History Gal Key Guided Notes PDF

the Revolutionary War & the War for Independence It’s also called ________________________________________ as the national government during the war The 2nd Continental Congress acted _____________________________________________________ states to send contributions to pay for Philadelphia They...

the Revolutionary War & the War for Independence It’s also called ________________________________________ as the national government during the war The 2nd Continental Congress acted _____________________________________________________ states to send contributions to pay for Philadelphia They met in ____________________ and relied on __________ military supplies and soldiers’ wages __________________________________________________________________________________ worthless Continentals , but it was _____________ The Congress issued paper money called ____________________ France In 1778, the Congress formalized an alliance with _________________ I am honored to be chosen as the commander of the colonial army. But, may I have some money to pay my men and buy supplies? Why did the rebelling colonies need a central government? Answers will vary Should include the need for a unified effort against Great Britain in order to be successful The British had The ___________________________________________________ largest navy in the world Professional ___________________________________________________ and experienced soldiers and military leaders ___________________________________________________ produce weapons The infrastructure to _______________________________ and supplies _______________________________ a determination to win The colonists had _________________________________ colonists knew the land The _________________________________________________ (home field advantage) France and later Spain ______________________________________ will come to the aid of the colonists They were ______________________________________ fighting a war across ________________________________________________ the Atlantic Ocean It was common for soldiers to __________________ desert unfamiliar territory They were fighting in ___________________________ had no real stake in the British soldiers _________________________________ outcome _________________________ The colonists Had an inexperienced military _____________________________________________ Were politically disorganized _____________________________________________ Had a small navy _____________________________________________ Had little money for supplies _____________________________________________  Not __________________________________________________________ all of the colonists wanted independence Extra! Extra! Read all about it! Colonists divided - Should we seek independence? At the start of the war: 1/3 of the colonists were ________________________________ Tories or Loyalists About _______ 1/3 of the colonists supported __________________________ About _______ (called ___________ , independence Rebels, Patriots, Revolutionaries, Whigs, or Yankees ____________________________________________________________________________ ) undecided About _______ of the colonists were _____________________________ 25,000 Loyalists fought alongside the British About ______________ providing the troops with Loyalists who did not actively fight supported the British by ______________________________ food, weapons, and shelter ________________________________________________________________________________________ pillaged the homes and farms of the rebels and rebel sympathizers ( _________________________) Some Loyalists ____________ and vice versa Important Americans/Rebels/Patriots At the end of the war, between _____________________ emigrated to Canada 80,000-100,000 Loyalists left the colonies and ______________________________ George Washington was in charge of the Continental Army Gen. ___________________________ Baron Von Steuben helped train the Continental Army Prussian _______________________ de Lafayette Marquis _______________________ was a French military officer who helped train and command troops in the Continental Army Horatio Gates was a retired British soldier who served as a ____________________ General in the Continental Army Nathanael Greene was a General in the Continental Army __________________________ Ethan Allen , leader of the Green Mountain Boys, helped capture __________________________________ __________________ Fort Ticonderoga from the British and helped establish the state of Vermont Carolina Francis “_______________ _______________ Swamp Fox ” Marion was a military officer who helped fight against the British in South John Paul Jones __________________________ was a naval commander and is often called the ‘Father of the American Navy’ Nathan Hale was _____________________________________ a colonial solider and spy who was captured and hung by the British in 1776 became a traitor when Benedict Arnold was a General for the Continental Army who __________________________________ he betrayed the Americans to the British in 1780 ___________________________________________________________________________________ networks of spies during the war Both the British and the Americans used ___________________________________________________ __________ Spies were unassuming people from all walks of life clothes she hung out on her clothes line Anna Strong used the ___________________________________________________________ to signal the location of hidden documents for other spies James Armistead Lafayette Former slave ______________________________________________worked as a _________________________ for the Americans and provided crucial intelligence for the double agent Battle of Yorktown ____________________________ Espionage played a key role in The _______________________ Culper Spy Ring was one of the most well known American spy the American victory against the British! networks British They sent Washington invaluable information from the _______________ Army’s headquarters in New York City ____________________________________________________________________________________ ambush the French army in Rhode Island In 1780, they uncovered a British plot to __________________________________ Benedict Arnold and they uncovered that ___________________________ was working with the British METHODS Cyphers, _____________________________ coded letters (the key was often delivered separately by a second spy), and messages with invisible ink written ___________________________________ passed along secret information and orders hidden in objects Important letters and notes were ___________________________ like quills and buttons False and deceptive messages were sent by the Americans and the British in hopes the other side would ________________________________________ believe the misinformation Important British _______________________________ gained trust and passed along intelligence to the _________________________ Double agents other side King George III was the king of Great Britain ___________________ Thomas Gage was Commander in Chief of the British ___________________ Army in the colonies from 1763-1775 William Howe was the Commander in Chief of the British __________________ Army in the colonies from 1775-1781 _________________________________ General Charles Cornwallis commanded the British Army in the South and surrendered at ___________________ in 1781 Yorktown General John Burgoyne commanded British troops in Canada and New York and was forced to _________________________________ Battle of Saratoga in 1777 surrender his entire force at the ______________________________ Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton led British troops in the Northern and Southern campaigns ___________________________________ cruelty and, after the 1780 Battle of Waxhaws, his name became synonymous with _____________ Chief of the Mohawks and leader of 4 of the ___________________ Joseph Brant , ______________________________________________________________, Iroquois Nations _______________________was a strong British ally Woman served as Nurses who cared for the patients and cleaned the hospital areas ___________ Camp __________________ Followers (usually the wives and children of enlisted soldiers) who cooked, cleaned, did laundry, sewed, and carried water ____________ Spies Replacement ______________________________ workers for men who were away fighting A few ___________________________________ served as soldiers freedom to slaves Both the British and the Americans offered ___________________________________ who fought on their side ___________________________________________________________________________ 2,000 About ________ 5,000 African Americans joined the Continental Army and ___________ joined the Continental Navy freemen from the North Most were __________________________________________ They fought in _______________________________ racially mixed units in just about every battle and Fight and Gain Your Freedom! ___________________________________________________________________________ made up about 4% of the Continental Army “The Mohawks on all occasions have shown their zeal and loyalty to the Great King [King George III]; yet they have been very badly treated by his people.” -Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), Mohawk Chief Cherokee Some Native Americans like the ___________ _______________ and Mohawks supported the British because they believed ____________________ the British _________________________________________ would protect their lands from _________________________________________ colonial settlements Oneida and Catawba Others like the _________________________________ sided with the Americans because they had a _____________________________________ good relationship with them and hoped that an American victory would benefit their people also __________________________________________ neutral , but ended up being Many other nations tried to remain ______________ drawn into the ______ war The fighting methods used by the British and the Continental Armies were very _______________ similar because they _____________________________________________________________________________ learned military strategies from the same sources and had access to the same types of __________________ weapons Both armies were able to _______ adapt their fighting methods to the terrain and each specific situation Sometimes, they fought in _________________________________________ tightly regimented rows Other times, they ________________ the rows and used their surroundings for cover soldiers lined up in rows within When fighting a large enemy army in an open field, ___________________________________________ shot distance __________________________________________(about 100 yards) The first row fired their muskets in ____________ unison on command from the officer and then knelt second row (and sometimes 3rd row) down to ___________ reload while the soldiers in the ____________________ fired in unison one side fixed bayonets to their muskets and After a series of volleys, ___________________________________________________________________ began to charge the enemy’s firing line ___________________________________________________________________________________________ hand-to-hand Those who survived the charge then _________________________________  It was a strategy used by the _____________________ and adapted by the ________________ for use during the American Revolution Guerilla Warfare was not typically used by the _______________________________ (the army authorized by the __________________________________ ) Guerilla Warfare was used by _______________________________________________ Examples during the American Revolution: The colonial militia who fought the British at ___________________________ hid behind trees and fired from inside buildings The ____________________ in Western North and South Carolina used ___________________________________________________ against the British ___________________ Marion’s forces used Guerilla Warfare against the British in ___________________________ THE MUSKET The ______________________ was the most common