Home Science PDF - Housing

Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I 12...

Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I 12 Notes HOUSING Food, shelter and clothing are our basic needs. Fulfilment of these basic needs is of utmost importance. Our primary needs are food, clothing and shelter. All animals make shelters for their young ones. Human beings call shelter a house. There are many types of houses. Your relations may be staying in a small house in a village. Radha’s friend, Shanti lives in a flat and another friend, Rajni lives in a big bungalow in a city. A family starts living in a ‘house’ and makes it a Fig. 12.1 ‘home’ by sharing, loving and jointly performing different household activities. We all need a house to live but now the question arises about its selection. This selection means what features or special qualities to look for in a house. There are many important considerations such as location, surroundings, sanitation etc. You will find answers to these and some other questions in this lesson. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: describe the functions of a home; evaluate the site of your own house for the required features; identify different areas in the house for efficient functioning, and maintain hygiene inside and outside the house. 12.1 FUNCTIONS OF A HOME In general the words ‘Home’ and ‘House’ are used interchangeably. But there is a difference. HOME SCIENCE 1  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I ‘House’ is physical construction A ‘house’ becomes ‘Home’ when all the made of brick, sand, cement, stone family members start living there and etc. enjoy all the happiness, love and affection, health, ease, comfort, social and entertainment activities Notes Fig. 12.2 Fig. 12.3 Now you must have understood that a home is much more than a house. A house has to be converted into a home. We all know the importance of a home. As the saying goes, “East or west home is the best”. It will therefore, be not very difficult to understand the functions of a home. Home provides not only the shelter but also provides security and belongingness. It provides for physical and emotional needs of all the family members. For children it provides education in basic values like respect for elders, love and affection to others, health, religion, discipline and responsibility. It is a place for loving and celebrating together. Figure 12.4 lists the function of a home. Functions Of a Home Protective Economic Educative Social/religious Value in terms Helps in Promotes Provides of money development of interaction security Raises personality and within and Protects from basic family outside the weather socioeconomic status values family Provides shelter Helps in Provides sense Gives pride and Protects from development of of prestige in the animals, dacoits life skills like belongingness society and enemies sharing, caring, Transfer of Can be used to epathy etc values, customs perform some income from generation generating to generation activity Fig. 12.4 2 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I 12.2 SITE SELECTION FOR A HOUSE Now you understand that our home meets many of our needs. Do you think that selection or construction of a house is an easy task? No, not at all. It involves a lot of money and cannot be changed often. It is important that certain points are kept in mind so that a wise decision is made. Notes The place where we construct a house is called a site. Site of your house plays an important role in its selection. Do you agree? Let us see how you can select proper site for your house. Neighbourhood: Attention must be given to the environment and the neighbourhood where the house is to be located. The house should be in the area which is developed in all aspects. A place is called a developed area when it has electricity, roads and drainage laid out. Common facilities like post office, banks, Fig.12.5 school and markets are available near by. Physical features: While selecting a site, choose a house in an open area. It should not be close to heavy traffic areas. These can affect health and activities due to air and noise pollution. Low lying areas should be avoided due to danger of flooding or water logging. An elevated site provides better view to the house. Soil: The foundation of the house should be strong for it to stand on. The foundation depends upon the type of soil. The soil should be firm till 2 to 5 feet below the surface for a strong foundation. Fig.12.6 While constructing a house, it is important to consider the type of soil in a region. Loose soil creates problem for the house in later years as the house may tilt due to shifting of soil. The sandy and gravel type of soils tend to make the house hot to live in. Rocky surface is good for foundation but does not absorb water and creates problems in laying of drainage pipes. Sanitary requirements: You must have seen vacant plots filled with garbage. Such a piece of land is not recommended for construction of a house. A house built on such a plot will have uneven soil level and HOME SCIENCE 3 Fig.12.7  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I drainage problems. The site should be filled with fresh