HISTORICAL-ANTECEDENTS-MEANING-2023-ST.pptx.pdf

STS Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology Dr. Julius P. Dequillo THE ORIGIN OF SOAP ◼ Soap supposedly got its name from Mount Sapo in Rome. The word sapo, Latin for soap, first appeared in Pliny the Elder...

STS Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology Dr. Julius P. Dequillo THE ORIGIN OF SOAP ◼ Soap supposedly got its name from Mount Sapo in Rome. The word sapo, Latin for soap, first appeared in Pliny the Elder's Historia Naturalis. ◼ The first soap was made by Babylonians around 2800 B.C. The early references to soap making were for the use of soap in the textile industry and medicinally. ◼ Modern time: Washing clothes, disinfectants, beauty soap, medicinal soap, bleaching soap THE ORIGIN OF CANOE ◼ The word canoe comes from the Carib kenu (dugout), via the Spanish canoa. Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BC, and found in the Netherlands, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe.... Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials, including bark and hollowed out tree trunks. ◼ Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, but construction materials evolved to canvas on a wood frame, then to aluminum. ◼ Most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass.  Historical antecedents (Ancient Era) ◼ were traditionally used in pharmacies to crush various ◼ 1. Mortar and Pestle ingredients prior to preparing an ◼ Egyptians extemporaneous prescription. ◼ 35000 BC ◼ The English word mortar derives from classical Latin mortarium, meaning, among several other usages, "receptacle for pounding" and "product of grinding or pounding". The classical Latin pistillum, meaning "pounder", led to English pestle. The Roman poet Juvenal applied both mortarium and pistillum to articles used in the preparation of drugs, reflecting the early use of the mortar and pestle as a symbol of a pharmacist or apothecary.  Historical antecedents (Ancient Era) ◼ Serendipity presumably played a ◼ 2. Alcohol part in its genesis more than ◼ Neolithic Man, Egyptians 7,000 years ago: damaged grapes ◼ 9000 BC., spontaneously fermented in harvesting vessels; curious farmers ◼ Egypt tasted the resultant alcoholic beverage; the curious farmers liked what they tasted and enjoyed its effects; said farmers preferred fermented grape juice to the unfermented fruit. The fate of the grape was sealed.(Chambers, 2010) Historical antecedents Fermented grain, fruit juice and honey have been used to make alcohol (ethyl alcohol or ethanol) for thousands of years. In ancient times, people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquets  Historical antecedents ◼ - the very first canoes were used ◼ 3. Canoe by the indigenous people of the ◼ North American Indians (Carib Caribbean to travel between the natives) islands. It is their sole means of ◼ 8000 BCE, Canada long-distance travel by water for trading, fishing, and even in rituals such as burial rights is as old as mankind itself.  Historical antecedents ◼ Soap wasn't made and use for ◼ 4. Soap bathing and personal hygiene ◼ Babylonians but was rather produced for ◼ 2800 BC, now Iraq cleaning cooking utensils or goods or was used for medicine purposes.  Historical antecedents ◼ This was discovered by excavation ◼ 5.Nimrud lens in Modern Age. ◼ Excavated by: Sir Austen Henry ◼ - the original use is debated Layard ◼ -Sir John Layard suggested it was ◼ 1850 Assyrian Palace Nimrud, used as a magnifying glass to make North Iraq intricate and miniscule engravings, such as those that have been found on seals and on clay tablets using a wedge-shaped script. But experts on Assyrian archaeology are unconvinced. They say that the lens is of such low quality that it would have been a poor aid to vision.  Historical antecedents ◼ The instrument was designed to ◼ 6. Spoon of Diocles remove remnant arrows from the ◼ Diocles of Carystus human body without causing ◼ 354 -400 BC, Athens, Greece additional trauma to the patient. ◼ Previously, arrowheads firmly embedded in thick bone represented a serious problem, and was in some cases solved by several people holding the patient down while one end of a string was attached to the arrowhead and the other was tied to a horse or a strongly bent branch.  