History Yearly Summary PDF

**Causes of WWII - The road to WWII** ===================================== *[Historical context ]* - - - *[The treaty of versailles ]* - - - - *[Conditions - Loss of land and territories]* Germany lost between 10-15% of European territory (led to a loss of 10% of the populatio...

**Causes of WWII - The road to WWII** ===================================== *[Historical context ]* - - - *[The treaty of versailles ]* - - - - *[Conditions - Loss of land and territories]* Germany lost between 10-15% of European territory (led to a loss of 10% of the population). Some of the territory they lost included: - - - Germany was also forced to give up all of her overseas colonies. *[Conditions - Reduction in military ]* - - - - *[Conditions - Responsibility for the war]* - - *[Conditions - to pay reparations]* - - - *[League of nations ]* - - *[How did the League aim to achieve its goals?]* - - - *[Why did the league fail?]* - - - - - *[Aggression during the 1930s]* - - - - - *[Policy of Appeasement ]* - *[Implementation of policy of appeasement]* Britain and France pursued a policy of appeasement when dealing with Germany during the 1930s. They feared the outbreak of another world war because: - - - *[How did the policy of appeasement lead to World War II?]* - - **Causes of WWII - The rise of Hitler** ======================================= *[Key terms ]* - - - - *[Hitler overview]* - - - - - *[Hitler - political programme ]* Set out a 25-point program in which he called for: - - - - - Nazis utilised the SturmAbteilung (SA, Brownshirts) to harass opponents *[Hitler - Attempts at leadership]* - - - - - - *[Other reasons for support]* - - - - *[Hitler's aims]* To abolish the Treaty of Versailles - - To expand German territory - To defeat Communism - - *[Hitler - rebuilding Germany]* - - - *["Stab in the back" myth]* - - - - **The war in the Pacific** ========================== *[Why Japan Went to War:]* - - - - *[Opportunity for Japan:]* - **Fall of Singapore** ===================== *[Importance of Singapore]* - - - - *[Lead-Up to the Fall of Singapore]* Japanese Advancements - - - Strategic Failures - - - *[Fall of Singapore]* February 15, 1942 - - - - *[Reasons for the Fall of Singapore]* - - - - - *[Impact on Australia]* - - - *[Changing International Relations]* - - *[Australian Leadership during WWII]* - - - - - **Experiences at Kokoda** ========================= *[Context of Kokoda Campaign]* - - - *[Geographical Challenges of the Kokoda Track]* - - - - *[Australian Soldiers' Experiences]* - - - - - - - *[Life on the Kokoda Track]* - - - - *[Significant Events in the Kokoda Campaign]* - - - - - *[Outcome and Significance]* - - *[Battle of Milne Bay]* - - **Australian Homefront Part 1 - Attacks on Australia** ====================================================== *[The Bombing of Darwin]* - Details - - - Impact - - - - - Australian Response - - - *[The Bombing of Sydney Harbour (31st May -- 1st June 1942)]* Details - - - - Impact - - - *[Broader Implications of the Attacks]* Psychological Impact - - Censorship - Military and Political Consequences - - - *[Why was the Bombing of Darwin Considered Shameful?]* - - - **Women and Indigenous Australians** ==================================== *[Women in the Workforce]* Changing roles in the 1920s and 30s: - - - *[Reasons for the Increase in Women in the Workforce:]* Shortage of male labour due to enlistment. Economic necessity: Many women had to support their families while men were away. National service: Women wanted to contribute to the war effort. *[Women's Organisations During WWII]* **Organisation** **Year** **Role** -------------------------------------------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Australian Comfort Fund 1940 Provided comfort items like knitted clothes and recreational goods for soldiers. Women's Emergency Signalling Corps 1939 Trained women to replace men in postal services, allowing men to serve overseas. WANS (Women's Australian National Service) 1940 Trained women in first aid, air-raid drills, and basic military skills, worked on vehicles. CWA (Country Women's Association) 1939 Helped women take over men's work on farms. AWLA (Australian Women's Land Army) 1942 Supplied women labour to farms in need during the war. *[Women in the Armed Services]* **Service** **Year** **Role** -------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ WAAAF (Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force) 1940 Involved in communications, mechanics, and repair work. WRANS (Women's Royal Australian Naval Service) 1941 Worked on land in roles like interpreters, coders, typists, wireless operators. AWAS (Australian Women's Army Service) 1941 Replaced men in communication, transport, and maintenance roles, with approx. 