Readings In Philippine History PDF

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Submitted to: Dr. Marcelina Dumo Submitted by: Galvez, Mari Angeli R. Pascua, Jennifer N. Raceles, Madonna E. May, 2019  TABLE OF CONTENTS...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Submitted to: Dr. Marcelina Dumo Submitted by: Galvez, Mari Angeli R. Pascua, Jennifer N. Raceles, Madonna E. May, 2019  TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Definition and Subject Matter.......................................... 2 Questions and Issues in History....................................... 2 History and the Historian................................................. 3 Historical Sources............................................................ 4 CHAPTER 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine History First Voyage Around the World by Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta....................................................... 7 The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan.......................... 8 The Proclamation of the Philippine Independence............. 9 Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era.......... 10 CHAPTER 3: Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies Making Sense of the Past: Historical Interpretation........... 13 Case Study 1: The First Catholic Mass in the Phiippines............................................................ 14 Case Study 2: The Cavity Mutiny...................................... 15 Case Study 3: The Rizal’s Retraction................................ 15 Case Study 4: The Cry of Rebellion................................... 16 CHAPTER 4: Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Issues in Philippine History Evolution of the Philippine Constitution............................ 19 Policies of Agrarian Reform................................................ 21 Evolution of Philippine Taxation........................................ 22 CHAPTER 5: Doing History: A Guide for Students Online Historical Research................................................. 27 Historical Research in Libraries and Archives..................... 27 Life Histories and Biographical Research............................ 28 Local and Oral History....................................................... 29 History through Historical Shrines and Museums.............. 30  Chapter 1: Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Definition and Subject Matter History has always been known as the study of the past. For some, it is considered as notorious for it’s just merely memorization of dates, places, names, and events from distant eras that gives a shallow understanding to its respective contexts and its relevance to people’s lives. However, history has deeper meaning on the importance of it to human civilization. History was derived from the Greek word historia which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.” In the classical Latin in the early part of twentieth century, historia known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and historical evidences. Historians write about the lives of important individuals like monarchs, heroes, saints, and nobilities. It was also focused on writing about wars, revolutions and other important breakthroughs for around 2,400 years. Traditional historians lived with the mantra of “no document, no history”. It means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered as a historical fact. Moreover, history is not only limited to written documents, like government records, chroniclers’ accounts or personal letters but also on the valid historical sources. Valid historical sources can be in written form or by word of mouth since not all civilizations have keep written records like the peasant families or indigenous groups who were not given much thought about being registered to government records. A few of these examples are oral traditions in forms of epics and songs, artifacts, architecture, and memory. Questions and Issues in History History is the study of the past, the events that happened in the past, the causes of such events and the history itself, which leads history as a discipline, a complex and dynamic inquiry that produced various perspectives regarding different questions like: What is history? Why study history? and History for whom? These questions can be answered by a historiography. Historiography is the history of history. Historiography not just let you learn facts but also provide better understanding of the historian contexts. It also includes deep analyzation and critical thinking in collecting important things which can help to inspire people keep their good practices and be able to use to make sense of the present and in the future. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, any history entails written documents to claim that a particular knowledge is true. This thought is called positivism. The ilustrados like Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, and 2 Padre Paterno wrote history, intended for the Spaniards for them to realize that Filipinos are people of their own intellect and culture. However, American historians find it uncivilized in their publications. And so, Americans intended to justify their colonization of the islands not just by means of undermining the Philippines’ sovereignty, but as a civilizing mission to fulfil what they called “white man’s burden”. Meanwhile, post colonialism emerged in the twentieth century when colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadows of their colonial past. Also, criticizes the methods, effects, and idea of colonialism which the colonial powers created and taught to their subjects. With that, history was confronted by problems. One of which is the accusation that the history is always written by powerful colonial victors and the more dominant player. For instance, the history of the Second World War in the Philippines always depicts the United States as the hero and the Imperial Japanese army as the oppressors. Filipinos who collaborated with the Japanese were called as traitors or collaborators. However, a more thorough historical investigation will reveal a more nuanced account of the history than a simplified narrative story of a hero versus a villain. History and the Historian We all know that it is impossible to get an exact and accurate account of the past for we cannot go back to the past. And so, history is written with agenda or is heavily influenced by the historian whom has the only access representation of the past through historical sources and evidences. Therefore, it is a historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also to interpret these facts by giving meaning to these facts, and organize them into a timeline, establish causes, and write history. A historian is influenced by his own context, environment, ideology, education and influences among others. This entails the methodologies he will use, the relevance of the facts and as well as the form of his writings. Moreover, history is always subjective and thus requires a rigor of research and historical methodology which comprises certain techniques and rules in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history like the rules applied in cases of conflicting accounts in different sources. In that sense, historical claims and arguments in their historical writings influenced by the historian’s inclinations were still valid because it used reliable evidences and employed correct and meticulous historical methodology. Aside from that, when it uses an oral account as data, then it needs to validate the claims by comparing and corroborating it with written sources to back up his claim so that the historian will not be biased to his 3 judgment. At some point, history became inclusive and started collaborating with other disciplines like geography, anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. Annales School, a school of history in France challenged the canons of history. This school did away with the common historical subjects that were almost always related to the conduct of states and monarchs. And had been advocated the people and classes that were not reflected in the history of the society provided with space in the records of mankind. Historical Sources Historian’s most important research tools are historical sources. Historical sources can be classified into primary and secondary sources. The classification of sources depends on the historical subject being studied, and not on the period when the source was produced or the type of the source. Primary sources are sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied. Most common examples are archival documents, artefact, memorabilia, letters, census, and government records. Furthermore, to study the Commonwealth Constitution Convention of 1935, as an example, primary sources can include the minutes of the convention, newspaper clippings, Philippine Commission reports of the U.S. Commissioners, records of the convention, the draft of the constitution, and even photographs of the event. On the other hand, secondary sources are sources produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material. These are historical sources which studied a certain historical subject. To concretize it further, on the subject of the Philippine Revolution of 1896, students can read Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan published originally in 1956. The Philippine