Historical antecedents ◼ served as a primary power supply until ◼ 7. Water Mill the advent of the ◼ Philo of Byzantium (Greek ◼ steam engine during the Industrial Engineer/ mechanic)- debated Revolution. ◼ 300 BC, Greece ◼ Water mills diminished much of the human labor costs by providing power for grinding grains and other goods; tanning hides; pressing vegetables for oil; sawing wood; forging metals; polishing armor; ◼ pulverizing rock; operating blast-furnace bellows;and crushing mash for beer.  Historical antecedents ◼ - It was used at first as a tool for geomancy - ◼ 8. Magnetic compass in fengshui; in divination. ◼ (note: this is considered an ◼ The Chinese discovered that if a lodestone was invention in the middle ages suspended so it could turn freely, it would though it is first used in the always point toward the magnetic poles. There ancient times) See Middle Ages is a description of an iron “south-pointing fish” ◼ Chinese fortune tellers floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. ◼ 200 BC, Han dynasty, China, ◼ ◼ The first compasses were made of lodestone, a naturally magnetized ore of iron. Magnetic compass is a pretty simple instrument that has a magnetic needle or a magnetized bar can turn freely upon a pivot and align itself with Earth's magnetic field and indicate the direction of the magnetic north of a planet's magnetosphere. From that, cardinal points of north, south, east and west are very easy to determine.  Historical antecedents ◼ China is earthquake prone. This is invented for early detection of earthquake. ◼ 9. Seismoscope ◼ - called HoufengDidong Yi (literally, “instrument ◼ Zhang Heng, an inventor, Imperial Historian, for measuring the seasonal winds and the mathematician and Royal Astronomer movements of the Earth”). This is an ◼ 132 CE,China inertia-sensing instrument paved the way for science of seismology to develop- When an earthquake happens in a certain area, the wave of the earthquake triggers a pendulum-like device inside the seismometer, and the pendulum sways toward the direction where the quake wave originates. Then, a lever that connects to the dragon of that direction makes the dragon’s mouth open, and a bronze ball drops out. ◼ - Zhang Heng,considered the Chinese counterpart of Leonardo da Vinci, eventually calculated pi (π) as being between 3.1466 and 3.1622. ◼  Historical antecedents ◼ They were mainly used by inventors ◼ 10. Steam Engine/turbine to demonstrate that the power of ◼ Or “ aeolipile” steam shouldn’t be underestimated. ◼ Heron of Alexandria, Greek ◼ -There was a significant industrial mathematician & engineer challenge that miners faced during the ◼ 100 A.D, Egypt 1700's and this was related to the extraction of water from deep mines. At this time, the true power of steam was showcased as the energy was used to pump up the water from deep within the mines. With this, the potential power of steam was discovered, leading to the invention of a full-fledged steam engine  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ Since the invention of writing, people had ◼ 1.Paper been trying to come up with something easier to write on than papyrus or ◼ Ts'aiLun, an official in the parchment, and also something easier Chinese royal court and cheaper to make. ◼ 105 AD, China ◼ Back then, scrolls of silk were being used as books. But the development of calligraphy and the animal hair brush, and the resulting proliferation of literature, created the need for a writing material that was cheaper and more practical than pure silk. In fact, part of the Chinese ideogram character for "paper" means "silk." Ts'aiLun's paper was made from rags, used fishing nets, hemp and China grass.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ For positional notation… ◼ 2.Hindu-Arabic Numeration System ◼ The nine numerals were adopted by the Arabs in the 9th century. It was initially known in the ◼ Indians West as Arabic numerals because Arabs ◼ 500-700AD, Indian subcontinent adopted the system from India in the ninth century and introduced in Europe through Arabic texts in tenth century though its Indian origins. Europeans therefore attributed the numerals to the Arabs, even though the Arabs themselves called them Hindu numerals. ◼ - Fibonacci is best known to the modern world for the spreading of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe, primarily through the publication in the early 13th century of his Book of Calculation, the Liber Abaci.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ -alternative source of power from ◼ 3.Tidal Mill tidal energy ◼ Irish people ◼ 600-800 AD, Europe ◼ - driven by tidal rise and fall. A dam with a sluice is created across a suitable tidal inlet, or a section of river estuary is made into a reservoir. As the tide comes in, it enters the mill pond through a one way gate, and this gate closes automatically when the tide begins to fall. When the tide is low enough, the stored water can be released to turn a water wheel.