and firm soil and elevated to the level of the road outside. Practical convenience:Adults living in a house have to go to their jobs and children have to go to school or Notes college. To meet our daily needs, we need a market. To travel, transport facilities such as railway station or bus stand is required. Similarly, a family needs practical conveniences such as post office, bank and hospital nearby. These should be within reasonable walking distance of a house. Fig. 12.8 ACTIVITY 12.1 Evaluate your own house against the required features Required Existing features Can you help to features of your house improve ( Yes or No) ( Yes or No) If yes, give suggestions for improvement Developed area Matching social and economic status Have open space Away from heavy traffic Elevated ground Proper water supply Electricity Pucca Roads Drainage and sewerage facility Proximity to banks Proximity to post office Proximity to markets. Proximity to hospitals 4 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I 12.3 AREAS IN THE HOUSE Our home consists of different parts. An ideal home is the one that provides space for all the functions of the family. In order to understand this, we first need to know the functions or activities performed in a home. These are cooking, eating, sleeping, bathing, storing, entertaining, studying etc. To perform these multiple activities, we need Notes adequate space. However, this is not possible for all of us. We can make the best use of the available spaces to make a house functional and be comfortable for all the occupants. Can you think of ways to carry out your household activities smoothly? Let’s find out some ways and means to make a home more comfortable and functional. The following general points will help you: § First of all make a list of all the activities which take place in each room. § Mark space for every activity. § Try to combine the activities so that they can be carried out in a common area. For example, dining can be combined with kitchen or drawing room or study can be combined with bedroom. § Take care not to over crowd the room with too much furniture. § Try to use multi-purpose furniture like sofa cum bed.At night, the sofa can be pulled out and used as a bed for sleeping. The dining table can be used for studying also. Two or more boxes can be joined together and converted into a settee. These multi purpose furniture items are available in the market. § Some pieces of furniture can be used as storage units and room dividers. For example, the drawing room can be partitioned with shelves on either side. Books can be placed on the shelf facing the living room, whereas, crockery items can be stored in the shelves on the dining room side. § Storage can be provided in the furniture itself like bed with boxes, tables and stools with drawers etc. § The space below the staircase can be converted into a storeroom or converted into a toilet. Let us study the different types of rooms in a house: Living room or combined living-dining room: It is a place to entertain guests, relaxation, reading and entertainment. It should be near the entrance of the building. Sometimes in small houses, it can be combined with dining room, as it adds space and is useful for holding family functions. Furniture is arranged in such a manner that people can talk to each other comfortably. Fig.12.9: A living Room HOME SCIENCE 5  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I Good lighting is needed for reading as well as other purposes. Bedrooms: Bedrooms should be placed carefully, as we spend 1/3rd of our life in sleep and taking rest. They should offer Notes privacy and be free from noise. Rectangular bedrooms are more convenient for accommodating beds, other furniture and storage. Preferably bedroom should be attached to bathroom or toilet. Adressing table can be Fig.12.10: A provided in this room. Bathroom: Acombination of bathing space, water closet and wash area is referred to as a bathroom. Floor should be non slippery and easy to clean. At least one wall of a bathroom should be exposed to outside for proper light and air to avoid dampness and also to offer ventilation. Fig.12.11: A Bathroom Kitchen: Ideally kitchen should be in the east or north east direction to get direct sunlight during morning. Sunlight has disinfectant properties which kills the germs. A kitchen should have a good drainage system. For sanitation wire-mesh doors should be provided to keep away flies and mosquitoes. Sufficient lighting both during the day time and night should be ensured for doing tasks comfortably. One wall of kitchen must be on exterior side of the house for providing good light and air. Exhaust fan can be installed to take away Fig.12.12 Sitting kitchen smoke. By all means cross ventilation has to be provided here. Sufficient storage space above and below the work counter facilitates smooth functioning of the work. The kitchen should have light colours on walls which reflect maximum light. Traditionally Indian women work on the floor. However, these days standing kitchens are becoming the norm in cities. 