History 1 Lec Notes PDF

HISTORY 1 NOTES LECTURE 1: What is History? Introduction to History: Meaning, Method, and Use - Von Ranke (1830s) - hist...

HISTORY 1 NOTES LECTURE 1: What is History? Introduction to History: Meaning, Method, and Use - Von Ranke (1830s) - history is based on sources, - Establish the foundation of what is history. actual data, and facts of history. - Do we really know about our own identity? - Historical revisionism is fine, but historical - Set the foundation of historical knowledge deterioration is not. History cannot be denied, “History is the study of the past, the present, and the negated, nor fabricated. future.” - Martial Law - Marcos Sr declared M.L. on - The past is dead and gone. September 21, 1972, but for ordinary people, - History is the study of the past. Negate the Marcos Sr. declared M.L. on national television on present and the future. September 23, 1972. Aquino was arrested on “History repeats itself.” September 22, 1972. - It doesn’t. Nothing repeats, except stupidity. Wilhelm Dilthey - history is useless if it is confined to - Events in the past never repeat. mere knowing, which is considered as nothing but 1. What is history? memorizing dates and events. - Do we really understand history? - History is all about understanding and - But organically, what is history? Or what interpreting. In understanding the past, we continues history? therefore, not only know, but feel the significance - Or is it by understanding the of the past historical events. Because “history is significance of the past? - a storehouse of the expressions of life.” significance, importance, and - Once you interact with inanimate objects, they relevance now have history 2. How to analyze and distinguish sources? - In the new historicism, the way we understand 3. Historiography the discipline of history should be both E.H. Carr - started as a diplomat scientific and humanistic. The center of history - The two world wars affected the entire mankind. should be human life. Yet, mankind never learned from those events. - Ernst Breisach - historians or students - How come we did not learn history? of history, cannot be rational. We - How can we use history in order to not repeat recreate narratives, not create them what happened in the past? because they already happened. - Carr was the bridge to new historicism. - A historian needs historical Teodoro A. Agoncillo imagination and a good grasp of - History is both scientific and humanistic. literary style. But this literary - Scientific - methodological imagination should remain within the - Humanistic - mental boundaries of historical facts. - New historicism Historical imagination - you have to put yourself in the Why do we say that historical knowledge is scientific? past to experience the significance of the event. - Because a historian’s method is no doubt Historical imagination should be boxed within the records scientific. of the past. You, as a mental historian, should be mentally - Historians do not produce assumptions. Rather, stable. we try our best to produce an accurate past in - Carl Becker - a historical fact is just a symbol of the present. More so, for the future generation to the past understand the said past. - E.H. Carr - facts become important only once History, as a discipline, is one of the borrowers of the historian “calls on them.” It is the historian other disciplines. who selects the facts, and this gives life to these - Historians must have a great foundation. We artifacts or events. look for expertise in interpreting history. - Develop perspectives. It’s okay to have biases. A historian’s methodology is not only limited to History is a living chronicle, chronicle is dead history. collating documents but is also tasked to examine - Benedetto Croce them. The task of the historian is not just about collecting - Every history becomes chronicle when it is no facts. They unearth and rediscover facts of history. longer thought, but only recorded in abstract  words, which were once upon a time concrete - All historians consult the same documents, Yet and expressive. they come up with different interpretations - History is a story, but stories should be - Not all primary sources hold the truth because it relevant. Don’t let your minds be corrupted. We is only made by a human person should take action on things once we have a - Eyewitness accounts are authoritative grasp of the past. - A historian must collaborate oral accounts and RG Collingwood - the business of history is documents reconstruction; therefore, it is a pure mental activity: “a We should not delve into facts. Interpretations must reflective activity.” still be grounded by facts and documents. HG Gadamer - the essential nation of the historical spirit - When the historian calls on the facts and does not consist in the restoration of the past, but in different sources, there should be a theoretical thoughtful mediation with contemporary life. framework - We, historians, don’t hold the very truth of the - History from below gives voices from the past. marginalized Leandro H. Fernandez - doubt everything, until proven You get primary texts from archives - archives are also otherwise biased because archives (people) choose what to store History therefore is interpretation there 1. It is the historian who makes the past