musket used by both the Americans and the British during the war They were very ___________________ so they worked best when _____________________ Experienced soldiers__________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ were attached to the end of the rifle for _________________________________________________________ THE RIFLE The Pennsylvania or __________________ was manufactured with ________________________ in the barrel which made the bullet spin when fired improving _______________________________________________________ The Long Rifle was used mainly by ___________________ in the frontier and played a key role in the victory at ________________________________ The Continental Army used men with Long Rifles as __________________________________ It was not as _______________ in open field battles as the musket since it took ____________________________________ ARTILLERY Both armies used artillery to _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ They used cannons (including field guns), mortars and howitzers with ranges that varied between _________________________ headquarters in New York City & Canada The British Army established ____________________________________________________ Their plan was to cut ____________________________ from the rest of the colonies New England off England was isolated, _______________________________ They believed that once New _________________ the rebellion would die out volunteers who enlisted between the ages of Soldiers in the British Army were usually ______________ they were no longer fit for service ___________ 17-25 and typically remained in the army until _______________________________________ impressed or forced to serve in the Throughout British history, men were sometimes ______________ kidnapped and forced to serve!) military (some men were even __________________ 6 months to 2 years of training before they were sent to Most soldiers had between ___________________________ America They received a ___________ pension when they had served for more than 20 years or were released due to an injury red coats and were called Red Coats ( _______________) They wore _________________ not an insult or ________________________________________ definitely insults !) Lobsters or Bloody Backs ( __________________________ 7% of the British soldiers ____________ About ______ deserted during the war and chose to stay in America many ________________________________________________________ Loyalists, and Hessians fought Along with British soldiers, ____________________________________ in the war on the side of the British _____________________________________________________________ Hessians hired to fight on the side of the were _________ British during the war (the prince from the German state of Hesse-Cassel rented his state’s army to the British for more than yearsfrom tax revenue!) he’d make in 13 _________ 24,000-25,000 casualty rates Hessians were ___________ German soldiers who It may seem strange, but this was a died fairly common practice in Europe ______________________________________ 30,000 Hessians fought in the About __________ war injured in battle or missing captured, 5,000-6,000 decided to stay Between ________________ America when the war ended in ______________ Great Britain’s Royal Navy was vastly _____________ superior to the Continental Navy France and Spain joined the war on the side of the Once _________________________ Royal Navy had a tougher job Americans, the ________________ Between 1778-1783, the Royal Navy fought against France and Spain Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, & the Indian Ocean in the _________________________________________________________  Men between the ages of __________________ could enlist in the Continental Army 16-55 between 18-25 years old Most soldiers were ____________________________________ Men from ______________________________________________ made up the majority of the forces Massachusetts and Virginia specific colony and Soldiers were paid about $29/year ____________ (some with currency from a ______________________ others with ____________________________) worthless Continentals At the beginning of the war, men who enlisted committed to ______________________________, but fighting for a year in 1777 the commitment ____________________________________________________________________ increased to three years While soldiers were away from home, ______________________________________________________ their families and farms were easy targets for British raids _________________________________________________________________________________________ In the beginning of the war, there were no funds to purchase standard uniforms so soldiers ___ in the Continental Army wore what they had _________________________________________________________________________________________ Eventually, _________________________________________________________________________________________________ regiments began wearing uniforms of the same color Washington’s troops _________________________________ wore blue coats with white breeches (pants) The Continental Congress often did not have the funds to pay for __________________________ so the army had to military supplies find its own food and military supplies ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 25% of Washington’s men may have deserted in 1776 Dismal conditions caused many men to desert - up to ________ 6100 were injured Throughout the war, about __________________ 4400 soldiers were killed during battle and another ____________ About17,000 _____________________________ died from disease during the war (including those who died from disease while prisoners of war) citizen soldiers Most colonies had groups of _________________________ who served in a ___________ militia (citizen army) to ____________________________ protect settlements from Native American attacks and help maintain law and order __________________________________ Minutemen since they were ready to fight The members of the colonial militia are often called _______________ colonial