6 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I By carefully planning the rooms and following the above tips, our family can enjoy a comfortable house. ACTIVITY 12.2 Notes You want to create space for studying in a two room house. Here one room is used mainly for sleeping and the other for entertaining guests and sitting. Present your plan giving adequate reasons. Use the following table for your answers and give reasons. Rooms/areas Used for any Problems Your suggestions for other activities faced study area Sitting room Sleeping room INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.1 1. Write the type of function (protective, economic, social/religious and educative) against the activities given below Activity Functions a. Celebrating Diwali b. Keeping paying guest c. Caring of children and old people d. Taking tuitions e. Learning to respect others and be responsible f. Having meals together with the family 2. State which aspect of site selection relates to the following situation. One example is given below. Situation Site features E.g. Open space provides children with place to play. Physical features a. House in an area having proper water supply, electricity, roads and drainage facility. HOME SCIENCE 7  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I b. Houses built on loose soil have poor foundations. c. Plots filled with garbage are unhygienic for building houses. d. The child has to start very early for school. Notes e. The elevated soil with slopes drains away water soon. f. House in a quiet area. 3. Match the column A and column B. Write the correct number of response ( i, ii, etc) from column B. In the Answer box against its match. Column A Column B Answer a. Ideal home i Entertainment b. Small rooms ii Privacy c. Drawing room iii Exhaust fan d. Bathroom iv Provides space for all the functions v Multipurpose furniture 4. You want to make your room look more spacious. Given below are two options in one set. Choose the one which is the most suitable. a. Heavy furniture or Light furniture b. Single use furniture or Multi use furniture c. Combine kitchen and dining room or Kitchen and sitting room d. Light colours on walls or Dark colours on walls 12.4 MAINTAINING HYGIENE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE HOUSE Observe your home for the following aspects Does it get proper sunlight? Is it well ventilated? Is it kept clean, both in and around? Is it exposed to loud noise? Does the area have proper drainage, sewerage and garbage management system? Let us examine the aspects which are important in maintaining hygiene for a healthy living. Three aspects need special care. These are: Light 8 HOME SCIENCE  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I Ventilation Sanitation Let us discuss each one of these in detail. 12.4.1 Light Notes Proper lighting is important to perform various activities in the house. It also enhances the beauty of the house, particularly during the evening hours. Every house has two types oflighting: i. Natural Lighting: The light that we receive from natural sources i.e. the sun. ii. Artificial Lighting: The light that we receive from artificial sources such as tube light, bulbs. Natural lighting Artificial lighting Fig.12.13 : House with natural light Fig.12.14 : House with artificial light When you check the lighting in your home, you must make sure that most of the rooms get some sunlight during the day. Can you say why? The answer to this question lies in your science lessons. Sunlight is important for all the rooms but more specially for kitchen and bathrooms where water is used frequently. If sunlight does not enter into these areas they will remain dark and damp. It will encourage the entry of mosquitoes and cockroaches. It is not very hygienic to stay in such a house. This increases the chances of infections and fungal diseases. You must have observed that even plants when placed in a darkroom soon loose their luster, droop and wither. Sometimes it is not possible to have natural light in each and every corner of the house. So we use artificial light. In the evening, we need artificial lighting. When artificial light has to be used, make sure that it is not too strong and that it falls on the work that you are doing and not on your eyes. The glare from the light falling directly on your eyes will make it difficult for you to see. Your eyes may also ache and start watering. You should be careful that for studying, there should be proper lighting, otherwise, your eyes will get tired soon. HOME SCIENCE 9  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I 12.4.2 Ventilation You know that houses have doors, windows, ventilators and exhaust fans. These are made Ventilation means to circulate to allow fresh air inside the house and remove fresh air and driving out foul air stale air. Fresh air is essential for healthy in order to freshen up the Notes living. This is the reason why we must ensure interiors of a house. that the house that we live in has proper ventilation. It can be done through natural or artificial sources. Windows of the rooms should be kept open. Even in winters, when it is very cold, at least one window of the room should be kept open so that fresh air circulates freely. The air circulation in rooms should be sufficient to remove smoke, bad smells, moisture and fumes