History 202 AI Study Guide PDF

Absolutism: Who: King Louis the 14th. What: Giving laws to people without their consent. Here are the laws, obey the laws. When: 1643-1715. Where: France. Why: The divine right of kings: Maintains that a king or queen (monarchy), is king or queen because God wills it to be. It is God's will. Who are...

Absolutism: Who: King Louis the 14th. What: Giving laws to people without their consent. Here are the laws, obey the laws. When: 1643-1715. Where: France. Why: The divine right of kings: Maintains that a king or queen (monarchy), is king or queen because God wills it to be. It is God's will. Who are you rebelling against? God. It helps keep order and prevents rebellion. African Slave Trade: Who: American Colonies. What: The African slave trade was a system in which European traders purchased enslaved Africans and transported them across the Atlantic to work as laborers, primarily on plantations in the Americas. When: Mid 1400’s. Where: The Americas and Europe. Why: For global trade networks, economic profit, dehumanization, ect. Anabaptists: Who: Conrad Grebel. What: A Christian movement that advocated for adult baptism, separation of church and state, community of goods, religious freedom. When: 1525. Where: The Anabaptist movement originated in Switzerland but quickly spread to other parts of Europe. Why: Religious reform, radical beliefs, social justice. Anarchism: Who: What: Anarchism is a political ideology that opposes all forms of coercive authority, particularly the state, capitalism, and hierarchical organizations. When: 1900’s. Where: Mainly in Europe and Russia. Why: Opposition to capitalism, influence of the enlightenment, reaction to state and church power. Anti-Slavery Movement: Who: Abolitionists. What: Advocacy for emancipation, abolition of the slave trade, political and legal campaigns. When: 1800’s-1900’s. Where: Mainly Britain and the United States. Why: Moral and human rights, civil rights, end of legal slavery. Arab Nationalism: Who: Arab nation. What: No matter what we do, we’re never going to be able to compete against them by ourselves. We need to have our empire be focused less on religion and more on a shared ethnicity. When: Decline in the 1900’s. Where: Middle East and North Africa. Why: Economic and social reform. Austro-Prussian War of 1866: Who: King Wilhelm. What: The Austro-Prussian War was fought to decide which German state—Austria or Prussia—would dominate the German-speaking territories and lead the unification of Germany. When: 1866. Where: Central Europe. Why: Otto von Bismarck's Strategy, power struggle, Italian ambitions. Boers: Who: Descendants of the Dutch. What: The Boers were involved in a series of migrations, wars, and political struggles in southern Africa. When: 1652. Where: Cape Colony. Why: Desire for independence, British Imperialism. Columbian Exchange: Who: Christopher Columbus. What: Plants, animals, diseases, culture and ideas. When: 1492. Where: Old world and the new world. Why: Exploration and colonization, agricultural expansion, demographic changes. Counter-Reformation: Who: Pope Paul the 3rd. What: Formation of new religious orders, council of trent. When: 1545-1563. Where: Europe. Why: Cultural and intellectual changes, political factors, internal reform. Declaration of Independence: Who: Thomas Jefferson, continental congress, King George the 3rd. What: Statement of principles, formal declaration. When: 1776. Where: Phlidalphia. Pennsylvania state house. Why: Desire for self-governance, response to british actions. Decline of the Samurai: Who: Samurai. What: Modernization and westernization, cultural shift, end of feudalism. When: 1868. Where: Japan, urban areas. Why: Political change, military reforms, economic transformation. Divine Mandate: Who: Monarchs and rulers. What: God-given authority, divine accountability. When: 1600’s-1800’s. Where: Europe. Why: Stability and order, religious authority, countering challenges to authority. Divine Right of Kings: Who: Kings and queens. What: God-given authority, divine accountability. When: 1600’s. Where: Europe. Why: Stability and order, religious authority, countering challenges to authority. Dutch East India Company: Who: Dutch merchants and investors. What: A trading company, a colonial power. When: 1602. Where: Asia, East Indies. Why: Competition in trade, demand for spices, financial innovation. Edict of Nantes: Who: Henry the 4th of France. What: Granted religious freedom, civil rights, restored peace. When: 1598. Where: France. Why: End of religious conflict, political unification, personal beliefs, influence of advisors. Encomienda: Who: Spanish colonizers, indigenous people. What: Land and labor grants, forced labor. When: 1600’s. Where: Spanish colonies in the Americas. Why: Colonial expansion, economic gain, religious motivation, indigenous population. English Civil War: Who: Parliamentarians. What: Armed conflicts, political struggles, execution of the king. When: 1642. Where: England. Why: Conflict over authority, religious disputes, financial issues, the Irish rebellion. Estates General: Who: First Estate: Clergy (e.g., bishops and abbots). Second Estate: Nobility (e.g., aristocrats and landowners). Third Estate: Common people, including peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie (middle class). What: A legislative assembly, a means of representation, a catalyst for change. When: 1750’s. Where: Versailles. Why: Financial crisis, taxation issues, social inequality. Ferdinand Magellan: Who: Ferdinand Magellan. What: First Circumnavigation of the Earth, Discovery of the Strait of Magellan, Contributions to Geography. When: 1500’s. Where: Portugal, Spain, Strait of Magellan, philippines. Why: Search for a westward route, desire for fame and fortune, exploration spirit, political rivalry. First Industrial Revolution: Who: Inventors and innovators, workers, entrepreneurs. What: Technological advancements, shift from hand to machine production, rise of factories, transportation improvements. When: around 1760. Where: Britain. Why: Agricultural revolution, natural resources, capital for investment, political stability. Galileo Galilei: Who: Galileo Galilei. What: Astronomical observations, physics and motion, scientific method. When: around 1610. Where: Italy. Why: Intellectual climate, technological innovations, conflict with the church, pioneering the scietific method. Glorious Revolution of 1688: Who: King James the 2nd. What: Overthrow of James the 2nd. When: 1688. Where: England. Why: Religious conflict, invitation to william, political and economic powers. Habsburg Dynasty: Who: The Habsburgs. What: Territorial expansion, political alliances, cultural patronage. When: 1918. Where: Switzerland, power base in Austria. Why: Strategic marriages, military strength, religious influence. Haitian Revolution: Who: Enslaved people. What: Insurrection against slavery, civil war and conflict, independence. When: 1791-1804. Where: Saint-domingue, a French colony. Why: Brutal conditions of slavery, social inequality, influence on enlightenment ideas, weakness of french colonial rules. Henry VIII: Who: King Henry the 8th. What: English reformation, consolidation of power. When: 1941-1547. Where: England. Why: Political control, personal ambition. Industrialization in England: Who: James Watt, Richard Arkwright, George Stephenson, workers. What: Technological innovations, factory system, transportation improvements, urbanization. When: Late 1700’s. Where: England. Why: Natural resources, agricultural revolution, political stability, colonial markets, Innovation and eutrenupership. Irish Potato Famine: Who: Irish population, British government. What: Starvation, disease, emigration. When: 1845-1852, (7 years). Where: Ireland. Why: Dependence on the potato, economic inequality, british policies, lack of infrastructure. Janissaries: Who: Janissaries. What: Elite Infantry, military innovations, political influence. When: 1600’s-1700’s. Where: Ottoman Empire. Why: Military need, centralization of power, cultural integregation. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Who: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. What: Social contract, natural goodness, critique of civilization. When: 1712-1778. Where: Geneva, France. Why: Enlightenment, personal experiences, education reform. Jesuit Order: Who: Jesuits. What: Spiritual exercises, education, missionary work, advocacy for social justice. When: 1540. Where: Asia, Africa, The Americas. Why: Catholic reformation, spiritual renewal, education and learning, global expansion of catholicism. Johannes Kepler: Who: Johannes Kepler. What: Laws of planetary motion, First Law (Law of Ellipses), Second Law (Law of Equal Areas), Third Law (Harmonic Law). When: 1571-1630. Where: Germany, worked in several places. Why: Scientific revolution, desire for mathematical precision, religious beliefs, astrological influence. John Calvin: Who: John Calvin. What: Institutes of the Christian religion, doctrine of predestination, reformed church, Geneva. When: 1509-1564. Where: France, spent most of his life in Geneva. Why: Protestant reformation, desire for religious reform, intellectual background, political context. John Locke: Who: John Locke. What: Social contract theory, natural rights. When: 1632-1704. Where: England. Why: Political turmoil, rationalism, human rights advocacy, religious tolerance. Vasco da Gama: Who: Vasco da Gama. What: First voyage to India, establishment of trade relations. When: 1460-1524. Where: Portugal, sea routes. Why: Search for direct trade routes, expansion of Portuguese influence. Karl Marx: Who: Karl Marx. What: Historical materialism, class struggle, capital, communist manifesto. When: 1818-1883. Where: Germany, France, England. Why: Industrial revolution, philosophical influence, political activism, desire for a just society. Louis XIV: Who: Louis the Great. What: Lead France through several major wars. Renowned for building the palace of versailles. When: 1643-1715. Where: France. Why: Aimed to consolidate his power and establish France as a dominant European power. He believed in the divine right of kings, which justified his centralized authority. Martin Luther: Who: Martin Luther. What: Salvation is achieved through faith, theological views. When: 1500’s. Where: Germany and Eurpe. Why: Concerned that the common people were being misled by church authorities and sought to bring Christianity back to what he saw as its original biblical principles. Mary Wollstonecraft: Who: Mary Wollstonecraft. What: Gender equality, advocated for women to have the same educational opportunities as men. When: 