artificial intelligence can enhance student engagement. Chatbots and virtual assistants have the potential to enhance the fun and interactive nature of learning, while adaptive learning technology can maintain student engagement by tailoring the material to their level of comprehension. Teachers may better understand their pupils and adjust their lesson by using AI, which can analyze vast 3 volumes of data and provide insights into student performance. Better learning outcomes and student performance may result from this. Figure 1 Statistics of how AI influenced the learning process by Forbes Advisor (2024) Fourth, enhance exchange of ideas. AI has also enhanced the exchange of ideas between thinking and learning, with chatbots and tutors offering support. Additionally, it makes it easier for students and teachers to collaborate and provides access to learning resources around-the-clock. Additionally, AI facilitates students' understanding of a variety of languages, which helps them study. Lastly, easy access to vast amounts of information. With the use of AI technologies like ChatGPT, Chatbot, etc., students will be able to access a wealth of knowledge with just one click and won't have to spend as much time on multiple websites. DISADVANTAGES OF AI IN EDUCATION Firstly, information given is not surely accurate. AI technologies may be biased and inaccurate, which could have an impact on kids' academic performance and cognitive growth. The information given is not hundred percent accurate. So, make sure to verify the accuracy of the information first before using them. Second, students' lack of soft skills, critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, which are crucial in everyday circumstances, are diminished by AI tools. Traditional abilities like math and handwriting may also suffer as a result of AI. In difficult situations, where independent thought and creativity are needed, students may find it difficult to make decisions. َ ‫طَلَبُ ال ِع ْل ِم فَ ِر ْي‬ ‫ضةٌ َعلَى ُكلِّ ُم ْسلِ ٍم‬ "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim." (HR Ibnu Majah) 4  Based on the hadith, we muslims are asked to seek knowledge and give benefits to our community. If students fully rely on AI in completing their tasks, is it what it means by seeking knowledge? Obviously not. So, complete the tasks by yourselves. AI is just an additional tool to help you. Third, less interactions between students and teachers. Furthermore, an excessive dependence on AI tools may prevent teachers and students from interacting socially, which would make it more challenging for them to learn effective communication, emotional intelligence, and collaborative skills. These abilities are essential for success in the real world, including employment prospects, teamwork, and self-awareness. Fourth, the role of teacher will be replaced by AI. A teacher's position may be diminished as a result of overuse of AI in school administration. Human interactions that need social and emotional intelligence as well as intricate contextual judgements are still crucial to education. Last but not least, high cost. AI systems can be costly to set up and operate, which presents a challenge for educational institutions already dealing with tight budgets. Institutions need to carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of integrating AI technologies into their teaching. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also widely used in the healthcare field these days.These days, AI is used in many perspectives of modern healthcare, from the online scheduling service for appointments to drug interaction warnings when physicians prescribe multiple medications and for research development.(Akyon SH, Akyon FC, Yılmaz TE, Frontiers in medicine,2023) Firstly, AI is used for diagnosis and treatment application. A physician will collect the patient’s history, recent symptoms and lab results to determine the proper diagnosis and give the appropriate treatment plan for patients and so the AI systems will do the same thing. AI systems can access numerous databases simultaneously and this will lead AI to complete the same task faster with higher accuracy.(Akyon SH, Akyon FC, Yılmaz TE.Front Med. 2023).For diagnosis,Radiology has made the most significant advancement in AI technology, beginning with picture acquisition and storage and progressing to computer-assisted diagnosis. (Amisha, Malik P, Pathania M, Rathaur VK, 2019) Then,the usage of AI for diagnostic procedures has evolved into assisting in surgical procedures. The robotic arms are designed to replicate the surgeon's hands but with more accurate movements and better magnification.( Amisha, Malik P, Pathania M, Rathaur VK, 2019). Surgical robots, initially approved in the USA in 2000, provide ‘superpowers’ to surgeons, improving their ability to see, create precise and minimally invasive incisions, stitch wounds and so on.(Davenport TH, Glaser J, 2002). Other than that, AI is also used in drug discovery and development.More specifically, Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms are used to predict the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of potential drug candidates by forecasting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This can drastically decrease the requirement and purchase of animals for testing and also saving time.(Westreich D, Lessler J, Funk MJ, 2010) Large corporations such as Pfizer, Bayer, and Roche have declared that AI can help leverage data to make faster decisions and allow them to develop medicines in immuno-oncology and cardiovascular disease.In other words, the ML system was able to prescribe correct treatments up to a certain dosage. 