30,000 recruits. AAMWS (Australian Army Medical Women's Services) 1942 Provided medical services such as nursing, radiography, and dental work. AANS (Australian Army Nursing Service) Pre-WWII Nurses faced similar dangers as soldiers, stationed wherever Australian troops were sent. *[Impact of Women in the Workforce]* - - - - *[Indigenous Soldiers]* Reasons for and against Indigenous Enlistment - - Why Indigenous Australians Enlisted - - Roles Undertaken by Indigenous Servicemen/Women - - Pay Comparison - Treatment under the Soldier Settlement Scheme - **The Atomic Bombings** ======================= *[Timeline of Key Events]* - - - - - - - - - *[Reasons For Dropping the Atomic Bomb]* - - - - *[Reasons Against Dropping the Atomic Bomb]* - - - - - *[Comparison of Bombings]* **Hiroshima** **Nagasaki** ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ **When** August 6, 1945 August 9, 1945 **Why** Military and industrial targets; 90% civilian population Military port city **Bomb** Little Boy (uranium) -- 18,000 kilotons Fat Man (plutonium) -- 22,000 kilotons **Destruction** 90% destruction 39% destruction; nearly 20,000 buildings **Population killed** 80,000 40,000 **End of WWII in Europe** ========================= *[How did WW2 end in Europe?]* - - *[Allied forced]* - - *[Western Europe]* - - - *[The Eastern front]* - - - *[Battle of Stalingrad]* - - - - - *[1943-1944\]]* - - - *[Ethical debates on bombing]* - - *[D-day]* - - *[Battle of Berlin]* - - - *[Surrender of Germany]* - - *[Consequences of the War]* - - - - ***[The Holocaust]*** **Introduction to the Holocaust** ================================= *[Key Terms]* - - - - *[Historical Context of Jewish Persecution]* - - - - - - *[The Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition]* - - *[Introduction of Jewish Identification]* - - *[Myths and Propaganda]* - *[The Black Death]* - *[Expulsions of Jews]* - - *[Early Literary Antisemitism]* - - *[19th Century Violence]* Pogroms in Russia: - - **Pyramid of Hate** =================== **Foundation of Persecution of Jews in Germany** ================================================ *[Volkisch Antisemitism]* - - - - - - - - *[Development of Racial Ideology]* - - *[Eugenics]* - - - *[Further Impacts of These Ideas]* - - - *[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]* - - *[Eugenics in the Modern Era]* - **Nazi Ideology** ================= *[Key Terms]* - - - - *[Overview]* - - *[Foundations of Nazi Ideology]* Key figures - - Volkisch Nationalism - - Accelerating Hatred - *[Aims of the Nazi Party]* - - - - - - **Persecution of Jewish People 1930s-WWII** =========================================== *[Development of Ghettos]* - - - *[Life in the Ghettos]* Living Conditions - - - - Horrific Conditions: - - *[Key Events in the Persecution of Jews]* - - - *[Groups Targeted for Persecution ("Undesirables") ]* - - - - - - *[The Holocaust (1941-1945)]* - - - *[Key Dates and Events]* - - - - - *[Concentration and Death Camps]* - - - *[Experiences During the Holocaust]* - Life in Camps: - - - - - - - ***[Rides and Freedoms ]*** **UN** ====== *[The roles and aims of the UN]* - - - - - **Indigenous Australians Experiences - Dispossession to Protectionism** ======================================================================= *[Historical background]* Struggles of Indigenous Australians during the 20th Century are a consequence of their treatment from earlier times: - - *[Dispossession ]* For Indigenous Australians the consequences of contact with the British was dispossession. Dispossession resulted from: - - - - - - - *[Massacres]* The massacres of the indigenous population which occurred through the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries were carried out for a number of reasons. These reasons include: - - - - - - - *[Forced removal from lands]* - - *[Impacts of dispossession]* - - - - - - - - - - - *[State based discrimination]* When the states introduced laws to 'protect' Aboriginal people, many rights and freedoms