a living - chronicles - observations of priests or scholars reality. about the Filipino natives (use of the term 2. History should be narrative, interpretative, and “slaves”) analytical. - Alipin and slaves are not the same as slaves 3. History is a continuing process of interaction - in European concept, slaves can be owned, while between the historian and his facts. “alipin” can have their own privileges History as a discipline should be taught in a lively All primary texts have power - you do not just repeat way, always keeping in mind that to recreate the what the documents say. past is not to be dull or foolish or both, but to be - Speeches are primary texts whether you wrote it interesting – as interesting as the unfolding of or someone else did the actual events of the past. - Agency is your own decision-making, it is all You cannot kill history because history is about the power to choose for yourself happening continuously. - You can still produce interpretations based on false primary sources - you can cite and correct LECTURE 2: Facts and Sources of History Oral history - if primary texts are absent, it’s time to use oral history History is only produced by history. - You will try to extract information from a person, You cannot have history without facts. and sometimes a person can have blurry - historian - facts - history perception - narrative - Agoncillo wrote the history of the Katipunan - descriptive using both oral history and primary texts - analytical - you can get that in secondary - Agoncillo did not declare his oral history sources (all history should be analytical) - Agoncillo is the first Filipino historian of Facts - primary and secondary new historicism - using secondary means there is nothing original - All books are secondary sources (except - primary sources are original, raw and chronicles) - check the background of the author untouched - in history, social media posts are not considered - documents are limited, texts are not limited as sources - paintings are primary sources because it is - Translated texts are primary texts (based on the originally made by an artists accuracy of translation) - news - primary - ih advanced oral history, body language is also - editorial - secondary required History is interpretation - laws, executive orders, and transcriptions are primary texts LECTURE 3: History is about interpretation. it never claimed the island to its people. The strategy of Spain for 333 years, is to divide and In history, all facts remain the same. Meanwhile, conquer. interpretations vary. Biases differ interpretations. - Language is very important for unity. We do - How do we read and write Philippine History not achieve a strong unity because we do not from a Filipino point of view? have a strong local language. 1. Have a Filipino point of view. For us, being Filipino is only our second citizenship. 2. Transnational, trans global perspective. Our first citizenship is from our local roots. - In the First International Conference of Historical interpretation is not done in a vacuum. Historians in Southeast Asia, Agoncillo bitingly - A point of view is necessarily adopted by the commented on his former mentor, Gregorio F. historian who writes and relives the past. Zaide’s assertion that Magellan “rediscovered” Precisely, because history can never be [solely] the Philippines. objective […] interpretations vary according to - Zaide was considered the Father of the varied persuasions of the historian. (Hila, Philippine History - the problem with 2021) him is that he let his bias lead more, he is - The administration has the agency and the a positivist and a generalist (no power to decide what can be stored in the document, history) archives or what is available to everyone. It has - The first to criticize Zaide was his biases. former student, Teodoro Agoncillo. He - Agoncillo (1970); articulated that it is tragic that never went to school abroad, he was a Filipino historians still view their history from the nationalist. colonizer’s point of view. All historians are controversial (Agoncillo), you need - Colonial hangover - conditioning of both the to put something important in the heads of Filipinos. mind and the body, was a result of our centuries You provide contextualization. of colonizations. - You should never detach yourself from your - The Spanish missionaries were the first people homeland. to write about the Philippine natives. They try to - Renato Constantino - not a historian but a interpret them by observing their lives. political writer. For him, the task of writing and - Filipinos depend on the documents written by reading history are two different things. the Spaniards. They echoed the Spanish - Decolonizing on thinking - How will one think chroniclers’ interpretations. as a Filipino and not as a foreigner? - Since they could not very well - If you let foreign things poison your understand what they found, especially mind, then you are letting yourself be the religions of the natives, they colonized (soft power). (Spaniards) based their judgments of Constantino views history as a means of liberation for things about the Philippines on their the Filipino people - develop a Filipino point of view, knowledge of Western society and its liberation framework morals. - Liberate the people - give voice to the