that offend and also control cold drafts in winter. Cross ventilation is desirable and can be achieved by placing windows on two different sides of the house or by having door and window across from each other in a room. Fig.12.15 You must remember that the openings at the floor level help to bring in fresh air and the openings near the ceilings drive out stale air. 12.4.3 Sanitation: Can you say why it is important to keep our homes and surroundings clean? Clean surroundings keep insects and germs away from us. In order to prevent the spread 10 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I of diseases and to keep our environment healthy there are many activities which are to be performed and many facilities which are to be created for maintaining sanitation. The most important ones are: Ø maintaining cleanliness, Ø removal of garbage and Notes Ø disposal of excreta. Let us discuss each one of these in detail. (a) Maintaining cleanliness: Dust is a great enemy of our health, as most of the diseases are spread by it. Cleaning is basic to maintaining hygiene but it is a heavy household task compared to others. It involves physical labour and a lot of time has to be spent in keeping the house clean and comfortable for the family. Encourage your family members to place items at their respective places to maintain cleanliness. Cleaning is of many types. You must have observed your house being cleaned everyday. The store is cleaned only weekly or may be monthly. The entire house is thoroughly cleaned only before Diwali or some major festival or special occasion like a marriage in the family or a birth celeberation. So we can say that cleaning is a daily, weekly and seasonal activity. Types of cleaning Let us find out about the types of cleaning and the activities to be performed under these. Daily cleaning § Sweeping and mopping of floors § Dusting surfaces § Cleaning of rugs and carpets § Making beds in the morning § Tidying up objects in every room Weekly cleaning § Thorough cleaning of different surface areas and Fig.12.16 materials like bathrooms, toilets and wash basins § Removing cobwebs § Cleaning shelves of kitchens HOME SCIENCE 11  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I § Cleaning door handles and other fittings § Polishing the wooden surfaces and other areas § Cleaning mirrors and pictures Spring or seasonal cleaning Notes § Airing mattresses, cushions, pillow, rugs and carpets in sunlight § Washing curtains § Thorough cleaning of rooms after removing all furniture § Cleaning the store room Fig.12.17 § Cleaning and polishing of the wood work and getting any repairs done General points to be considered for cleaning rooms – Thorough knowledge of the methods of cleaning go a long way in simplifying heavy work. – One way to keep a house clean is to prevent dirt getting into the house by using special pair of footwear for indoor use and foot mats. It prevents outside dirt getting into the house. – Fine wire mesh door and windows block entry of dust and insects. – In daily cleaning : start from inner most part of the house and move towards cleaning outward areas. All beds should be made before starting cleaning. Open doors and windows to allow fresh air to enter. Sweep the rooms with a soft broom. Sweeping should be followed by dusting of furniture. Brush carpets or rugs. Finish by mopping floors. A disinfectant like phenyl may be added to the water for mopping the floor. Ensure regular cleaning using proper methods to simplify work at home and work place to save time and energy Cleaning of different surfaces and materials: The house has different surfaces like walls, mirrors, pictures, tiles, toilet floors. There are many items to be cleaned such as plastic mugs, buckets and metal objects. In order to clean these, different materials are required. 12 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I Surfaces Materials required Floors Broom, brushes, soap or detergent, water, kerosene oil, lime and phenyl Ceramic tiles, kitchen Soap or detergent, commercial tile cleaners, vinegar, and bathroom tiles mild hydrochloric acid Notes Plastic mug, buckets, Luke warm soap or detergent solution, scrubber, chairs, taps vinegar, kerosene ( Avoid hard cleaners) and soda Glass/mirror windows Moist newspaper pad, vinegar and commercial glass glass/mirror cleaner Metal taps, brass Lemon, vinegar, tamarind, hot soapy water and salt taps Wood surfaces Soft cloth, sponge wrung out of a mild soap solution and vinegar INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.2 1. Given below in the box is a jumbled list of activities related to cleaning. Place each under the category of daily, weekly or seasonal. Dusting, cleaning before Diwali, sweeping of floor, removing cobwebs, polishing of furniture , cleaning of metal objects, making beds, washing curtains, cleaning bathrooms, cleaning of tiles in toilets, cleaning of stores, cleaning carpets with a brush, tidying up rooms, cleaning drains, mopping of floor, cleaning of washbasins. Daily activities Weekly activities Seasonal activities (b) Removal of garbage: The garbage from the house, dust collected through sweeping and waste materials like fruit and vegetable peels from the kitchen