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ invented due to the need of a timepiece that ◼ 4.Hourglass the bobbing waves in sea travel will not its ◼ Luitprand, a monk accuracy. cathedral in Chartres, ◼ Before the 14th century, time was measured in France unequal hours, based on the durations of day and night on each date. ◼ 8th Century;. Europe ◼ On a ship, however, the measurement of equal hours would have been necessary for calculating the distance traveled (since distance = rate x time). Sand-filled hourglasses would have been preferable to water clocks (the most ancient form of clock, which functions similarly to the hourglass) because, if suspended, they would be relatively unaffected by the motion of the ocean.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ Ancient Chinese alchemists were ◼ 5. Gunpowder trying to find a potion for ◼ Taoist alchemists immortality and they ended up ◼ 850 A.D, China making gunpowder. ◼ -Gunpowder consists of potassium nitrate, common charcoal, and sulfur. ◼ -At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was being used in military affairs. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, frequent wars spurred the development of cannons, and fire-arrows shot from bamboo tubes.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ For the previous 5,000 to 8,000 years, fibre was twisted or spun by hand on variants of the ◼ 6. Spinning Wheel drop spindle. ◼ The spinning wheel speeded up the rate at ◼ Chinese weavers which fibre could be spun by a factor of 10 to ◼ 1000 AD, China 100 times, removing this bottleneck to cloth prodspeeded up the rate at which fibre could be spun by a factor of 10 to 100 times, removing this bottleneck to cloth production ◼ Ancient beginnings are claimed, confirmed but obscure. ◼ The development in its design revolutionized the renaissance period and its historical significance is credited to the Middle Ages. ◼ - Spinning wheels were one of the first craft tools to be supplanted by modern machinery ◼ - The success of the spinning wheel created a textile revolution in Europe. So important were textiles to the economy that Europe experienced the formation of textile guilds.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ Woodblock printing was so laborious; so a ◼ 7. Movable Paper Printing more economic and faster way of printing was sought ◼ Bi Sheng, Chinese inventor ◼ 1041 and 1048 during the Song ◼ -Movable type (separate ready-made dynasty, China characters or letters which can be arranged in the correct order for a particular text and then reused) is a necessary step before printing can become an efficient medium for disseminating information. ◼ -Sheng had found an overall solution to the many problems of typography: the manufacture, the assembling, and the recovery of indefinitely reusable type.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ used a glass globe of water as a ◼ 9.First Spectacle lenses magnifier to read ''all the books ◼ Roman tragedian Seneca ◼ 13th century, Venice of Rome''. ◼ monks in the middle ages used glass spheres as magnifying glasses to read.  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ -used to identify paper manufacturers ◼ -at that time the watermark was ◼ 10. Water Marks created by changing the thickness of ◼ Printing press in Italy, no data the paper and thereby creating a ◼ (1282) 13th century, shadow/lightness in the watermarked ◼ Italy paper. This was done while the paper was still wet/watery and therefore the mark created by this process is called a watermark. ◼ -very useful in the examination of paper because it can be used for dating, identifying sizes, mill trademarks and locations, and determining the quality of a sheet of paper. ◼ -continue to be used today as manufacturer's marks and to prevent forgery..  Historical antecedents (MIDDLE AGE ERA) ◼ Improve eyeglasses ◼ 11. Bifocal lenses ◼ Bifocal lenses can be used to ◼ Benjamin Franklin treat with nearsightedness and ◼ 1784, Venice presbyopia (with a lower part for viewing objects near at hand (as in reading)).  