masses, - We cannot disregard the text, but we can marginalized, and those who are beyond power interpret it from a different point of view - Pantayong pananaw (Zeus Salazar) - while it is (decolonize ourselves in terms of Philippines good, it is limiting. Salazar forgot that not history). everyone speaks Filipino Tagalog. (Ethno - Magellan did not discover the Philippines. He Fascism) arrived in the Philippines. — Semantics and - Panatayong pananaw is not accessible words are important in history (Agoncillo) to the whole world. Although it is The Spanish motive in coming to the Philippines was nationalistic, it cannot be published never religious. abroad. - There were no 3 Gs (god, glory, golf), it was only - Every generation has its own history for gold (conquering, exploitation, economic book. reasons, Spice Islands). - Now students are concerned with globality. He or - The Spanish gave us unity and taught us she lives in a Philippines impacted by the nationalism and freedom. - When Spain claimed raptures induced by migration, the revolution in the island, it claimed the country by territory but information technology… Patricio Abinales - State and Society in the Philippines and its native people before the advent of man’s modern - Last student of Agoncillo in UP Diliman. age. - He noticed that the world was changing in the - In studying the Philippine Archipelago, it is 1980s - 1990s. fascinating that the study of geography, - Decentralizing Imperial Manila - new geology, and even literature can explain to us framework called studying the Philippine East how they have shaped humanity’s earlier - Donna Amoroso’s (his wife) training was conception of the world. centered in history. - The leading theory to explain the emergence For the longest time, Filipinos are nationalists and of the Philippine archipelago is the Plate nativists. Therefore, we need to view Philippine history Tectonics Theory. The Philippine plate and from a transnational, trans global perspective. Eurasian plate clash together to create an - Neoliberalist education does not produce archipelago. thinking individuals. It produces machines Topography of the archipelago (output-based education). Students are thought - Most of the Philippine islands are of volcanic to develop skills to produce, and there is no more origin. The country is indeed very mountainous. room for educational discussion. - The university - 67 out of 82 Philippine provinces have a must produce thinking individuals. seashore. Only Luzon and Mindanao have inland Filipinos are an identity more than a race because it is provinces. — Freshwater is very important to imagined. establish settlements. - 915 out of 1634 Philippine cities and LECTURE 4: The Philippine Archipelago and municipalities are in the coastal area, and they Peopling of the Philippines house 62% of the county’s population. 301 of them include small offshore islands. — Majority of - Because we are studying Philippine history, we the Filipino people have access to the sea. We need to know the prehistorical information and don’t even have a well-made sea transportation topography of the Philippines. system. But we don’t harness the advantages of History borrows a lot from other disciplines. You need the Philippines. background information. - Cagayan is a lowland. It is beneath the - The seldom map of China was the first known Sierra Madre mountain range. — The map in Europe. Americans suggested a solution for - It is not a map of China. Only a small flooding: the Cagayan River (catch part of China is involved and what is in basin) should be widened. The problem is here is the majority of Southeast Asia. that after the war, we do not have the - The map is used to guide traders blueprint. — Our budget does not even - It is not sponsored by the government, it go toward resolving such climate is simply made by merchants. problems. - Even merchants are knowledgeable about Manila has been the center of trading for thousands of mapmaking. years, even before the Spaniards arrived. - Maps simply tell about history. - Mangyans nowadays are upland people, but The Philippines in numbers before the Mangyans were inland. - 130 to 187 languages spoken in the country — - Many Ilocanos try to escape the colonizations in groups into mother languages that have the lowland. It is the Ilocanos who brought the subcategories weaving culture to the upland. - 110 ethnolinguistic indigenous groups — Sometimes, what we know as the natives are just because the Philippines is an archipelagic visitors of the past. country, they develop different cultures per area - Because of geography, nearby areas can speak - 2017 NARMIA geo-survey, they have recorded distinct languages. 