Revolution happened in the last years of the nineteenth century while Agoncillo published his work in 1956, which makes the Revolt of the Masses a secondary source. Aside from that, a textbook is also classified as a secondary source, a tertiary source even. Moreover, both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history. And so, to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth, historians and as well as the students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize these historical sources by conducting an external and internal criticism of the source such as external criticism and internal criticism. External criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence. The quality of the paper, the type of the ink, and the 4 language and words used in the material are examples of the thing that will be examined when conducting external criticism. Internal Criticism, on the other hand, is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose. Internal criticism entails such reports to be manipulated and analysed for war propaganda. Validating historical sources is important because the use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful historical sources can lead to equally false conclusions. The task of the historian is to look at the available historical sources and select the most relevant and meaningful for history and for the subject matter. Also, historian organizes the past that is being created so that it can offer lessons for nations, societies, and civilization. Furthermore, historian seeks for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory, remembering, and historical understanding for both the present and the future. In addition, Philippine historiography underwent several changes since pre-colonial period until the present and is through communal songs and epics that they passed orally. The pre-colonial society was a luminous age that ended with darkness when the colonizers captured their freedom. A pantayong pananaw (for us-from us perspective), a new guiding philosophy for writing and teaching history introduced by a Filipino historian Zeus Salazar gives importance in facilitating an internal conversation and discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using the language that is understood by everyone. 5  Chapter 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine History First Voyage around the World by Magellan Ferdinand Magellan’s fateful circumnavigation of the world with an Italian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta, began in the sixteenth century. It is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the pre-colonial Philippines. This was also a major reference to the events leading to Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his death in the hands of Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan, and in the departure of what was left of Magellan’s fleet from the islands. The First Voyage around the World by Magellan was published after Pigafetta returned to Italy. Magellan and Pigafetta reached the Ladrones Islands or the “Islands of Thieves”, presently known as the Marianas Islands. After ten days, Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island for greater security where they could rest for a few days. After two days, March 18, nine men came and welcomed them with foods, drinks and gifts. The natives also gave them fish, palm wine (uraca), figs, two cochos, rice (umai), cocos, and other food supplies. The people are friendly and willingly showed them different islands. One of which is the “Watering Place of Good Signs”,Humunu Island (Homonhon) where you can found the first signs of gold. This island and the nearby islands are the archipelago of St. Lazarus. On March 25 th, they saw two ballanghai (balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzava/Mazua. The king of the ballanghai (balangay), Raia Siagu, sent his men to the ship of Magellan to offer a bar of gold and a chest of ginger, but Magellan declined. Instead, Magellan asked for money for the needs of his ships. Magellan, then exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashion, red cap, and gave the people knives and mirrors. He further showed the king his other weapons, helmets, artilleries. Magellan also shared his charts, maps and islands they found. After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother, Raia Calambu, who was a king of another island named Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua). Raia Calambu was the most handsome of all the men in the island. He was adorned with silk and gold accessories like a golden dagger which he carried with him in a wooden polished sheath. His house and the parts of the ship are made of gold. On March 31 st, an Easter Sunday, ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore. The king sent two dead pigs and attended the mass with the other king. After the mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in place for it would be beneficial to the people because Spaniards will saw the cross and know that they had been in that island and would not cause troubles. After seven days, Magellan moved to the islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu). Cebu is the largest and the richest of the islands. By April 7 th of the 7 same year, Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu. The king of Cebu offered a bit of his blood and demanded that they pay tribute for it was customary. The following day, Magellan spoke about peace and God. And on the 14th of April, Magellan spoke to the king and encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning all the idols and worship the cross instead. And so, the king of Cebu was baptized as a Christian. On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan), asked for a bat full of men to fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu). However, Magellan offered three boats and expressed his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight Lapulapu. Magellan’s total forces are 49 and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number 1,500. Magellan died in the battle because he was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg. Magellan was hit with a lance in the face. He retaliated and pierced the same native with his lance in the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it because of his wounded arm. Magellan attacked with lances, swords, and even with their bare hands. Magellan’s men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain. They left Cebu and continued their journey around the world. The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan The Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan is the most important organization formed in the Philippine History. It was only the organization that envisioned a united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for the total independence of the country from Spain. Katipunan created a complex structure and a defined value system that would guide the organization as a collective aspiring for a single goal. One of the most important Katipunan documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan which was originally titled as “Manga [sic] Aral Nang [sic] Katipunan ng mga A.N.b.” or Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country. It was written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896 who is a law student at the Unibersidad of Santo Tomas. Jacinto was only 18 years of age when he joined the movement, but, due to his value and intellect; he became the secretary of the organization and took charge of the short-lived printing press of the Katipunan. On April 15, 1897, at the age of 22, Jacinto became the commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon, and later, died of Malaria in the town of Magdalena, Laguna at the age of 24. The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct which consists of fourteen rules that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave, and which specific values should be uphold. These rules are classified into two groups. The first rules contains the rules that will make the number an upright individual and the second 8 group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men. And these rules of Kartilya will help in understanding the values, ideals, aspirations and even the ideology of the organization. Proclamation of the Philippine Independence Philippine Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898. We commemorate it every year for it signalled the end of the 333 years of Spanish colonization. The declaration was a short 2,000-word document which summarized the reason behind the revolution against Spain, the war for independence and the future of the new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. The proclamation commenced with a characterization of the conditions in the Philippine during the Spanish Colonial period. The document specifically mentioned abuses and inequalities in the colony such as abuse by the Civil Guards and the unlawful shooting of prisoners whom they alleged as attempting to escape. It also condemns the unequal protection of the law between the Filipino people and the eminent personages. Aside from that, they also condemn what they saw as the unjust deportation and rendering of other decision with proper hearing. Moreover, the proclamation proceeded with a brief historical overview of the Spanish occupation since Magellan’s arrival in Visayas until the Philippine Revolution and after the collapse of Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The document narrates the spread of the movement like an “electric spark” through different towns and provinces like Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna and Morong and the quick decline of Spanish forces in the same provinces. The document also mentions Rizal’s execution calling it unjust to please the greedy body of friars in their insatiable desire to seek revenge upon and exterminate all those who are opposed to their Machiavellan purposes when tramples upon the penal code prescribed for these islands. Also, it narrates the infamous execution of GOMBURZA in the Cavite Mutiny of January 1872 whose innocent blood was shed through the intrigues of those so called religious orders. The proclamation of the independence invokes the establishment of the republic under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo. Another detail in the proclamation is the explanation on the Philippine Flag that was first waved on the same day. The white triangle symbolizes the Katipunan. The red and blue colors of the flag are associated with courage and peace respectively. The original symbolic meaning of something presents the several historical truths that can explain the subsequent events which unfolded after the declaration of independence on the 12th day of June 1898. 