1759-1797. Where: Spent most of her time in London and Paris, her writings influenced others across Europe and the United States. Why: Motivated by her own life experiences. The enlightenment, ideas of progress and equality. Marxism: Who: Karl Marx. What: social, political, and economic theory that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society. Marxism focuses on the struggle between the working class (proletariat) and the capitalist class (bourgeoisie), emphasizing that capitalism exploits workers by extracting surplus value (profits) from their labor. When: 1848. Where: Russia, China. Why: Marxism was developed in response to the inequalities and injustices observed in capitalist societies during the Industrial Revolution. Mehmed the Conqueror: Who: Mehmed the second. What: Conquest of Constantinople. When: 1453. Where: Constantinople. Why: Mehmed II was motivated by the desire to expand and secure the Ottoman Empire’s position as a powerful state in both Europe and Asia. Mercantilism: Who: Jean-Baptiste Colbert. What: Economic theory that a nation's wealth and power are best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals (gold and silver) while minimizing imports. When: 1600’s-1800’s. Where: France. Why: European monarchs and governments believed that a nation's strength depended on its wealth, particularly in terms of gold and silver reserves. Mestizos: Who: Mestizos. What: The term "Mestizo" originally referred to individuals who were the offspring of Spanish (European) colonizers or settlers and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. When: 1600’s. Where: Latin America. Why: Mestizos played a crucial role in the formation of Latin American societies, both during the colonial era and in the post-colonial period, as nations developed distinct identities based on the blending of cultures and peoples. Ming Political System: Who: Ming Dynasty. What: System was supported by a complex network of civil servants selected through the imperial examination system, which tested candidates on Confucian classics and governance. When: 1368-1644. Where: China. Why: The Ming political system developed as a response to the need for a strong, centralized state after the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. Mughal Empire: Who: Babur. What: The Mughal Empire was a dynastic empire that ruled over large parts of India from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries, blending Persian, Indian, and Islamic cultures. When: 1526. Where: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Why: Opportunity to assert control over a region rich in resources and strategic importance. Napoleon Bonaparte: Who: Napoleon Bonaparte. What: First French Empire, French Revolution, Napoleonic code. When: 1769-1821. Where: France. Why: Napoleon's rise was fueled by the social and political upheaval of the French Revolution, which created opportunities for ambitious military leaders. Napoleonic Wars: Who: Napoleon Bonaparte. What: A series of major conflicts primarily between the French Empire, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, and various European coalitions. When: 1803–1815 Where: Range of locations in Europe. Why: Revolutionary wars, desire for power, reaction to the french revolution. Nicholas Copernicus: Who: Nicholas Copernicus. What: Heliocentric model, geocentric model. When: 1473–1543. Where: Poland. Why: Copernicus was motivated by a desire to create a more accurate model of the universe. Oliver Cromwell: Who: Oliver Cromwell. What: Commonwealth of England, new model army. When: 1599–1658. Where: England, particularly London. Why: Cromwell believed in the need for a government that represented the will of the people rather than the will of a king. Ottoman Government: Who: Ottoman Empire, Sultans. What: Centralized authority, legal system, millet system. When: Tanzimat period (1839–1876) Where: Southeast Europe, western Asia, North Africa. Why: The Ottoman government was established to manage a vast and diverse empire that encompassed many cultures, languages, and religions. Peace of Augsburg: Who: Charles the 5th. What: An agreement allowing each prince within the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official religion of their respective territories. When: September 15, 1555. Where: Augsburg. Why: The treaty aimed to resolve the religious conflict sparked by the Protestant Reformation, which began in 1517 when Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church. Peter the Great: Who: Peter the Great. What: Implemented sweeping reforms in government, the military, economy, culture, and society, with the goal of making Russia a major European power. When: 1682-1725. Where: Russia. Why: Peter the Great wanted to transform Russia into a modern, powerful state that could compete with Western European powers like France and Britain. Pre-Marx Socialism: Who: Robert Owen. What: They advocated for social reform, cooperation, and communal ownership of resources. When: 1800’s. Where: France. Why: Many of these early socialists believed that cooperation and communal living were the solutions to the problems created by the capitalist system, which they saw as inherently unjust and dehumanizing. Prince Henry the Navigator: Who: Prince Henry. What: He established a navigation school where he