5  Figure 2 Applications of AI in healthcare ADVANTAGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE The advantages of AI have been extensively discussed in the medical literature. Firstly, AI will enhance patient engagement and loyalty as AI-powered tools, including chatbots and virtual assistants can improve patient experience by delivering rapid responses to inquiries, assisting patients in scheduling appointments and even offering reminders for medication and follow-up care.Similarly, AI models would significantly increase the volume of patients that physicians can handle. This increased speed would reduce the time for patients to wait for a diagnosis and also shorten the diagnosis and treatment period.Next, AI is also useful to reduce time and expenses in pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery design.(Vora LK, Gholap AD, Jetha K, et al, 2023). More specifically, AI may assist in determining which medication not to pursue, potentially minimizing the probability of a wrong decision and saving R&D costs.( Mak KK, Pichika MR, 2019). Furthermore, According to recent research, more than half of primary care physicians are stressed due to deadlines pressures and other job factors. AI streamlines procedures, automates functions, instantaneously shares data, and organizes operations, all of which help health care workers avoid juggling too much work.The most significant contributor to physician burnout is patient load and the nature of the profession. However, as AI can assist with more time-intensive operations, for example explaining diagnosis, this will help medical professionals to reduce their stress. (Professor Christopher C. Yang, PhD, 2021) DISADVANTAGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE Despite the many advantages of AI usage in healthcare industries, there are still many disadvantages we would face with the usage of AI in this industry. At first,The primary ethical concern with AI in healthcare derives from the widespread usage of electronic health records and its preferential targeting in data breaches.(Ozair FF, Jamshed N, Sharma A, Aggarwal P., 2015) Beside that, there are still plenty of misdiagnoses done by AI.According to one study, AI used in arrhythmia detection had an average F1 score of 0.84, whereas the average cardiologist score was 0.78.(Hannun A, Rajpurkar P, Haghpanahi M, et al., 2019) If the AI misdiagnoses a patient and 6  makes the situation worse, it is difficult to blame the doctors.(Hannun A, Rajpurkar P, Haghpanahi M, et al., 2019) Furthermore, legal action to bring about the error will be extremely difficult to execute because artificial intelligence cannot be held accountable in the same way that a real person is. These challenges must be resolved before AI may be used to diagnose major health concerns effectively. Lastly, as displayed in films or sci-fi stories, humans are worried that AI and robots may eliminate some of their jobs.(Merola R., 2022) This has happened in the past during the Industrial Revolution, and may occur in our future as well. These issues are still in dispute and this is not always true regarding unrealistic expectations, yet it remains a reputation that can create chaos in the workplace. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS Artificial intelligence (AI) is a game-changing force in business that uses computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning to streamline operations, boost worker productivity, and create substantial commercial value (Adam Uzialko,2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) improves a wide range of corporate processes by imitating human intellect. These activities include data analysis, decision-making, customer experiences, content creation, IT operations, sales, marketing, and cybersecurity procedures. New commercial applications for AI are developing as technology advances, making AI a vital tool to assist human labor in streamlining processes and enhancing overall productivity. This is accomplished by using machine learning algorithms to generate information, automating repetitive operations, analyzing massive volumes of data to extract valuable insights, and using data analysis to anticipate future outcomes (Tamara Franklin,2024) (Camilo Quiroz Vazquez, Michael Goodwin, 2024). AI systems reduce human error and free up human workforces for more strategic work by powering various forms of business automation, such as enterprise and process automation. McKinsey & Company reports that since 2017, the application of AI in corporate processes has increased, and 63% of respondents anticipate increasing their investment in AI technologies during the following three years. As AI technologies develop, their influence on business is anticipated to increase, making AI a crucial tool for companies looking to maintain their competitiveness in the data-centric business environment of today (Camilo Quiroz Vazquez, Michael Goodwin, 2024). ADVANTAGES OF AI IN BUSINESS Organizations are experiencing real benefits from integrating artificial intelligence technologies into their operations, and these gains are projected to have a substantial financial impact. Eighty-nine percent of businesses think AI and machine learning will increase their revenue, improve customer satisfaction, and increase operational efficiency according to research firm Frost & Sullivan's "Global State of AI, 2024" report. Let's examine the advantages of implementing artificial intelligence in companies in more detail: Firstly, AI effectively creates personalized experiences at scale through chatbots, digital assistants, and customer interfaces, delivering tailored experiences and targeted