7,641 islands — it changes every hour because of We have erratic weather conditions as a country with the tides, islands either rise or sink tropical rainforest plains and mountains. We only have - Until now, some part of the Philippines two maritime seasons: dry and rainy seasons. — In other remain untouched countries during the summer season, the temperature is Set fundamental information about the subject matter unbearable. of the course, the Philippines. Second, the least have Myths and legends — While we base the origins of our adequate information about the origins of the islands islands on scientific explanations. We cannot invalidate the myths of other cultures because these are their - Food security is the number one issue that the ways to explain the existence and creation of the land world is facing. We reduce the food sources and how men emerged. This is how our own ancestors try because of man made activities. to explain our existence. - Eating Chili Crab in the Anthropocene - Bernardo Carpio - very important to the - We forgot that we are also facing Tagalogs another problem. A problem that - ManaUl - mythical bird of Visayas involves us and the ecosystem. - Manobo - large mythical fish or sea snake of - In the Philippines, agricultural lands are Mindanao destroyed to give space for absolute Geological activities like earthquakes and typhoons urbanization of the provinces. Yes have shape the way we live. we thought about the consequences of - These events result in migrations, urban these actions? development, disaster management, and today, - Looking and moving forward — Apart from policy-making. history, we should also start talking about human - Human experiences are shaped by the survival, food security, prevention of extinction geographical opportunities and limits in their of plants and animals, the destruction of environment. habitats, clean air and water, and, more so, the - What is available out there shapes the culture of ecological future of the nation. Perhaps, these people. questions can be answered through our study of - The country’s natural characteristics have history. profoundly impacted the distance of - Environmental history is an emerging field communities from each other. because of the Age of Anthropocene. 5 Theories The Philippines is a trading country. It is - The debunked and racist Beyer’s Migration self-sufficient because of barter and trade. We do not Theory produce rice and sell it. - Wilhelm Solheim’s Nusantao - The Visayan people are not seafaring people. - Bellwood’s Out of Taiwan theory - very The seafarers are the people of Luzon and authoritative and convincing, not proven yet Mindanao. - The study of linguistics via the - You need a language so you can trade. Our Austronesian family of languages. The languages are connected with each other second is through the genetic sequence. because we exchange words with other cultures. Third, because of archeological - The Philippines is never self-sufficient nor a evidence. leading agricultural country. Almost the Trying to look at different cultures based majority of what we consume come from other on their physical cultures, it is almost nations (outside). We get a lot from neighboring impossible to pinpoint who is who. countries. - If you can understand Ilokano Today’s native is yesterday’s visitor. - We can conclude and Tagalog, you have a that the Filipino we know today, be that our surname background knowledge of sounds Spanish, Portuguese, Mexican, or entirely native, Bahasa Indonesian. relates to other Southeast Asians. The leading archeological evidence now - Lynch argued that the Filipino we know today is the Homo Luzonensis found in is a composition of many influences, of many Cagayan. It is older than the bones culture that we tend to forget already. found in Palawan. - Make sure that your identity as a Filipino is ⁃ Jocano’s Core Population something unique and superior. ⁃ Hutterer’s Southeast Asian theory The Age of Anthropocene - About a thousand years ago, LECTURE 5: The Philippine Polities natural phenomena can explain the formation of the Philippine Islands and the lives of its early inhabitants. Examining the Islands - “natives” - To begin with, Today, as the world continues to walk towards the path of there is no such thing as Filipino before the Philippine modernization: climate crisis, for instance, is a significant Revolution factor in the future of our islands and their people. - What many cultures and identities were shared in Human activities started to play a much more the Philippine islands. significant role in shaping the Earth’s environment.  - Barangay system — inside a barangay, the - Precolonial rulers in the Southern Frontier found society is divided into three classes: the nobles, Islam to be helpful in terms of centralizing the freemen, and the dependents political and social powers within their realms, - Datus are in charge of the decision making in that rested on three bases: material reward, the barangay. The freemen, on the basis of coercion, and spiritual power. service rendered to the datu, were often called The Tail of the pre-modern Southeast Asia as maharlikas (warriors) or timawas (merchants - In 1368, China’s Ming Dynasty cemented a or traders) state policy: Only countries recognized as - In the bottom rungs were the tribute-paying vassals would be permitted to dependents or the common people trade to China. - As a consequence, (tao) called the alipins. The aliping supra-barangays were established. namamahay, who had their own family - Historians viewed and argued that the whole and house, but only rendered their region was undergoing tremendous change at service during the harvest seasons. this time. The historian Anthony Reid saw the The aliping sagigilid, on the other hand, next period as a “dislocation in Southeast Asia had no property of their own, who lived as a whole”. on the same roof with their “master”, Economic Activities and