gathered navigators, and shipbuilders to refine maritime technology, including improved maps and ships (such as the caravel). When: Mid 1500’s. Where: Prince Henry's efforts were centered in Portugal, though the expeditions he sponsored extended along the west coast of Africa. His school of navigation was based in Sagres, a town located at the southwestern tip of Portugal. Why: Desire to expand Portuguese influence, spread Christianity, and establish direct trade routes to West Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves. Queen Elizabeth I: Who: Queen Elizabeth. What: Elizabeth I is famous for her strong, stable rule during a period of significant political, religious, and cultural changes. When: 1558-1603. Where: England, court based in London. Why: Elizabeth’s reign sought to balance these tensions, establishing the Church of England while avoiding extreme persecution of Catholics. Reign of Terror: Who: Jacobins. What: The Reign of Terror was a period of intense political violence and mass executions in revolutionary France. When: 1793-1794. Where: France. Why: The Jacobins saw the use of terror as necessary to protect the revolution from its enemies and to enforce their vision of a more equal and just society. Revolts of 1848: Who: Groups including middle-class liberals, working-class radicals, and nationalist. What: Main demands were for more political freedoms, such as constitutional governments, democratic representation, and national independence for ethnic groups. When: 1848. Where: Continental Europe, mostly in France. Why: Economic hardship, political repression, nationalism. Rise of Capitalism: Who: Early pioneers included merchants, bankers, and entrepreneurs. What: Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production (factories, land, resources) are privately owned, and the economy is driven by market forces such as competition, profit, and supply and demand. When: 1600’s-1800’s. Where: England, later in France and Germany. Why: Expansion of trade, growth of urban centers, desire for wealth. Safavid Empire: Who: Shah Ismail I. What: The Safavid Empire was a significant historical state that emerged in Persia and is known for its cultural, political, and religious impact. When: 1501-1736. Where: Persia. Why: Religious motivation, political instability, center of trade and culture. Scramble for Africa: Who: Cecil Rhodes. What: The Scramble for Africa was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers, characterized by the partitioning and annexation of African territories. When: 1880’s-1914. Where: Africa. Why: Technological advancements, access to raw materials. Second Industrial Revolution: Who: Thomas Edison. What: The development of new technologies, including the internal combustion engine, electric power generation, and communication innovations. When: 1870-1914. Where: Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. Why: Transportation improvements, capital investment, labor force. Steam Power: Who: Thomas Newcomen. What: Steam engines convert heat energy from burning fuel (usually coal) into mechanical energy by heating water to create steam. When: 1760-1840. Where: Great Britain. Why: More efficient power source. Suliman the Magnificent: Who: Suliman. What: Military expansion, legal and administrative reforms. When: 1520-1566. Where: Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa Why: Religious tolerance, military strategy. Tanzimat: Who: Sultan Mahmud the second, Ottoman Empire. What: Legal, educational, administrative, economic reforms. When: 1839 to 1876. Where: Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. Why: Internal challenges, western influence, economic pressures. Tokugawa Ieyasu: Who: Tokugawa Ieyasu. What: Centralization of power. When: 1600-1616. Where: Edo, Japan. Why: Civil war and instability. Treaty of Karlowitz: Who: Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, Eugene of Savoy. What: It established a new balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe, with Austria emerging as a major player. When: 1699. Where: Karlowitz. Why: Military defeats, desire for peace. Toussaint L’Ouverture: Who: Toussaint L’Ouverture. What: Prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution and is often regarded as one of the most significant figures in the fight for Haitian independence. When: 1791-1804. Where: Saint-Domingue. Why: Brutal conditions of slavery, influence of enlightenment ideas. Tupac Amaru II: Who: Túpac Amaru. What: Leader of an indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru. When: 1780-1781. Where: Peru. Why: Oppression of indigenous people, colonial abuses. Urban Migration: Who: Farmers, laborers, young people. What: Movement of people from rural areas to cities or urban regions, often in search of better economic prospects, living conditions, and social opportunities. When: Mid 20th century. Where: Developed countries and developing countries. Why: The promise of jobs, better wages, and economic stability attracts people to urban centers, especially during industrialization. Wahabbi Fundamentalism: Who: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. What: Strict interpretation of Islam associated with the Wahhabi movement. When: 1740’s. Where: Saudi Arabia. Why: Desire for religious purity, political alliance, geopolitical context.