militia at a moment’s notice (the British clashed with ________________________ at Lexington and not the Continental Army ) Concord, _____________________________________ many of these militia When war broke out between the Americans and the British, _______________________________ groups helped fight against the British _______________________________________________________________________________________ few months at a time before returning home They served short _____________________ deployments, often just a _______________ while at home , they _____________________ Most importantly, _______________________ their towns from Native protected Americans, Loyalists, and British troops mixed The results of the militia during the war were ______________ fled when they faced the British Army There were times when the colonial militia __________________________________________________ (Battle of Camden) and there were times when they _______________________________and helped stood their ground gain an American victory (Battles of Saratoga and Yorktown) 31 ships (compared to the Royal By the end of the war, the Continental Navy had ____________ Navy’s _____________) 478 ships The Americans used ________________ privateers , people who were authorized by the harass Continental Congress to use their _____________ _____________________________ personal ships to ________________ the British navy and British merchant ships ______________________________________________________________________________ During the war, privateers captured over _____________________________ 300 British ships (mostly merchant ____________ ships) What’s the difference between a pirate and a privateer? Lexington In April 1775, colonial militia and British soldiers clashed at ____________ A pirate plunders for personal gain while a privateer plunders on behalf of a government and Concord ______________________________________ captured Ft. Ticonderoga In May 1775, the Americans _________________________________________ In June 1775, the British defeated ____________________________________________ the Americans at Bunker Hill _______________ the American attack on Quebec failed In December 1775, __________________________________________________ In March, ___________________________________________________________ the Continental Army forced British troops out of Boston and into Nova Scotia _______________________________________________________________________ Artillery captured at the ________________________________ Battle of Ft. Ticonderoga was key to the American victory in Boston to accept the Declaration of Independence On July 4, the 2nd Continental Congressvoted _______________________________________________________________________ September the British moved down the coast capturing ___________________________________________________ In ______________, New York City and New Jersey Continental Army was pushed into Pennsylvania The _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ York City, the British used ships stationed in the bay _________________________________ to hold prisoners of war While in control of New _________________ 11,000-12,000 American soldiers died while being held prisoner on British prison ships like the Between ________________________________________ ____________ On Christmas night 1776,Washington ______________________________________________ and the Continental Army crossed the Delaware River, ____________ surprised the Hessian soldiers stationed in Trenton and defeated them _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hessians were captured and only _____ 900 ______________ 2 American soldiers died (they died from exposure to the elements, not _________ ) combat major morale boostfor the Continental Army and their supporters The victory was a _________________________ of Princeton in January 1777 An additional boost came after the Continental Army was victorious in the Battle _______________________  On September 11, the Americans lost the Battle __________________________ of Brandywine(Battle of Brandywine Creek) in Pennsylvania and two weeks later the British captured Philadelphia _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ On October 4, the Americans were _______________ Germantown , Pennsylvania defeated again at ____________________ York & Philadelphia The British controlled New ________________________________ major ports and most of the ________________________ Things aren’t going too well… scarce and inflation was rampant as _____ Goods were __________ ________________________________________________________ colonial trade dropped by approximately 95% money called Continentals issued by the The paper _________________ worthless Continental Congress was ___________________ Continental soldiers were ________________________________ deserting and/or not re-enlisting The Americans needed a _________________________to significant victory turn the tide of the war Continental Army led by Horatio Gates and A major turning point in the war happened when the ____________________________________________________________ Benedict Arnold defeated the British troops at Saratoga, New York ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ France had secretly been giving money and supplies to the Americans since 1775, the victory at Saratoga While ____________ convinced ____________________ with the Americans in 1778 formal alliance King Louis XVI (of France) to create a ______________________________ naval fleet to support the Americans The French sent _____________________ 12,000 soldiers and a large _________________ The French (and soon the _______________ in battles around the world Spanish in 1779) engaged the British __________________________________________ Great Britain was no longer fighting a one front war in _________________________ ____________________ just the colonies British colonies The British _________________________________________________________________ withdrew many of their forces stationed in America and sent them to ________________ protect against French and Spanish attacks in the