9 Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era (1900-1941) Political Cartoons and Caricatures are recent art form which veered away from the Classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects. It is a technique used by the print media as a form of social and political commentary which targets persons of powers aid authority. Cartoons became an effective tool of publicizing opinions through the use of symbolism, the society during the American period and a broad image of society and politics under the United States. In the book Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941) by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces, compiled political cartoons published in Newspaper dailies and periodicals. One of which is about The Independent on May 20, 1916 which shows a politician from Tondo. This implies that the Filipino politics at that time did not understand well enough the essence of democracy and the accompanying democratic institutions and processes. Another cartoon is The Independent on June 16, 1917 that aimed as a commentary to the workings of Manila Police at that period. Aside from that, the commentary on the precedent cases of colorum automobiles in the city streets was also depicted. It is due to the fatal accidents involving colorum vehices and taxis occurred oftenly. Moreover, a cartoon also depicted a cinema which implies the “sexual revolution” that occurred in the 1930’s. It disturbed the conserved Filipino mindset by engaging in daring sexual activities in public spaxes like cinemas. And lastly, The Independent on November 27, 1915 was also published. It was the caricature of Uncle Sam riding a chariot pulled by Filipinos wearing school uniforms. It depicts that patronage also became influential and powerful not only between clients and patrons but also between the newly formed political parties composed of the elite and United States. Revisiting Aquino Speech Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino was functioned as he symbol of the restoration of democracy and the overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in 1986 through the EDSA People Power which considered as the “cheapest revolution” ever. In her speech, it talks of her family background and Ninoy, her husband who served as the real leading figure of the opposition at that time. Cory talked about Ninoy’s toil and suffering at the hands of the dictatorship that he resisted. The ideology or the principles of the new 10 democratic can also be seen in the said speech. Cory then proceeded on her peace agenda which involves political initiatives and re-integration program to persuade insurgent to leave the country side and return to the mainstream society to participate in the restoration of democracy. Also, she enumerates the challenges of the Filipino people as trying to build the new democracy such as persisting communist insurgency and economic deterioration. As seen in her speech, she decided to build and continue with the alliance between the Philippine and the United States to effectively implement an essentially similar foreign policy to that of the dictatorship. And lastly, Cory ended her speech by thanking America for serving as home to her family. 11  Chapter 3: Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies Making Sense of the Past: Historical Interpretation History, in a more contemporary definition, is centered on how it impacts the present through its consequences. According to Geoffrey Barraclough, history is as the “attempt to discover on the basis of fragmentary evidence, the significant things about the past”. He also notes that history which is based on facts is a series of accepted judgments. Historians utilized facts collected from primary sources to draw their own reading which intended for the audience to understand the historical event, a process that in essence, “makes sense of the past”. To concretize it further, The Code of Kalantiaw, a mythical legal code in the epic history Maragtas, was revealed as a hoax in 1986 but still, some would like to believe that the code is a legitimate document. Also, the “Sa Aking Mga Kababata” which purportedly written by Jose Rizal, when he was 8 years of age. As a matter of fact, there exists no manuscript of the poem handwritten by Rizal. Also, he never mentioned writing this poem anywhere in his writings. Furthermore, criticism of the poem reveals more about the wrongful attribution of the poem to Rizal such as the poem was written in Tagalog and referred the word “kalayaan” which he referred as well in “El Amor Patrio” where it was spelled as ‘kalayahan”. The poem’s spelling is also suspects the use of letters “k” and “w” to replace “c” and “u” respectively. Interpretations of the past, therefore, vary according to who reads the primary source, when it was read and how it was read Interpretations of historical event change overtime; thus, it is an important skill to track changes in an attempt to understand the past. This entails that the things we accept as “true” about the past might not be the case anymore. And so, historians must ensure the relevance of the events happened in the past. Multiperspectivity Another important concept of history is multiperpectivity. Multiperspectivity is a way of looking at historical events, personalities, developments, cultures, and societies from different perspectives. This means that there is a multitude ways which we can view the world that is equally valid and equally partial as well. Historical writing is biased, partial, and contains preconceptions. So, historians decide on what sources to use, what interpretation to make more apparent, depending on what his end is. With multiperspectivity as an approach in history, historical interpretations contain discrepancies, contradictions, ambiguities and are often the focus of dissent. Exploring multiperspectives in history requires incorporating varied source materials that may create space for more 13 investigation and research, while providing more evidence for those truths that these sources agree on. Different kinds of sources also provide different historical truths which renders more validity to the historical scholarship and also a more complete and richer understanding of the past Case Study 1: The First Catholic Mass in the Philippines This case study will not focus on the significance (or lack thereof) of the site of the First Catholic Mass in the Philippines, but rather, use it as a historiographical exercise in the utilization of evidence and interpretation in reading historical events. Butuan has long been believed as the site of the first Mass for three centuries, which commemorates the expedition’s arrival and celebration of Mass on 8 April 1521. The Butuan claim has been based on a rather elementary reading of primary sources from the event. However, a more nuanced reading of the available evidence was made in the start of twentieth century that brought light of the first mass in the Philippines, made both by Spanish and Filipino scholars. There are two primary sources that historians refer to in identifying the site of the first Mass. One is the log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan’s ship and one of the 18 survivors who returned after circumnavigating the world. The other, and the more complete, was the account by Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (First Voyage Around the World). In the primary source noted in Albo’s account, the location of Mazava fits the location of the island of Limasawa, at the southern tip of Leyte, 9°54’N. Also, Albo does not mention the first Mass, but only the planting of the cross upon a mountain-top from which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest, which also fits the southern end of Limasawa. It must be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta’s testimonies coincide and corroborate each other. Pigafetta gave more details on what they did during their weeklong stay at Mazaua. Using the primary sources available, Jesuit priest Miguel A. Bernad in his work Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of Evidence (1981) lays down the argument that in the Pigafetta account, a crucial aspect of Butuan was not mentioned-the river. Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated on the Agusan River. The beach of Masao in the delta of said river. It is a curious omission in the account of the river, which makes part of a distinct characteristic of Butuan’s geography 14 that seemed to be Magellan’s death, the survivors of his expedition went to Mindanao, and seemingly went to Butuan. In this instance, Pigafetta vividly describes a trip in a river. But note that this account already happened after Magellan’s death. Case Study 2: Cavite Mutiny The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the Cavity Mutiny and the martyrdom of the three priests GOMBURZA (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora). These events are very important milestones in Philippine history and have caused ripples throughout time, directly influencing the decisive events of the Philippine Revolution toward the end of the century. In this case study, we zoom in to the events of the Cavite Mutiny, a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of that time. Two accounts corroborated with each other. One is the documentation of Jose Montero y Vidal, a Spanish historian, which centered on how the event was overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines. His account of the mutiny was criticized as woefully biased and rabid for a scholar. The other is the official report written by Governor General Rafael Izquierdo which implicated the native clergy, who were then, active in the movement toward secularization of parishes. It is apparent that the accounts underscore the reason for the “revolution”: the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in polos y serviciosi, or force labor. The “revolution” was easily crushed, when Manile~ nos that were expected to aid the Cavite~ nos did not arrive. Leaders of the plot were killed in the resulting skirmish, while Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be executed. It is also believed that the Spanish clergy connected the priests to the mutiny as part of conspiracy to clergy the movement of secular priests who desired to have their own parishes instead of being merely assistants to the regular friars. On 17 February 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again. Case Study 3: Rizal’s Retraction Jose Rizal is identified as a hero of the revolution for his writings (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo) that center on ending colonialism and liberating Filipino minds to contribute to creating the Filipino nation. Any piece of writing from Rizal recants everything against the friars and the Catholic Church in the Philippines which referred to as “The Retraction”. 15  There are four iterations of the text of this retraction: the first was published in La Vos Espa~ nola and Diario de Manila on 30 December 1896, the day of the execution. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, in the magazine of La Juventud, a few months after the execution.14 February 1897, from an anonymous writer who was later on revealed to be Fr. Vicente Balaguer. However, the “original” text was only found in the archdiocesan archives on 18 May 1935, after almost four decades of disappearance. According to Balaguer testimony, Rizal woke up several times, confessed four times, attended a Mass, received communion and prayed the rosary, all of which seemed out of character. It has been used to argue the authenticity of the document. Another testimony is of Cuerpo de Vigilancia which included a report on the last hours of Rizal. This account corroborates the existence of the retraction document, giving t credence. The retraction of Rizal remains to this day, a controversy; many scholars, however, agree that the document does not tarnish the heroism of Rizal. His relevance remained solidified to Filipinos and pushed them to continue the revolution, which eventually resulted in independence in 1898. Case Study 4: Cry of Rebellion In the late nineteenth century, “El Grito de Rebelion” or “Cry of Rebellion” marks the start of revolution which happened in August 1896 in northeast of Manila, where they declared rebellion against the Spanish colonial government. These events are important markers in the history of colonies that struggled for their independence against their colonizers. Teodoro Agoncillo, a Filipino historian, emphasizes the event when Bonifacio tore the cedula or tax receipt before the Katipuneros who also did the same. Some writers identified the first military event with the Spaniards as the moment of the Cry, for which, Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned an “Himno de Balintawak” to inspire the renewed struggle after the Pact of the Biak-na-Bato failed. From the eyewitness accounts presented, there is indeed marked disagreement among historical witnesses as to the place and time of the occurrence of the Cry. Using primary and secondary sources, four places have been identified: Balintawak, Kangkong, Pugad Lawin, and Bahay toro, while the dates vary: 23, 24, 25, or 26 August 1896. Valenzuela’s account should be read with caution: He once told a Spanish investigator that the “Cry” happened in Balintawak on Wednesday, 26 August 1896. Much later, he wrote in his Memoirs of the Revolution that it happened at Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896. Such inconsistences in 16 accounts should always be seen as a red flag when dealing with primary sources. According to Guerrero, Encarnacion, and Villegas, all tehese places are in Balintawak, then part of Caloocan, now, in Quezon City. As for the dates, Bonifacio and his troops may have been moving from one place to another to avoid being located by the Spanish government, which could explain why there are several accounts of the Cry. 17  Chapter 4: Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Issues in Philippine History Evolution of the Philippine Constitution Constitution is the set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed which means to be a part of a whole, coming together of distinct entities into one group, with the same principles and ideals. These principles define the nature and extent of government. The Constitution of the Philippines, the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines, has been effect since 1987. There were only three other constitutions that have effectively governed the country: the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the 1973 Constitution, and the 1986 freedom Constitution. But, there were also earlier constitutions attempted by Filipinos in the struggle to break free from the colonial yoke. Malolos Constitution (1899), known as the Constitucion Politica de Malolos written in Spanish. It follows the declaration of independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 and transformed the dictatorial government to a revolutionary government on 23rd of June. The constitution was convened in Barasoain Church in Malolos (now Malolos City, Bulacan) presided by Pedro Paterno as the president and Gregorio Araneta as vice president. However, Malolos Constitution was opposed by Apolinario Mabini, the Prime Minister of the revolutionary government. This was ratified on November 29, 1898, signed into a law on December 23, and approved on 20 January 1899.Malolos Constitution was sanctioned by President Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21, and promulgated on January 22. Malolos constitution is anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots in American soil, modelled on the constitutions of France, Belgium, and Latin American countries. It states that the people have exclusive sovereignty, basic civil rights separated the church from the state, and called for the creation of an Assembly of Representatives which would act as the legislative body. The 1935 Commonwealth Constitution was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not have a premise to hold onto its “possession” on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence, unready for full, real independence and shall be known as the Republic of the Philippines. Also, it was provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. The 1935 Commonwealth Constitution adopts the Regalian Doctrine or the Principle of State ownership for all its natural wealth and provides for the proper utilization of such 19 wealth by its citizens. Whereas, the Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop their patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence, under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy do ordain and promulgate this constitution. The Ferdinand Marcos Constitution (1973), on 24 August 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a Constitutional Convention. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on 21 September 1972. The draft constitution was submitted to the Citizen’s Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On 17 January 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No.1102, announcing the Ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. This composed of a preamble and 17 articles, provides for the shift from presidential to parliamentary system of government. The 1935 Commonwealth Constitution retains the independence of the Commission on elections and establishes two independent constitutional bodies [Civil Service Commission and the Commission on Audit] as well as the National Economic Development Authority [NEDA]. This constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980 amendment, the retirement age of the members of the judiciary was extended to 70 years. And lastly, the 1986 Freedom Constitution, Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, protecting their basic rights, adopting a provisional constitution, and providing for an orderly translation to a government under a new constitution. This constitution followed the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand Marcos as president. The Proclamation No. 9 creating a Constitutional Commission (popularly abbreviated as “Con Com” in the Philippines) framed new constitution which took effect during the Marcos Martial Law regime. The 1986 Freedom Constitution appointed 50 members to the commission, including several former congressmen, a former Supreme Court Chief Justice (Roberto Concepcion), a catholic Bishop ( Teodoro Bacani) and film director (Lino Brocka). The constitution finished the draft charter within four months after it was convened. The issues were heatedly debated during the sessions, including on the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, they continued retention of the Clark and Subic American military bases, and the integration of economic policies into the Constitution. ConCom completed their task on October 12, 1986 and presented the draft constitution to President Aquino on October 15, 1986. On February 11, 1987, the new constitution was proclaimed, 20 ratified and took effect. The Freedom constitution establishes the Philippines as a “democratic and republican state” where “sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them”. Policies on Agrarian Reform Agrarian reform is essentially the rectification of the whole system of agriculture, an important aspect of the Philippine economy. Agrarian reform is centered on the relationship between production and the distribution of land among farmers. It is also focused on the political and economic class character of the relations of production and distribution in farming and related enterprises, and how these connect to the wider class structure. Spaniards colonized the country and brought a system of pueblo agriculture, where rural communities, often dispersed and scattered in nature, and organized into a pueblo and given land to cultivate. The Spanish crown awarded tracts of land to the religious orders; repartamientos for Spanish military as reward for their service; and Spanish encomenderos, those mandated to manage the encomienda or the lands given to them, where Filipinos worked and paid their tributes to the encomendero. Encomienda system was an unfair and abusive system because Filipino farmers working the land were made to sell their products at a very low price or surrender their products to the encomenderos, who resold this at a profit. From this encomienda system, the hacienda system developed in the beginning of the nineteenth century as the Spanish government implemented policies that would fast track the entry of the colony into the capitalist world. The hacienda system was developed as a new form of ownership. After the Spanish colonization, the Americans would signal a new era of colonialism and imperialism in the Philippines. The Americans were aware that Filipinos are landlessness and so, they pass several land policies to increase the small landholders and distribute ownership to a bigger number of Filipino tenants and farmers. The Philippine Bill of 1902 provided regulations on the disposal of public lands. A private individual may own 16 hectares of land while corporate landholders may have 1,024 hectares. Americans were also given rights to own agricultural lands in the country. However, landownership did not improve during the American period; in fact, it even worsened, because there was no limit to the size of landholdings people could possess and the accessibility of possession was limited to those who could afford to buy, register, and acquire fixed property titles. Through that, many Filipino hacienderos were forced to return to tenancy and forcefully took over lands who could not afford to pay their debts. The system introduced by the Americans enabled more lands to be placed under 21 tenancy, which led to the widespread peasant uprisings, such as the Colorum and Sakdal Uprising in Luzon. The Sakdal (or Sakdalista) Uprising was a peasant rebellion in Central Luzon which is about the issues in land ownership and tenancy in the country. During the years of the Commonwealth government, the situation further worsened as peasant uprisings increased. President Quezon laid down a social justice program focused on the purchase of haciendas, which were to be divided and sold to tenants. His administration created the National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) to assign public defenders to assist peasants in court battles for their rights to the land. The administration of President Roxas passed Republic Act No. 34 to establish a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord, respectively, which reduced the interest of landowners’ loans to tenants at six percent or less. Under the term of President Elpidio Quirino, the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and expand the resettlement program for peasants. This later on became the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) under the administration of President Ramon Magsaysay. A major stride in land reform arrived during the term of Diosdado Macapagal through the Agricultural Land Reform Code (Republic Act No. 3844). This code abolished share tenancy in the Philippines and prescribed a program to convert tenant- farmers to lessees and later on owner cultivators. Presidential Decree No. 27 or the Code of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines became the core of agrarian reform during the Marcos regime. On 22 July 1987, Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229, which outlined her land reform program. In 1988, the Congress passed Republic Act No. 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), which introduced the program with the same name (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or CARP). It enabled the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation and allowed them to retain not more than five hectares. Under the term of President Ramos, CARP implementation was speeded in order to meet the ten-year time frame, despite limitations and constraints in funding, logistics, and participation of involved sectors. The same problems have plagued its implementation: the powerful landed elite and the ineffectual bureaucracy of the Philippine government. Until these two challenges are surmounted, genuine agrarian reform in the Philippines remains but a dream to Filipino farmers who have been fighting for their right to landownership for centuries. 22 Evolution of Philippine Taxation Taxation is a reality that all citizens must contend with for primary reason that governments raise revenue from the people they govern to be able to functionally fully. Taxation, as a government mechanism to raise funds, developed and evolved through time, and in the context of the Philippines, we must understand that it came with our colonial experience. The arrival of the Spaniards altered a subsistence economy, for which they imposed the payment of tributos (tributes) from the Filipinos. The purpose is to generate resources to finance the maintenance of the islands, such as salaries of government officials and expenses of the clergy. Reduccion was introduced by the Spaniards by creating pueblos, to collect revenue from the Filipinos. Exempted from payment of tributos were the principals: alcaldes, gobernadores, cabezas de barangay, soldiers, and members of the civil guard, government officials, and vagrants. In the sixteenth century, the Manila-Acapulco trade was established through the galleons, a way by which the Spaniards could make sure that European presence would be sustained. In 1884, the payment of tribute was to put to a stop and was replaced by a poll tax collected through a certificate of identification called the cedula personal. Payment of the cedula is progressive and according to income categories and also it is being paid by person, not by family. Two direct taxes were added in 1878 and imposed on urban incomes. Urbana is a tax on the annual rental value of an urban real estate and industria is a tax on salaries, dividends, and profits. These taxes were universal and affected all kinds of economic activity except agriculture, which was exempt to encourage growth. Forced labor was a character of Spanish colonial taxation in the Philippines and was required from the Filipinos. Through the polo system, male Filipinos were required to provide labor for 40 days a year (reduced to 15 days a year in 1884). They may opt out by paying the fallas or three pesos per annum. The polos would be called prestacion personal (personal services by the second half of the nineteenth century. Under the American colonization, the Internal Revenue Law of 1904 was passed as a reaction to the problems of collecting tax. It prescribed ten major sources of revenue: licensed taxes on firms dealing in alcoholic beverages and tobacco, excise taxes on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, taxes on banks and bankers, document stamp taxes, the cedula, taxes on insurance and insurance companies, taxes on forest products, mining