advertisements to customers and end-users. To expedite the development of its automated order-taking (AOT) technology, McDonald's is constructing AI solutions for customer care with IBM Watson AI technology and natural language processing (Jim Holdsworth). Second, A marketing analytics tool powered by artificial intelligence can assess how well a product design meets the needs of the target market and how satisfied the target market is as a result (Dekimpe, 2020). Marketers can better grasp the product recommender system and coordinate their marketing plans for 7 effective product management by considering the preference weight assigned to product attributes during product search (Dzyabura & Hauser, 2019). Then, machine learning algorithms can be applied in sectors like banking, finance, art marketing, retail, and tourism for the identification of profitable customer segments (Dekimpe, 2020; Netzer et al., 2019; Pitt et al., 2020; Valls et al., 2018). Machine learning algorithms can predict patterns, improve accuracy, lower costs, and reduce the risk of human error (Jim Holdsworth, 2024). The fact that AI never sleeps is one of its greatest benefits. AI is available around the clock to serve customers and the organization's departments. This is a great resource for international teams and clients. Chatbots provide 24/7 customer service with timely, high-quality responses for visitors to the website. Whether in Atlanta or Hong Kong, investors employ AI algorithms to get continuous stock price projections at all hours. With the correct AI technologies, teams from all over the world may collaborate effectively through remote work. Their laptop is secure for critical work thanks to malware detection and security. AI can be used by teams in different time zones to handle enormous volumes of data and maintain workflow, preventing waiting times during off-peak hours (Georgette Eva, 2023). DISADVANTAGES OF AI IN BUSINESS Companies are increasingly searching for methods to leverage artificial intelligence technologies to boost their profitability, productivity, and overall business outcomes. Artificial intelligence provides numerous advantages for business, but there are also certain drawbacks and obstacles to consider. “Success in creating effective AI could be the biggest event in the history of our civilization. Or the worst. So we cannot know if we will be infinitely helped by AI or ignored by it and sidelined, or conceivably destroyed by it”, this ominous warning was shared by Legendary physicist (Stephen Hawking, 2017). First, Artificial Intelligence will encourage human laziness. People may become overly dependent on technology and less likely to advance their knowledge and abilities as AI systems assume greater responsibility. People who are dependent on AI solutions may become less capable of critical thinking and problem-solving because they may not investigate other options or challenge the reliability of the technology's responses. Over time, this can result in a workforce with fewer skills (Nikita Duggal,2024). Other than that, Adopting AI solutions can be costly and complex, involving hefty expenditures for both training and equipment. Costs are further increased by ongoing updates and maintenance (by all things business, 2024). In case of breakdowns, there's a risk of losing code or important data. AI also will cause Job Displacement and Workforce Challenges. AI may result in fewer jobs becoming available as it gets more widely used in businesses. This is because AI is capable of doing monotonous activities that humans once performed. In addition, organizations and people face difficulties in retraining and upskilling workers to adjust to Al-driven developments (The HR Booth,2023). Then, Lacking Out of Box Thinking. Only the jobs for which they are intended or programmed may be completed by machines; otherwise, they frequently malfunction or produce unrelated results that could have serious consequences (sunil kumar, 2019). Lastly, Software must be updated often to keep up with the ever-changing corporate environment. If a program malfunctions, there is a chance that crucial data or code will be lost (Invest Northern Ireland,2024). 8 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence in education improves learning by providing adaptive learning platforms. It also facilitates access to various resources and learning opportunities for students with different learning styles and needs. Meanwhile, AI in healthcare improves patient care through data analysis which can aid in efficient management of medical records and patient engagement. AI that is also being used in business also drives towards efficiency, innovation, and enhancing customer interactions. It plays an important part in business to enhance marketing by using a variety of customized strategies and approaches. REFERENCES Akyon SH, Akyon FC, Yılmaz TE. Artificial intelligence-supported web application design and development for reducing polypharmacy side effects and supporting rational drug use in geriatric patients. Front Med. 2023;10:1029198. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1029198 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] Paul D, Sanap G, Shenoy S, et al. Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today. 2021;26:80-93. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Mak KK, Pichika MR. Artificial intelligence in drug development: present status and future prospects. Drug Discov Today. 2019;24:773-780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wong EY, Chu TN, Ma R, et al. Development of a classification system for live surgical feedback. 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