West Indies and India to _______________________________________________________________________________ What’s the significance of the Battle of Saratoga? It convinced France to openly support the Americans. The Americans gained money, needed supplies, trained French troops, and the support of the French Navy. Because of the alliance, the British had to divide their troops and navy to fight a war in the colonies and around the world. Washington and After failing to push the British out of Philadelphia, __________________________ about 12,000 soldiers retreated to Valley Forge, Pennsylvania __________________________________________________________________________ harsh winter with little money from Congress for ____________ supplies During the __________________ Baron Von Steuben _____________, and food the Continental Army trained under __________________________ and the Marquis de Lafayette __________________________________________________________________________ disease and exposure to the elements killed 2,000 men Despite the horrible conditions, ________________________ there were no massive desertions or mutiny ____________________________________________________ - Washington’s leadership kept his army together __________________________ Answers will vary Iroquois Confederacy (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, Despite attempting to remain neutral, the _____________________________ eventually entered the war Oneida and Tuscarora) _________________________________________ But, the 6 Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) ________________________________ did not agree on sides Joseph Brant The Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk led by _______________________ British supported the ____________________ Oneida and Tuscarora The _________________________________________ supported the rebelling colonists Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk When raids by the Seneca, ____________________________________________________ Continental Army and terrifying frontier began crippling the ___________________________ against the settlers, Washington ________________ ordered a massive campaign ____________ Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk With help from the Oneida, Generals John Sullivan and James Clinton led over 4400 soldiers through Pennsylvania and into New York ____________________________________________________________________ Native Americans, British, and Loyalists As they fought against the ________________________________________________________, Sullivan and his men destroyed __________________________________ 40 Native American villages , wiped out the Native food sources , and severely crippled the _________________________ Americans’ ___________________ Iroquois Confederacy  In 1778, the British decided to turn their attention to the _________ South , in part, because they believed the South was mostly occupied by Loyalists _______________________________________________________ Charleston Savannah, GA They captured ___________________________________ in 1779 and ______________________ (Charles Town), SC in 1780 defeated Horatio Gates’ and the Continental Army August 1780, the British ______________________________________________________________________________________ the worst American defeat of the war at the Battle of Camden in SC ( ______________________________________________________________________________ ) the British ran into trouble But, __________________________________________________ Southerners to support the independence The presence of the British army convinced many _______________________________________________________ movement __________________________ further inland As the British army moved __________________________ and away from their naval supply lines, it became harder _______________________________________________________________________________________________ for them to acquire supplies were defeated at the In October 1780, the British ________________________________ Battle of King’s Mountain in SC __________________________________________________________ defeated at the In January 1781, the British were ________________________________ Battle of Cowpens in SC ___________________________________________________________ In March 1781, the British __________________________________ won at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in NC __________________________________________________________, but ________ 25% of Cornwallis’ troops were killed or wounded during the battle trapped General Cornwallis and his army on a peninsula The Continental Army and the French Navy ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ For _________________ , the British Army was bombarded with cannons and artillery fire 3 weeks The British Navy was _________________________________________________________________________________________ unable to break through the French naval blockade to help Cornwallis British General Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans On Oct. 17, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yorktown was _______________________________________________________________________________________________ the last major battle of the war Battles and skirmishes ____________________________________ between the British and the French and Spanish continued on the seas India until the peace treaty was signed in ___________ 1783 and in other British colonies like ___________ The British recognized the _________________________________________ sovereignty and independence of the United States with from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River to generous boundaries ____________________________________________________________________ Spanish Florida __________________________________________ fishing rights off of the Canadian coast The British agreed to give Americans ____________________ pay debts owed to British merchants The Americans agreed to ___________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________________ return confiscated Loyalist land