concessions, taxes on business and manufacturing, and occupational licenses. In 1913, the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act was passed, resulting 23 in a reduction in the revenue of the government as export taxes levied on sugar, tobacco, hemp, and copra were lifted. In 1914, an income tax was introduced; in 1919, an inheritance tax was created; and in 1932, a national lottery was established to create more revenue for the government. However, these new creations were not enough to increase government revenues. During the Commonwealth period, income tax rates were increased in 1936, adding z surtax rate on individual net incomes in excess of 10, 000 pesos. Income taxes were also increased. In 1937, the cedula tax was abolished, but in 1940, a residence tax was imposed on every citizen aged 18 years old and on every corporation. The economic situation was so problematic that by 1949, there was a severe lack of funds in many aspects of governance, such as the military and education sectors. The impetus for economic growth came during the time of President Elpidio Quirino through the implementation of import and exchange controls that led to import substitution development. While the succeeding presidencies of Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal promised to study the tax structure and policy of the country through the creation of a Tax Commission in 1959 by means of Republic Act No. 2211 to make a way for a more robust and efficient tax collection. Under the Marcos authoritarian regime, the tax system remained regressive and unresponsive. During the latter part of the Marcos’s years (1981-1985), the tax system was still heavily dependent on indirect taxes. As Corazon Aquino took the helm of the government after the EDSA Revolution, she reformed the tax system through the 1986 Tax Reform Program. The aim was to improve the responsiveness of the tax system, promote equity by ensuring that similarly situated individuals and firms bear the same tax burden, promote growth by withdrawing or modifying taxes that reduce incentives to work or produce, and improve tax administration by simplifying the tax system and promoting ta compliance. A major reform in the tax system introduced under the term of Aquino was the introduction of the value-added tax (VAT). The VAT law was signed in 1986 and put to effect in 1988. While it was a reliable source of revenue for the government, new tax laws would reduce its reliability as legislated exemptions grew. The Ramos administration ventured into its own tax reform program in 1997 through the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, which was implemented to make the tax system broad-based, simple, and with reasonable tax rates; minimize tax avoidance allowed by existing flaws and loopholes in the system; encourage payments by increasing tax exemption levels, lowering the highest tax rates, and simplifying procedure; and rationalize the grant of tax incentives, which was estimated to be worth 24 531.7 billion pesos in 1994. The government in the term of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo had look for additional sources of revenue, and in 2005, the Expanded Value-Added Tax (E-VAT) was signed into law as Republic Act 9337. As President Benigno Aquino III succeeded President Arroyo in 2010, the administration ventured into the adjustment of excise tax on liquor and cigarettes or the Sin Tax Reform, motivations for which was primarily fiscal, public health, and social order-related considerations. Republic Act 10351 was passed, and government revenues from Alcohol and tobacco excise taxes increased. The administration of the new President Rodrigo Duterte promised tax reform particularly in income taxes as it vowed to lower income tax rates shouldered by working Filipinos. The present income tax scheme of the country is the second highest in Southeast Asia. It is hoped that reforms in the country's tax policy will result in the much-desired economic development that will be felt even by the lowest classes in society. 25 26  Chapter 5: Doing History: A Guide for Students Online Historical Research Internet is the mostly used tool any student would use to do research for it access tons of available information. Cyberspace as well is a great source for research if you know how to use it. In doing historical research online, you must know where to look and how to look information. There are search engine websites such as Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) or Google (www.google.com) that would lead you to a lot of sources with the right search strings. Search strings are combination of words that you use to come up with relevant results. Google also provides own scholarly research called Google Scholar (www.scholar.google.com). It contains electronic journal articles, materials from institutional repositories, and book chapters from many different sources. Google Books (www.books.google.com) also provides sources for scanned books which can help you read some chapters for free. Meanwhile, a simple search online is all you need in finding the data you needed. And most often, one of the first results that will come out will be pages from Wikipedia. Wikipedia is the biggest open source encyclopedia in the whole cyberspace. It has 40 million articles in 293 languages. Anyone could contribute or edit articles that make the site unreliable. There are also websites you may use to legally download scanned copies of books and other materials for free. One of which is Project Gutenberg (www.gutenberg.org), the oldest digital library in the world with more than 50,000 items in its collection which include many works concerning the Philippines such as the Doctrina Cristiana (first published book in the Philippines). Another online archive you may use is Internet Archive (www.archive.org), an online library that sought to archive web history and contains 279 billion web pages, 11 million books and texts, four million audio recordings, three million videos, one million images, and 100,000 software programs. Philippine government websites (www.gov.ph) are starting to be enriched with sources that may be used for historical research, on laws and other government issuance. Websites of newspaper, magazines, broadcasting stations and other media outlets usually keep an archive of their articles from a particular site. Historical Research in Libraries and Archives Research in libraries and archives is necessary in the study of history as these are repositories of primary and secondary sources that allow us to create narratives of the past through accepted methods of historical 27 scholarship. Libraries and archives provide more variety of sources in different formats such as books, journal articles, newspapers, magazines, photographs, and even audio and video recordings. Nowadays, the digital version, Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) yield the holdings of the library related to what you are searching for. Searching by subject will give you list of sources, primary and secondary, to aid in creating a preliminary biography. However, a problem could arise when the search yields too many results. The catalog lists down all kinds of materials available based on the subject used in the search such as books, journals, maps, and other materials. And so, do not limit yourself to using books and other published materials when you may able to utilize other forms of sources.The National Library of the Philippines in Ermita, Manila provides a rich treasure trove of materials in Philippine history, especially in their Filipiniana section. Research in archives may be a lot more difficult and proved to be too advanced, because it provides you with many sources not available in the usual libraries. The National Archives of the Philippines in Manila is an agency of the government collecting, storing, preserving, and making available records of the government and other primary sources pertaining to the history and development of the Philippines such as materials about Spanish colonialism. The libraries in the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City have collections particularly in the Main Library in Gonzales Hall that is rich in resources especially the Filipiniana section, serials, theses, and dissertations. Other university libraries are also accessible to the public. The Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City holds the American Historical Collection, a rich source for the American period in the Philippines. The University of Santo Tomas in Espa ~ na, Manila, the oldest Catholic university has the collections from the sixteenth century. Private libraries and institutions also have archives such as the Family History Center at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints which has a generous resource for research on genealogies. The Chinben See Memorial Library in Kaisa-Angelo King Heritage Center offers resources on Chinese and Filipino-Chinese in the Philippines and in the Southeast Asia. The Archdiocesan Archives of Manila has immense Church data sources. Life Histories and Biographical Research Studying history is always focused on history of nations and different collectives. Life history is an oft-neglected sub discipline of history because it is seen as trivial to larger narratives of nations, societies, and civilizations. 