could not marry without their - Agriculture was the main source of livelihood. master’s consent. We consume and trade rice, coconuts, - In our present day culture, we call the sugarcane, cotton, hemp, bananas, sago, and alipin ”kasambahay”, and we treat taro. them as family. - After the harvest season, trading boats - The alipins have utang na loob (a very would go to expeditions. Our ancestors heavy term on the timawa or datu) would travel from Luzon and Visayas to which is very unique in Southeast Asian China, even Japan, Siam, Khmer, and cultures. Brunei and some parts of Java and - The aliping sagigilid are usually Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula. stowaways or victims of war. - According to Chinese primary sources, - Sons or daughters cannot up their ranks particularly Chau Ju-Kua, our unless the people see potential in them. The ancestors were honest in trading and datus consult the council of elders before making bartering. decisions. - Balangays are very big and travel in The she/ they in the barangay. - The women could accordance with the wind. Trade is inherit properties, engage in trade and industry, and seasonal (depending on the wind and succeed to the chieftainships. weather). - Pigafetta Chronicles — the daughter of Rajah - Archeologists found jars as big as a person were Humabon, Humamai, was the next in line to be used to store the products for trading. Those the next head of Sugbu, given that Rajah have remnants of clay which were theoretically Humabon only had daughters. used to preserve the products. — Today, we don’t - A babaylana or katalona performs the have any proof of how the natives preserved religious rites for the barangays because they goods. are connected to the spiritual worlds. The Love creates conflicts even during the precolonial Spaniards fit their culture to the already existing Philippines. The barangays had conflicts when sons of one, that is why during the Spanish Period, datus “tanan” the daughters of datus of other barangays. people were more concerned about the church How cultured are pre colonial Filipinos? and the parish priest because they have big - The baybayin is a modern writing system. It is influence. limiting. Islam in the Archipelago — In the 1200s, Arab traders - There are 100+ languages (not dialects) in the coming from the Indian trade routes established islands of Luzon and Mindanao that are relations with Sumatra and Java Austronesians or Malay- Polynesian in origin - Sulu is the only trading port that trades with the - Very cultured indeed. Chinese Muslims. - Another socio-cultural aspect that is interesting - Datus and Rajas became Sultans to know about this period is our use of ceramics,  lead, porcelain, and knowledge on metallurgy Early filipinos do not have a distinct naming, they base and gunpowder. their identities on their geography — Ethnolinguistic - Gender equality was evident in our language groups such as Tagalog with its non-gendered normative - Spain gave the early natives geographical pronouns. The concept of virginity was also identity (indio) absent in our precolonial nature. It was neither - Indio - Spanish term for Indians recognized nor esteemed. The Renaissance is a period of rich interchange of - Even before, tattoos were used for aesthetic ideas in Europe, as well as political, economic, and purposes. It does not have to have meanings. religious events from 1400 to 1600 that led to major Simpler life before colonialism changes in society. - Our pre colonial society possessed such During the medieval period, society was centered on simplicity of life before. In terms of diversity and God. Before, Latin was widely used because it was the inclusivity, even though we were not totally language of the church. Dante A. was the first writer of centralized — composed of various kingdoms the free Renaissance using his language. and barangay settlements — we lived in some - Divine Comedy was not written in Latin sense of agreement with other neighboring - Dante Alighieri wanted his readers to states or mandalas despite differences in appreciate the common man. religion, ethnicity, and other cultural orientation. - During the Renaissance, the center of society was the human person. LECTURE 6: Early Philippine Polities Facing The Idea of commerce — Europe entered a period of Changes: Under the Church Bells development in art., literature, the sciences, and philosophy. The primary reason why Europeans sought How the early barangay has been put under the new lands was because of new opportunities. During church / Roman Catholicism. the Renaissance, trade with the East (present day China 2 Catholic nations before — Spain and Portugal and India) flourished. The old Silk Road expanded. - Knowing colonialism - colonialism was not even - The Silk Road existed since the Roman Period. planned The main culprit — Mercantilism is the idea or belief - It is important to know the motivations of that a state or nation’s strength is measured or colonialism and what led to their invasion of our dependent on the amount of silver and gold possessed. pre colonial lands. Prior to the issue of racial In this regard, unlike the Medieval Period that the aspect colonialism, the main idea of colonialism is of military power plays a much larger role, the decades economic. following the