should be put in a covered dust bin. This dust bin should be emptied into a packet everyday and this packet of waste should be disposed off in the public garbage bin in the street. This method of waste disposal works very effectively and is sanitary too. Household waste generally has two kinds of waste HOME SCIENCE 13  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I material. Kitchen waste that is vegetables and fruit peels are bio-degradable and other household waste like polythene bags and plastic bottles are non- bio degradable. These should be segregated Notes and disposed off separately. In rural areas, a pit should be dug for disposal of bio-degradable household garbage. It should be covered with soil. After Fig.12.18 sometime, the garbage will turn into manure which can be used in the kitchen garden. (c) Disposal of waste water: There is generally a fair amount of waste water generated from our home. Waste water from the bathroom, washing place and kitchen should be led by a drainage pipe to a kitchen garden or a soakage pit. We should never let waste water stagnate near the house. There are some localities where drainage system has not been provided. This is also true in rural areas. Therefore, soakage pits are the best alternative for disposing off waste water. (d) Disposal of Human excreta – sanitary latrines: Hygienic disposal of human waste is necessary to prevent spreading of diseases. It is important that all people use proper latrines. Otherwise, diseases would spread through flies sitting on food, drinking polluted water, eating contaminated raw fruits and vegetables. Germs can enter our body even when we walk barefoot. Let us look now at some of the ways of safe disposal of human excreta. a. Water Closet: In a majority of large towns, human excreta is removed through the water carriage system. In this, along with the household waste water, the faeces and urine are carried away by a flush of water through a system of drains and sewers. A water closet is a sanitary installation for reception of the human excreta. It is connected to a sewer through a pipe. Fig.12.19: A water closet with a raised seat Fig.12.20: A squatting pan water closet 14 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I Water closet system is the most sanitary method for removal of human excreta Soakage Pit These are very important for areas where there is no drainage system. They are cheap and easy to construct. Notes A suitable soakage pit is about 2 metres deep, 1 meter wide and long enough to deal with the household waste water. The average length is 2-3 meters. Fill one third of the pit with coarse stones, preferably over burnt bricks of ¾ size. The middle portion is filled with small stones and pebbles and the upper most portion with sand. The soakage pit may be covered with earth and grass. The waste water from the house is led through a drainage pipe to the soakage pit. The waste gradually percolates and soaks away into the ground from the pit. Soakage pits should not be constructed near a well. Can you think why? Yes, the water in the well may get contaminated. However, this system does not work unless there is plenty of water for the purpose. Also, it is expensive to construct. As a result, in most of the villages and many of the towns in India, we find that the closets and sewerage system are not there. In such circumstances, pit latrines or the bore latrines may be constructed. b. Septic tanks: As you know, sewerage system is the ideal solution for the disposal of human and other wastes, but it costs too much. It requires a lot of water. Septic tank is another alternative. These can be seen in semi urban areas or localities where sewerage system has still not been laid. This method basically involves constructions of concrete tank or pits. Household drains are connected to these pits. You must have observed the logo of “Sulabh Shauchalaya”. These toilets are based upon the principle of septic tanks. Advantages of septic tanks Hygienic Low cost and easy to construct than the water closet system Does not pollute surface or ground water Free from foul smell HOME SCIENCE 15  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I Maintenance is easy and cost low Needs only 1.5 to 2 liters of water for flushing as compared to 13-14 lit. of water in a conventional flush toilet Does not require cleaning of pits Notes The sludge from the pits is a good manure Gases are dispersed into the soil Eliminates mosquitoes, insects and fly breeding c. Pit latrine: A pit is dug to receive human excreta. The pit should be more than 3 metres deep. This is to prevent flies from sitting on it as flies rarely live in holes as deep as this. The soil should be sandy and allow the liquid portion of the excreta to drain away. Otherwise, the pit will fill up quickly. Water should be added daily to help the faeces to flow down and get decomposed. This is ideal only in case of temporary use for few days. There can be a concrete platform around the opening of the hole and raised foot stands. The opening of the hole should be covered with a lid. This will discourage flies attracted by smell and also prevent foul smell from spreading but this system is not very hygienic as it allows the discharge to pollute the ground water. ACTIVITY 12.3 1. Identify the type of waste disposal method your family uses in your home (Covered bins or uncovered bins). Now analyse the problems faced by you with existing waste disposal method for solid waste inside and outside your home. Now collect the following information: a. Inside home i. How is waste collected? ii. How often are the bins cleaned? iii. Is there a foul smell from the waste? iv. Are the drains blocked? b. Outside home i. Is there a heap of waste or garbage in the street? ii. Is there foul smell from waste spreads? iii. Are animals gathering around the waste? iv. Do drains get blocked? 