History of Computing Technology.pdf

HISTORY OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY HISTORY OF COMPUTERS TOPICS DEFINITION OF COMPUTER EARLIEST COMPUTER COMPUTER HISTORY C O M P U T E R G E N E R AT I O N S 2 3 4  D E FI NI T I ON O F CO MP UT ER Before 1935, a computer was a person who...

HISTORY OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY HISTORY OF COMPUTERS TOPICS DEFINITION OF COMPUTER EARLIEST COMPUTER COMPUTER HISTORY C O M P U T E R G E N E R AT I O N S 2 3 4  D E FI NI T I ON O F CO MP UT ER Before 1935, a computer was a person who performed arithmetic calculations. Between 1935 and 1945 the definition referred to a machine, rather than a person. The modern machine definition is based on von Neumann's concepts: a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. 5  EA R L I ES T CO M P U T E R Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. 6  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Computing milestones and machine evolution: Invented by John Napier 17th C - a manual device 1642 a mechanical calculator in 1614. Allowed the operator used for calculation that built by Blaise Pascal, a 17th to multiply, divide and consists in its simple form of a century mathematician, for The ancient Romans ruler and a movable middle whom the Pascal computer developed an Abacus, the first calculate square and cube piece which are graduated programming language was "machine" for calculating. Roots with similar logarithmic scales. named. Abacus Napier’s Bones Slide Rule Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Jacquard Loom Arithmometer Invented by Gottfried 1804 a loom programmed with A mechanical calculator Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The punched cards invented by invented machine that can add, Joseph Marie Jacquard by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, subtract, multiply and The first reliable, useful and divide automatically. commercially successful calculating machine.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Computing milestones and machine evolution: The first programmable Invented by Charles Babbage computer. Created by Konrad in 1822 and 1834. It is the first To assist in summarizing Zuse in Germany 1936 to mechanical computer. The first printing calculator information and accounting 1938 Scheutzian Difference Engine Tabulating Machine Z1 Calculation Engine Atanasoff-Berry Colossus Havard Mark 1 Computer (ABC) It was the first electronic digital 1940s a vacuum tube The first electro-mechanical computing device. computing machine which computer broke Hitler's codes during WW II.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Computing milestones and machine evolution: World's first electronic, large scale, general- purpose computer, built by Mauchly and Eckert, and activated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. 1951-1959 Vacuum tube based technology. ENIAC Vacuum Tubes UNIVAC 1 20. EDVAC 1950s -1960s "punch card technology" The first The First Stored Program Computer. It has a commercially successful computer, introduced in memory to hold both a stored program as well as 1951 by Remington Rand. data. ABACUS An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. 10 NAPIER’S BONES Invented by John Napier in 1614. John Napier, a Scottish nobleman and politician devoted much of his leisure time to the study of mathematics. A set of 10 wooden rods and thus was able to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. 11  SLIDE RULE Invented by William Oughtred in 1621. Is based on Napier’s ideas about logarithms. He inscribed logarithms on strips of wood and invented the calculating "machine" Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction. 12 PASCALINE Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. A French mathematical genius, at the age of 19 invented a machine, which he called the Pascaline. - Limitation to Addition & Subtraction Pascal’s machine consisted of a series of gears with 10 teeth each, representing the numbers 0 to 9. After his death. The Pascal programming language was named in his honor. 13 STEPPED RECKONER Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1673. Invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Also invented something essential to modern computers — binary arithmetic. 14 JACQUARD LOOM The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1745. It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. This idea of punched data storage was later adapted for computer data input. 15 ARITHMOMETER A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine. 16 17  The government began to fund Per Georg Scheutz and his son for better improved models. Able to rapidly calculate and print multiplication, division and exponentiation in a logarithmic table. 18 19 20 21 COLOSSUS 1940s A vacuum tube computing machine which broke Hitler's codes during WW II. It was instrumental in helping Turing break the German's codes during WW II to turn the tide of the war. In the summer of 1939, a small group of scholars became codebreakers, working at Bletchley Part in England. This group of pioneering codebreakers helped shorten the war and changed the course of history. 22 23 24 VACUUM TUBE 1951-1959 - Vacuum Tube based technology. Are electronic devices, consisting of a glass or steel vacuum envelope and two or more electrodes between which electrons can move freely. First commercial computers used vacuum tubes: Univac, IBM 701. 25 26 27  FAT HER O F CO MP UTI NG Charles Babbage was considered to be the father of computing after his concept, and then later the invention of the Analytical Engine. 28 29 30 31  COMPUTER GENERATIONS There are five (5) generations of computer: First Generation - (1940s-1950s): Second Generation - (1950s-1960s): Third Generation - (1960s-1970s): Fourth Generation - (1970s-1980s): Fifth Generation- (1980s-present): 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40  ADVANCEMENT AND CHANGES IN VARIOUS ASPECTS Size and Portability: Computers became increasingly smaller and more portable with each generation. Processing Power: Each new generation saw a substantial increase in processing speed and computational capabilities. Memory Capacity: Memory capacity grew significantly from generation to generation, allowing for more complex and resource-intensive applications. Programming Languages: High-level programming languages evolved, making programming more user- friendly and efficient Artificial Intelligence: The concept of AI and machine learning gained traction in the fifth generation, leading to the development of expert systems and intelligent software. Energy Efficiency: With each generation, computers became more energy-efficient, reducing power consumption. Cost: As technology advanced, production processes improved, leading to lower costs and increased accessibility. 41