Renaissance pushed for business and trade The Philippines is just a trading hub. It was not even a to take new directions rice, spice, or ceramics producer. It is a collection of - They want to reach the Spice Islands because China and the other Spice Islands. they want the trade. Get spices directly from the - In voyage, land is very important. source. Colonialism did not happen in a vacuum - Age of exploration - a nation is stronger if it is - To know the real purpose of the Europeans, richer. particularly the Catholic empires of Portugal and Expanding the idea of commerce — The first step was Spain to make trading efficient. Second, was for Portugal and - To enrich our knowledge about Spanish Spain to establish these routes to the New World, the colonialism based on their colonial policies, Spice Islands (what they used to call Southeast Asia), disruption of our native culture, and the role of and of course, China. Third and last, for Europe to the Philippine islands in the overall expand its commercial market. reconstruction and deconstruction of empire for - The Ottomans locked the bridge between Asia more than 300 years and Europe (Constantinople) and imposed taxes. - For 300 years, Spain never saw the Philippines - Expand the commercial market. Business is not as important. Spain only kept 3 territories: one way. Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Sugar Islands, - Guangzhou was already a big trading hub Philippine Islands before the colonial period. During the late 1800s, - To see the character of the Philippine islands and many would take interest in Guangzhou. the early natives who claimed the Filipino - Spices were like gold. More valuable than identity in the changing world, jewelry. Decades back, a backgrounder — In 1453, formally organized only in 1564. Miguel Lopez de Constantinople fell into the Ottoman Empire; not only Legazpi, and his colonizing crew arrived in Cebu in 1565. did the Ottoman Empire want to monopolize trade but This time, they have the clearer goal to conquer and also dominate the European market (through invasion) claim islands. and the Eastern market. In this regard, Europe needed to - It was only in 1564 that the instruction of find new routes to reach China and India. colonizing the Philippine Islands. The Portuguese were the first to reach the Spice - The first mass in 1521 was not the beginning of Islands. Christianity in the Philippine Islands. The natives - Columbus arrived in the Caribbean Islands and thought that the Virgin Mary was an Anito and called it the New World. not a Christian figure. - The Pope wrongly divided the New World that - When Spain colonized the Philippines, they is why Brazil is the only nation to speak decided to penetrate China instead of the Spice Portuguese in Latin America. Islands. - The Europeans got very addicted to gold to the - Americans used more advanced weapons and point they got violent. violence to conquer Mindanao. - Fray Bartolome las Casas reported the cruelty The Philippines was just a port colony. The Galleon of Spanish conquistadors in the new world. They Trade was the significance of the country for the first 200 erected certain Gibbets, large but low made, so years. Roman Catholicism was the first Christian religion that their feet reached the ground, everyone of in the Philippines for the first 200 years. which so ordered to bear Thirteen Persons in - The priests were the ones concerned with the Honor of Reverence of our Redeemer and his people. The Spaniards did not attempt to 12 Apostles, under which they made a fire to Hispanize the natives. The priests were interested burn them to the ashes whilst hanging on them. in converting people because of power. The - When they arrived in the Philippine Islands, the church became more influential than the state. priests were the first to approach the locals. Their mission was not to spread the word of LECTURE 7: The Colonial Economy God but to learn the native language. Church before the state. Colonial Economy - in terms of the economy, labor and Ferñao de Magalhães — In 1511, the Portuguese the collection of tribute were only the major sources of Magellan joined the continued conquest of Malacca. In revenue in the early colonial state through the granting Malacca, he met Enrique, a Malay interpreter who joined of encomienda. By the 1700, the encomienda system Magellan back to Europe. From Enrique, Magellan was replaced by the administrative provinces headed by learned a great deal about Southeast Asia. In Magellan’s an alcalde mayor (provincial governor) mind, the only theory was that he could reach Moluccas Colonial policy westward across the Pacific Ocean. The voyage also - Reduccion - you have your barangay that are proved his other theory that the Earth is indeed round. not connected with each other and live a simpler - Magellan took 2 years to reach Europe to life, but they are forced to live under the church Mactan, Philippines (1519-1521). Their longest bells (united) - if you are not yet sold with the travel was the Pacific Ocean to the point where idea of religion, you may live in the outskirts they had scabs and ate rats. They were dirty. - Collect tax easily — Spaniards were - Magellan’s team was not healthy that is why they able to protect themselves from the lost in Mactan. natives - When they reached