28 Individual is a significant contributor to various historical breakthroughs across periods of time. Individuals make up societies and individual actions can cause large-scale social change. Individual’s influence can span centuries and generations. Their lives, exploits, and legacies had a huge impact in the society where they belonged. Nevertheless, writing life history should not be limited to great individuals like heroes, prophets, or world leaders. Ordinary individuals should also be able to locate themselves in the pages of history in the larger social life. Life history is not an easy task due to different factors that affected the life of the person. Life history of an individual will also lead to questions about his family and genealogy, person’s socioeconomic status, religious belief, character, interests, and values. Institutions where the individual belonged should also be looked at in studying his life history. Other aspects that may also be studied are sector, ethnic group, and culture. Understanding all of these make sense of the facts and established connections about different aspects of the individual’s life in order to understand the person that he has become. Local and Oral History Research The history’s coverage is always expansive and taught in broad strokes of historical periods, of large spaces, and of prominent personalities. Little is known about the sub discipline of local history. Local history is the study of the history of a particular community or a smaller unit of geography. Local historians study the history of local institutions like churches, the local economies, local heroes, and local events. Thus, it is a broad and dynamic field of inquiry that aims to have an in-depth understanding of a certain locale. Local history can serve a balancer of tendencies by showing the peculiarities in certain locales in a particular nation, region, or continent. It can provide new and alternative interpretations on the different aspects of a nation’s history and also facilitates a historical narrative from the. Thus, local history is not just aimed at opposing the discourse in the national histories but is also a tool for enriching these national narratives. Doing local history is not an easy task. Historians are often faced with challenges in locating sources for local and specific objects of study. Sources abound on subjects of national importance but tend to be scarce on local subjects. So, this limitation should encourage historians to innovate and recreate local history methodology and this is oral history. Oral history is important in the midst of scarcity in written sources, historical documents, and other material evidences. This method uses oral accounts of historical 29 subjects, witnesses, members of the communities and primarily relies on memory. Memory is seen as something that is faulty and inaccurate; therefore, positivist historians should criticize the methods of oral history. Oral history is important in writing the history of underprivileged sectors and communities like the urban poor or indigenous people for it left out on records. Historians therefore search for alternative methods that will capture the experience and collective pasts of these communities. Local and oral history are important endeavors in the development and enrichment in the discipline of history toward a more holistic, inclusive, and progressive study of the past. History through Historical Shrines and Museums There exists venues where we can experience history, and these are through historical shrines and museums. These venues for living history provide us a certain level of authority and trustworthiness that could impact the way we view the past. Through interacting with artifacts such as World War II rifle or the clothes of a Filipino hero which give us better imagination of the past that goes beyond the mere letter and words we read and painstakingly memorize. Experiencing these artifacts directly will make historical events more real for us that will aids with retention of the learning later in life. Historical shrines and museums serve as portals to the past. It is essential to do a background reading on the place when planning to visit so that you may know what to expect and you can situate the importance of the place. You should also look for historical marker which put up by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP, or formerly National Historical Institute or NHI) because they provide you the basic details on what makes a certain site historical. These markers ensure that the site where it is located is of historical and cultural value to the nation. Shrines and museums are a lot more interactive now, aided by the available technology. Therefore, this is the great chance to watch the videos, listen to the sounds and enjoy the experience which will make you analyze, interpret, criticize and evaluate these artifacts. 30  History of Municipality of Naguilian, La Union Originally part of Pangasinan, its name is derived from the Iloko word “Nag- ili-a”, which means the place where people from other places come to stay. “Nag” is a prefix which denotes past action, “Ili” means town and “an” is a word which modifies the word “ili”. Putting the three together, it becomes “NAGILIAN”. This was later modified as “NAGUILIAN”. Naguilian has an area of 8,740 hectares. It is bounded on the northwest by the City of San Fernando, on the Northeast by Bagulin, on the west by the town of Bauang, on the south by Aringay, on the southwest by Caba, on the Southeast by Sablan, Benguet and on the east by the town of Burgos. Due to increasing population density, a barangay of immigrants drifted to the shore of La Union and begun building the town of Bauang at the south of the river, now called Bauang River, and settled thereat. Hundreds of years passed and the population increased. The families who had small land to till migrated to new territories. They found a valley at the back of the river and then reached the fertile valley of Naguilian, then still part of Bauang. They built a colony at the fork of the two rivers and began developing the territory. The Catholic Church in Naguilian was constructed in 1739 after the Spaniards established their authority thereat. The centennial of the Catholic Church was held in 1839 which marked the separation of the town of Naguilian from the town of Bauang. When La Union was created as a province in 1850, Naguilian was one of the twelve towns that formed the province. Built in areas of the towns are generally clustered linearly around the barangay roads. Agricultural land areas are situated in the valleys which are planted with rice, corn, tobacco, sugarcane and other crops. Forest areas command a large portion of land areas. Barangay Casilagan was declared by the Bureau of Forestry as a potential watershed area. Naguilian is also known for being the home of the original Basi where the tradition of Basi making dates back to the World War II era. With the help of the local government, this industry has been revived and is now one of the main sources of income of the Province. Aside from Basi, Naguillian is also known for its thriving woodcraft industry in Cabaritan Norte and Sur, Dallipaoen, and Al-alinao Norte while barangays Bancagan and Daramuangan can boast of its bamboocraft industry. 31  PROFILE OF MUNICIPALITY OF NAGUILIAN LA UNION Endowed with rich natural resources, Naguilian is largely an agricultural town. Its fertile land yields rice, tobacco, root crops, vegetables and sugarcane which produces two of the municipality’s famous products, vinegar and basi. The original Iloco basi, Naguilian’s sugarcane wine is incomparable in its sweet and robust taste. Aside from sampling the wine, visitors may also get a glimpse on how it’s made by visiting the Naguilian Agricultural Complex. Hike and rejuvenate the senses at Tuddingan Falls, Sangbay Falls, and San Antonio Mini Rice Terraces or meditate in the serenity of St. Augustine Church and Mary Consolatrix Monastery. Head over to Barangay Lioac where some of the best silver products are made or head over to the town center at Barangay Ortiz, where woodcrafts, leather products and knitted garments are also sold. Naguilian is easily accessible with buses regularly plying the Naguilian Highway to and from Baguio City and La Union. The town holds its Basi Festival from May 1 to 8, simultaneous with St. Augustine’s Pastoral Fiesta every 5th of May. QUICK FACTS Land Area: 10,086.85 hectares Population: 50,000 Number of Barangays: 37 Classification: First Class Municipality Average Annual Income: Php 76,533,560.26 Politically Subdivided into 37 Barangays 32  BARANGAYS IN MUNICIPALITY OF NAGUILIAN, LA UNION Aguioas Gusing Norte Al-alinao Norte Gusing Sur Al-alinao Sur Imelda Ambaracao Norte Lioac Norte Ambaracao Sur Lioac Sur Angin Balecbec Mangungunay Bancagan Mamat-ing Norte Baraoas Norte Mamat-ing Sur Baraoas Sur Nagsidorisan Bariquir Natividad Bato Ortiz Bimmotobot Ribsuan Cabaritan Norte San Antonio Cabaritan Sur San Isidro Casilagan Sili Dal-lipaoen Saguidan Norte Daramuangan Saguidan Sur Guesset Tuddingan 33  The History of Luna La Union The Town of Luna was formerly called Namacpacan. “Namacpacan” is an ilocano word which means “one who had given food.” Based on early records, Namacpacan was a visita (a settlement with a church but is visited by non-resident clergies whose headquarters are at the cabecera) of Purao, now Balaoan, as early as 1587. It was a settlement along the camino real (national road) from Vigan to Manila and travelers stopped and refresh themselves at that place. The era of