were taken away: - - - - - *[Constitutional discrimination]* The Australian Constitution in 1901 aimed to exclude them from participating in the life of the new nation: - - This second clause meant that indigenous people could be subject to different laws in different states. This formed the basis of the 1967 Referendum in which indigenous people campaigned to change the constitution. *[Denial of voting rights]* - - - *[Paternalism ]* - - - Impact on Aboriginal people - the attempt to civilise the Aborigines: - - - *[Policy of protectionism]* - - - - *[Aims of protectionism]* - - - - - *[Assimilation]* - - *[Consequences of Protectionism]* - - - *[The emergence of Protectionism]* - - - - *[Protector of Aborigines]* The Protector of Aborigines had immense powers: - - - *[The Impact of Protectionism on Aboriginal families]* - Under this legislation the manager of a station or police officers on a reserve could simply order the removal of a child without parental consent - Replaced the Aborigines Protection Board with the Aborigines Welfare Board. Under this Act, any Aboriginal child found to be **"neglected" or "uncontrollable"** under the Child Welfare Act 1939 became a **"ward"**of the Board. It did however become necessary to have a hearing before a magistrate before a child could be committed. The Act **increased the state's control over Aboriginal children** and their families by giving the Aboriginal Welfare Board **power to establish homes for the education and training of wards**, to **punish** the wards and to **forbid parents contact** with their children. **The stolen generation** ========================= *[Historical Context]* Federation (1901): Introduced constitutional discrimination against Indigenous Australians, excluding them from: - - - - - White Australia Policy: Banned all non-Caucasian peoples from entering Australia. *[Early 20th Century Discrimination]* Protection Acts (1904-1909): Enacted in Queensland, Western Australia, and New South Wales led to segregation and discrimination against Indigenous peoples. - - - [The Stolen Generations] Definition: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children forcibly removed from their families due to government policies based on paternalism and Social Darwinism. Reasons for Removal: - - *[Attitudes of Government Officials]* - - *[Removal Methods]* Legislation: - - - *[Training Institutions]* - - *[Model of Absorption]* Cecil Cook and A.O. Neville: Proposed a biological model of absorption through a four-step process: - - - - *[Consequences of Removal Policies]* - Long-term Effects: - - **Freedom Rides Australia** =========================== *[Timing and Purpose]* - - *[Leading Figure]* - - *[SAFA (Students\' Action for Aborigines)]* - - - *[Aims of the Freedom Rides]* - - *[Activities and Experiences]* - - - - *[Comparison with US Freedom Rides]* Inspiration: Australian Freedom Rides were inspired by the US Freedom Rides. Differences: - - Outcomes: - - - **1967 Referendum** =================== *[Definition of a Referendum]* - *[Requirements for a Successful Referendum]* - - - - Sections of the Constitution Targeted The 1967 Referendum aimed to change two sections of the Constitution that discriminated against Indigenous Australians: - - - - *[Social Conditions for Indigenous Australians]* - - - - - - *[Key Figures in the Campaign]* - - - *[The 1956 Grayden Report]* - *[Impact of Water Supply Issues]* - - *[Voting Rights for Indigenous Australians]* - *[Contributions of Freedom Rides and Wave Hill Walk Off]* - - *[Referendum Results]* - - - - *[Impact of Changes to the Constitution]* Section 127: - - Section 51: - - - *[Limitations of the Referendum]* - - **The Wave Hill Walk Off** ========================== *[Key Terms]* - - - *[Brief History of Wave Hill Cattle Station]* - - - *[Labour and Abuse]* - - *[The Walk-Off (1966)]* - - - *[National Attention]* - - *[Key Outcomes]* - - - *[Broader Impact]* - - *[Limitations]* - **Mabo and Native Title** ========================= *[Eddie Mabo\'s Campaign for Indigenous Land Rights]* - - - *[The Mabo Case]* - - - *[High Court Decision (3 June 1992)]* - - *[Challenges of Native Title:]* Burden of Proof: - - Compensation Rights: - *[Impact of Native Title]* Native title is now recognized over more than 32% of Australia, but it involves complex legal requirements and balancing Indigenous rights with other land uses.