Mactan, it was high tide. - The problem with encomienda system - They were not glorious when they met Rajah - forced work was the way of the Humabon. government, the encomenderos got - The first people who knew that the world was violent round was the Portuguese stationed in the - Tributes are not enough so the natives were Spice Islands. Magellan’s crew went to Europe forced to work in the community. and learned that the Earth is round after his - Galleon Trade - the natives were forced to build death. big ships for natives for hundreds of years 1521 versus 1565 — Magellan’s arrival was more of a If the state is very busy with generating revenue (only prelude for colonialism. Following several voyages, concerned with money), the church is busy on coming from Nueva España (Mexico and Central generating source (in-charge with the relationship with America), Spanish colonization of the Islands was the natives).  - Using the administrative system, Spaniards were - The Pontifical, Royal, and Catholic able to collect taxes easily, the monetary system University of Santo Tomas is very in Mexico was circulating. conservative and students were forced - By the time the Philippine Revolution ended, to resist. there were 3 monetary systems circulating in the - The Spanish will not build a liberal Philippines (Mexican Riyal, Spanish Riyal, and school. UP was built for the workforce American Dollar) and revolution. - The Spanish did not impose a unique monetary Origins of the Weak State — First, in the early years of system. you only need 1 money to control a large colonization, the Spanish Crown adopted colonial policies monetary system in Spanish America, unfamiliar with the terrain. These The Spaniards introduced agriculture. Farming was policies were updated slowly and were not administered done in the plains. well. Second, the Spanish Crown claimed formal - The Tagalogs plant rice while Spaniards sing. possession of the whole archipelago according to the Filipinos love music and their work. general coordinates but lacked complete administrative What happened to the datu’s political and economic and military control. Third, the Spanish Crown did not power? introduce economic reforms, and education was not - The Spaniards learned their lessons in 1521 from exclusive to Spaniards and the principal class. the Magellan incident and the lessons of - The Philippines is underdeveloped and distant colonization in Spanish America. Former datus from Spain. were made gobernadocillos and cabeza de - Distance is not good for business. barangays. Maharlikas, timawas, and the - Spain only produced a weak state. dependents all became commoners. The nobles The original plan — The original plan of Spain and the became the prinicipalia. Viceroy of Nueva España to the Philippine islands was - The principalia, ex datus and their descendants that not because it’s a prize possession in this part of lived prominently near the plaza mayor. They the world but because the Spanish Empire wanted to became responsible for collecting and and penetrate the markets of China and Spice Islands. Not remitting tributes and other contributions for the only for their markets, but for religious missions in encomienda and church, in return, they and their China that began in the sixteenth century. eldest sons were exempt from tribute and labor. - Mexico was the most powerful and beloved - They are stripped of their power and later on, colony of Spain revolted because Spain they had to revolve. introduced education to Mexico, middle class, The life of the commoners just revolved around the and allowed Mexicans to study in Europe. Spain church. Morning praise, afternoon angelus before lunch, was drinking its own poison. afternoon prayer which signifies the finishing touches, - They got enlightened and then realized a lot of last bell signifying the end of their work, evening mass things. (guilt trip). They were forced to join the mass because - They would try to modernize you because of religion is pacifying. globalization. There are newcomers in the global - The church provided gospel readings as a form colonial system. of entertainment. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade brought porcelain, - The Spaniards coerced, disturbed, and boxed ivory, spices, and myriad exotic goods from China to the lives of the natives. The natives saw the Mexico in the exchange for New World silver. church as the center of their lives. Spain wanted to remain a Catholic empire. They did - Pacification — If the Spaniards used the not realize that the world is changing. They are still living church, the Americans used education (rich in the idea of mercantilism people first before indios, Latin) - Ateneo (rich The sad fate the Philippine Islands under Spanish and smart), Letran (smart but not rich), UST colonial rule (smart, scholarship) — Sta. Isabel (women only, - Approaching the late 1700s and early 1800s, smart) according to the historian Jaime Vives, Spain - Letran is run by Dominicans. It was was not able to keep up with the United States conservative. and United Kingdom empires because of - Ateneo is run by liberals. Jesuits gave intolerance, dogmatism, pride, and sectarianism their students the freedom to write what brought about a series of continental and civil they want. wars in Europe. Spain’s