restaurants was not yet introduced during that time, and so the families of that town offered the travelers food and shelter, hence, the name of the place. The settlement grew and on November 25, 1690, Namacpacan was founded as a town ans parish with St. Catherine of Alexandria, virgin and martyr, as patroness. Since then, the town and patronal fiesta have always been celebrated every November 25. The original site of the town was in Darigayos, as settlement with a small cove which served as a harbor for sea- going vessels. In 1741, the parish was transferred to the place where it is now. The town of Luna has become a by-word especially among catholic devotees because of the several miracles that are attributed to our Lady of Namacpacan. Our lady of Namacpacan is a beautiful image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It was in 1871 when a galleon that came all the eay from Mexico to deliver a statue of the Blessed Virgin to the Immaculate Concepcion Seminary in Vigan, Ilocos sur, stopped by Darigayos to sek cover from the stormy weather. According to traditional accounts, when the storm, is over, the galleon could not proceed to its destination because the sea became rough and unnavigable whenever the crew launched the vessel. They decided to bring the statue to Vigan by land. While making preparations, the statue was brought to the convent. The church at that time was undergoing repairs on the damaged portions brought about by a strong earthquake. The following morning when the trip to Vigan was commence, the men could not move the statue from the place where it stood. Fray Camilo Naves, an Augustinian priest, interpreted this as a message that the Blessed Virgin wanted her statue to remain in the parish. Negotiations were made with 34 Church authorities who ordered the statue from Spain. It was agreed that the Catholics from Namacpacan would reimburse all expenses incurred and the parishioners contributed joyously and generously to the extent of selling portions of their fields to raise the amounts. An altar at the northern portio side of the church was constructed to house the statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Our Lady of Namacpacan. On October 18, 1906, during the incumbency of Governor Joaquin Luna and Namacpacan Mayor Primitivo Resurreccion Novicio, the name of the town was changed to Namacpacan to Luna by virtue of Philippine Commission Act No. 1543. It was the first town that altered its name since the creation of the province in 1850. The change was based on the request of the municipal council which was subsequently approved and endorsed by the Provincial Board of La Union, in honor of the famous Luna brothers: Antonio, the General and Juan, the Painter, whose mother Doña Laureana Novicio Luna, was a native of the locality. During the Liberation period or the later part of the Japanese occupation, the general headquarters of the United States Armed Forces in the Philippines, Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL) was transferred from Alibangsay, Bagulin to Daringayos. Here, a military camp name after American solider Private Grafton Spencer was established. At Camp Spencer, the USAFIP-NL planned their operations and mapped out strategies for the capture of General Yamashita. It was also at Camp Spencer where Yamashita was held prisoner before he was executed at the Los Baños Prisoner of War Camp. Darigayos was likewise the landing site of the United States Navy submarine named “GAR” that unloaded 25 tons of ammunition, arms, communication equipment and supplies for the USAFIP-NL. This rendezvous, only seven kilometers from the nearest Japanese garrison in Balaoan, was coordinate and supervised by Major Parker Calvert of the USAFIP-NL with the cooperation of the Filipino-American forces and the townspeople of Luna. The main occupation of the people is agricultural farming. Rise is planted twice or thrice a year in some areas. In between cropping, people plant vegetables and root crops. Next to farming, fishing is the most important occupation of the residents of Luna especially the inhabitants along the coastal areas. Various kinds of fishes and different species of edible sea weed and sea shells abound in the seawater of Luna. Other source of livelihood, especially along the coastal barangays, is stone picking of different sizes and colors. These stones have found market not only in the country but also abroad, 35 Luna is also home to the famous Ilocano delicacies bibingka and tupig. Damili products (clay products) of various kinds are made in barangay Barrientos. List of Barangays in Luna La Union Alcala Magsiping Rimos No. 3 Ayaoan Mamay Rimos No. 4 Barangobong Nagrebcan Rimos No. 5 Barrientos Nalvo Norte Rissing Bungro Nalvo Sur Salcedo Busel-Busel Napaset Santo Domingo Norte Cabalitocan Oaqui No. 1 Santo Domingo Sur Cantoria No. 1 Oaqui No. 2 Sucoc Norte Cantoria No. 2 Oaqui No. 3 Sucoc Sur Cantoria No. 3 Oaqui No. 4 Suyo Cantoria No. 4 Pila Tallaoen Carisquis Pitpitac Victoria Darigayos Rimos No. 1 Magallanes Rimos No. 2 36 Tourists Attractions Luna is also known for its beaches, particularly in Nalvo Sur and Darigayos. Beach shades, cottages and resorts are found in these barangays. The municipality is also known for its native delicacies and pottery products which are comparable to San Juan's. The town is a pilgrimage site as it enshrines the Apo Baket Namacpacan, a wooden Marian image. On the beach of barangay Victoria rests the ruins of an old Spanish watch tower, locally named as Balauarte. The tower was intended to guard the shores of the town primarily from Muslim and pirate attacks during the Spanish period. During World War II, the tower served as the communication tower post for a temporary airfield for the USAFIP-NL forces. Due to years of quarrying within the site of the tower (1980 to 2000), the coastline receded and sea waves severely damaged the foundation of the tower, which eventually caused major damage to its structure. At present, efforts were initiated to preserve the tower from further damage. 37 HISTORY OF SAN FERNADO CITY LA UNION San Fernando was founded in 1786 (the “cabecera” or provincial capital-seat of La Union province in 1850). The City’s origin, San Vicente de Balanac and San Guillermo de Dalangdang, the 2 settlements during Spanish times, were attacked by pirates and headhunters. In 1759, Augustinian friar, Padre Jose Torres fused these 2 settlements to Pindangan (dry fish),. where a church with San Guillermo the Hermit as the patron saint. This Church is now the Cathedral of St. William the Hermit. A massive 1860’s earthquake destroyed the church which was later rebuilt. In the 1896 revolt until in 1898, the Spanish garrison of San Fernando was attacked by Filipino insurgents under Manuel Tinio y Bundoc and Mauro Ortiz whereby, the Spaniards were finally ousted. In the First World War, the last battle of San Fernando was fought during the Japanese occupation at Barangay Bacsil. The Bacsil Ridge Monument was built on the site in the city (northwestern portion of the Town Plaza) The victory ebabled the establishment of the United States Army Base, Base M at Poro Point (a build up area for the Japan invasion). The town was liberated in 1945. 38  List of Barangays in San Fernando City La Union Abut Cadaclan Apaleng Calabugao Bacsil Camansi Bangbangolan Canaoay Bangcusay Carlatan BarangayI (Poblacion) Catbangen BarangayII(Poblacion) Dallangayan Este BarangayIII (Poblacion) Dallangayan Oeste BarangayIV (Poblacion) Dalumpinas Este Baraoas Dalumpinas Oeste Bato Ilocanos Norte Biday Ilocanos Sur Birunget Langcuas Bungro Lingsat Cabaroan (Negro) Madayegdeg Cabarsican Mameltac 39 Masicong Poro Nagyubuyuban Puspus Namtutan Sacyud Narra Este Sagayad Narra Oeste San Agustin Pacpaco San Francisco Pagdalagan San Vicente Pagdaraoan Santiago Norte Pagudpud Santiago Sur Pao Norte Saoay Pao Sur Sevilla Parian Siboan-Otong Pias Tanqui Tanqui 40  Tourist Attractions  Poro Point o Poro Point Special Economic and Freeport Zone (formerly American Military Base – Wallace Air Station) o Thunderbird Resorts o Boardwalk  The La Union Botanical Garden (8 kilometers from the city) – is a 10 hectare garden (Barangay Cadaclan), the home of various species of rare plants and a sanctuary of wild animals.  Battle of Bacsil Ridge Marker  Pindangan Ruins (Barangay Parian)  Hobbitat Forest Park  Poro Point Baywalk (Brgy. Poro)  Seven Hills o Capitol Hill (Barangay II) home of the Provincial Capitol o Pagoda Hill also known as Filipino-Chinese Friendship Park or Chinese Pagoda (Barangay II) o Heroes’ Hill & Freedom Park Stairway (153 steps) located at the eastern portion of Capitol Hill o Bethany Hill (Barangay II) o Mirador Hill (Barangay II) o Mariner's Hill (Barangay Catbangen) o Miracle Hill (Barangay Pagdaraoan)  Christ the Redeemer (25 foot statue, Reservoir Hill, Barangay I)  Poro Point Lighthouse 41  Moro Watch Tower (Barangay Carlatan)  La Union Science Centrum & Museum (LUSCM has 5 Galleries: Kadaklan Burial Site and Environmental Gallery, Museum, Dark Room, Main Science Gallery and Portable Planetarium (Barangay Cadaclan)  Ma-Cho Temple  Tomb of Unknown Soldier (Barangay Madayegdeg)  Cathedral of St. William the Hermit (Barangay II, Poblacion)  Kasay Marine Sanctuary: 30 hectares MPA, featuring the 50 years old Giant clam or Tridacna gigas (Barangay Canaoay)  Children’s Park (Barangay II, City Plaza)  10.6 hectares Engineered Sanitary Landfill (Barangay Mameltac)  La Union Trade Center (beside the City Hall) 42 43