16 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I v. How far are the municipality garbage bins located? vi. Is the number of bins adequate to the amount of garbage generated? vii. How often are the garbage bins emptied? viii. Are the garbage bins covered? Notes 2. Discuss with friends of locality or in the study centre the following: How satisfactory is the disposal of waste inside and outside the house? What can be done and how to sort out the problems/ improve the present status? Individual level Community level Panchayat/ MCD level INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.3 1. State whether the statements given below are true or false. a. Sunlight acts as a mild disinfectant b. Indoor plants turn yellow when placed in brightly lit rooms. c. People living in dark and dingy rooms are more prone to falling sick. d. Circulation of air removes stale air and brings in fresh air. e. ventilators provide light and fresh air in rooms. 2. Why is cross ventilation important for maintaining a healthy environment inside the house? Suggest ways to ensure cross ventilation in a house. 3. Tick mark (√) the most appropriate answer: a. Soakage pits provide a hygienic method for the disposal of___________. i. garbage ii. waste water iii. human excreta iv. all of these b. Disposal of human excreta through water carriage system is generally not found in rural areas because it_______________________. i. requires plenty of water HOME SCIENCE 17  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I ii. is expensive to construct iii. requires a common system of removal iv. all the above c. The purpose of ventilation is ___________________. Notes i. to give ample light ii. to circulate the fresh air iii. to bring in ample light and air iv. none of these d. The ideal method of disposal of human excreta at community level is ______. i. water closet ii. pit latrine iii. septic tank iv. any of these e. An ideal method of garbage disposal in a village is construction of a ______. i. garbage pit ii. placement of garbage bins iii. throwing garbage on the sides of sheets iv. none of the above WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT 18 HOME SCIENCE Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I TERMINAL EXERCISE 1. State any three functions performed by your home. 2. State any four important points to be considered while selecting a house and tell Notes why you consider these important. 3. Name two sources of lighting in the house and state why each one is important. 4. State any three advantages of ventilation. 5. What are the effects of poor lighting on your health? 6. Which method do you suggest is ideal for the disposal of human excreta and waste water and why? 7. Name two cleaning agents you will use to clean window glass panes? 8. Suggest two ways you will adopt to make a one room house appear spacious. 9. Write any three essential planning tips for designing a good kitchen. 10. List any four activities which are performed in a kitchen. 11. Think of the situation given below and answer the questions. The festival of Diwali is approaching and your mother is not keeping well.You want to help your mother in cleaning and decorating your home for the festival. a. List the activities that need to be preformed for cleaning and decorating your home. b. Sequence these activities in an order. c. Assign specific activities and tasks to different family members. What criteria will you keep in mind while doing this? ANSWER TO INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.1 1. a. Religious b. Economic c. Protective d. Economic e. Social f. Social HOME SCIENCE 19  Housing MODULE - 2 My Family & I 2. a. Neighbourhood b. Soil conditions c. Sanitary requirements d. Practical convenience Notes e. Physical features f. Practical convenience 3. iv a. v b. i c. i d. 4. Refer to the text. 12.2 1. Daily activities Weekly activities Seasonal activities Dusting Removing cobwebs Cleaning before Diwali Sweeping Cleaning of metal objects Washing curtains Making beds Cleaning of toilet tiles Cleaning of store Cleaning bathroom Cleaning of washbasin Tidying up rooms Polishing furniture Cleaning carpets with brush Cleaning drains 12.3 1. a. True b. False c. True d. True e. True 2. It provides good circulation of air in the room. § Cross ventilation is possible when a window opens on to each of two different sides of the house and direct flow of air can take place between the two openings. § By placement of door and windows across from each other. 3. a. i b. ii c. ii d. i e. i 20 HOME SCIENCE