last straw in the Philippine Islands  - The second half of the history of Spain and the - During the invasion, the Spanish Crown realized Philippines from 1762 to 1872 — a period wherein that the Philippine Islands were a liability, and the Spanish Empire and the Philippine Colony the slow development in the colony made the faced a changing world under the ideas of global Islands vulnerable to rival European powers. capitalism, industrialization, liberalism, - The Philippines was a liability to the nationalisms, and revolutions. Spaniards. They wanted nothing to do with the - Spain was fighting 2 fronts: Philippines and nation, in fact they wanted to sell it to the British, Cuba, there was also American colonialism but they realized that they were enjoying power. happening in the country. - When the governor general died, he was - The church was built like a fortress up the hill replaced by the archbishop. of a mountain to prevent Muslim raids. Muslims - The Seven Years War ended and the British do not kill, they kidnap and make their hostages were left with no choice but to return it to the slaves. Spaniards. There was a ransacking that happened for 48 hours and took all the riches LECTURE 8: Under the Majesty’s Crown and gold with them. Their ships were very heavy, so they left the Sepoys and Indians. If the invasion didn't happen, globalization will not - The mistake of the British was that they left happen in the Philippines the Philippines before invading Singapore. - Every vegetable from Bahay kubo is from Latin What happened after the invasion? America — cash crops - Liberalism — the liberals challenged the Decline and fall of the Spain as an Empire conservatives (monarchy fans) because they - Mindanao was never put on by Spaniards, not believed that the power should be at the people the Muslims resisted, but they have better - After the invasion, Spain was compelled to partners. The Dutch and Portuguese did not reconsider how it ruled the Philippine Islands, push nor entertain their religion and culture. as external realities were introduced on the Their trade was just pure business. Isolated life of the colony. The British interest in the Far East - Spain wanted the Philippines to transform into a - The British wanted to access China and cash crop colony, a monopoly. They established develop a trade network between India and monopolies where the agriculture production was Southeast Asia (later Stamford Raffles's extensive. Infamous colonial project) in 1762, they took Spain introduced reforms that brought about the advantage of the Seven Years War in Europe. origins of the middle class. The British Empire and the East India Company - After 250 years, the Manila-Acapulco launched an invasion to occupy Manila and connection became obsolete, ending the Cavite. Galleon trade in 1813. The Philippines lost both - It was a normal day in Manila when suddenly, customs revenue and commercial purposes. the church bells rang. That kind of bell is a - Educating the natives so that they can be a signal for an emergency. They saw big ships that part of the colony. They gave the natives hoisted the British flag. The Spaniards did not consciousness. know why the British declared war/ wanted to The rise of the middle class invade Manila (they do not know that there was - Spain opened the Philippines to immigrants, the a war happening in Europe) Chinese in particular. After the Galleon trade, - The Spaniards tried to fight the British with foreigners invested in the Philippine Islands galleons but they did not stand a chance. and established their businesses. This involved - The invasion lasted long because it happened more participation from the native/ indio during the rainy season. They needed to wait masses. for the rain to stop. - The rise of the middle class in the rural areas. In - Diego Silang and the Ilocano revolted and urban areas, the Spain and Chinese mestizos invaded Cavite and Manila. were leading the economy; Ayala y Campañia, - The British were never interested in bigger La Fábrica de Cerveza San Miguel, and territories, they were just interested in pure Destilleria Limtuaco, among others. trade. - There was a dispute between the church and A weak state and a hundred mistake state. The church wanted power, while the state wanted freedom and equality. The friars  remained powerful in the provinces while they lost power in the center. - Manila was viewed as an emerging city. Some argued that the best beer came from The Philippines (San Miguel) Enter liberalism: politics, economy, and socio cultural - The economic life in the Philippines became complex. The introduction of secondary education and admission of commoners in higher colonial education; the common tao could now study and be part of the economy. A modern public system of education was introduced in 1957 followed by an 1863 royal decree. In the long 19th century (1764-1898) - The rural rich people and urban residents were given the privilege of modernization. - Cedula was introduced — a proof of citizenship and remaining loyal to Spain (ripping it means cutting ties with the colonizers) - Folk catholicism remained, but now education became a quest for social recognition. New opportunities, new problems in the colony. - If the British invasion did not happen, Spain would not establish education.