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ the need to be able to protect pages, although he was not yet exactly sure ◼ 1.Paper Ring Binders how to fix the problem. ◼ Friedrich Soennecken ◼ are large folders that contain file ◼ 1886, Bonn, Germany folders or hole punched papers. ◼ These are held in the binder by circular or D-shaped retainers, onto which the contents are threaded. The rings are usually spring-loaded, but can also be secured by lever arch mechanisms or other securing systems. ◼ The binders themselves are typically made from plastic with metal rings. Early designs were patented during the early 1890s to the early 1900s.  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ Baekeland had been searching for a ◼ 2. Synthetic Plastics synthetic substitute for shellac, a ◼ Leo Baekeland natural electrical insulator, to meet ◼ 1907, USA the needs of the rapidly electrifying United States. Bakelite was not only a good insulator; it was also durable, heat resistant, and, unlike celluloid, ideally suited for mechanical mass production. ◼ It was the first synthetic plastic - the first to be derived not from plants or animals, but from fossil fuels. ◼ -Baekeland used phenol, an acid derived from coal tar. His work opened the floodgates to a torrent of now-familiar synthetic plastics - polystyrene in 1929, polyester in 1930, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polythene in 1933, nylon in 1935.  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ - to reduce the manual labor spent in washing clothes ◼ 2.Electric-Powered Washing Machine ◼ -The Thor was the first electric-powered ◼ Alva J. Fisher of Hurley Machine Company washing machine ◼ 1908 of Chicago, Illinois USA ◼ - earliest special-purpose mechanical washing device was the washboard, invented in 1797 by Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire. ◼ Previous to the invention of the electric-powered washing machine, ◼ James King invented a machine that used a drum device in 1851 that is still in use today for some machines. His machine was hand powered. In 1858 Hamilton Smith created the first rotary powered washing machine. Rotary power uses a 4-stroke combustion cycle. Both of these inventions are what made Alva J. Fisher's invention of the electric washing machine possible.  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ 3.Insulin ◼ Dr Frederick Banting and medical student ◼ Frederick Banting, Charles Cahrles Best perform experiments on the Best, JJR Macleod, JB pancreases of dogs in Toronto, Canada. ◼ When pancreases were removed, the Collip dogs showed symptoms of diabetes. ◼ 1920, Canada ◼ The pancreas was then sliced and ground up into an injectable extract. This is injected a few times a day which helped the dogs to regain health. ‘insulin’ was the extract of pancreas from cows. ◼ - they tested its effectivity to humans. ◼ After the group had experimented enough to gain an understanding of the required doses and how best to treat hyperglycemia  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ -Neither Woodland nor Silver could ◼ 4.Barcode make money from the business which ◼ Norman Joseph Woodland, American inventor turned out to be a gold mine later on. ◼ 1948, Tenesee, USA This is because they sold their patent to RCA in year 1952 for a very small amount and this was long before the technology was commercialized. ◼ This patent expired in year 1969, around 5 years before barcodes were used in the grocery stores. This was truly an invention that was ahead of the time. ◼ -The first product to have ever been added to the barcode system was a pack of Wrigley's chewing gum.  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ Cell phones were originally created ◼ 5.First Mobile Phone so people could take while they ◼ Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at drove. Motorola ◼ -Initially called “car phones”, early ◼ 1973 cell phones were bulky, cumbersome, and expensive compared to today’s modern devices. ◼ The phone Cooper used weighed a staggering 1.1kg and measured in at 228.6x127x44.4mm. ◼ With this prototype device, you got 30 minutes of talk-time and it took around 10 hours to charge.  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ to make glass thin and light enough for ◼ 6.Corning Glass “Gorilla” mobile devices, but still tough enough to ◼ Corning International resist the scratches, bumps, and drops of ◼ 2007 everyday use ◼ Applications include smartphones, slates, tablets, PCs, TVs, and more. ◼ Corning Gorilla Glass 5, a new glass solution that raises the bar for protection against drops higher than ever, surviving 1.6-meter, shoulder-height drops onto hard, rough surfaces up to 80% of the time. That’s up to 4X better in drop failure height than competitive glasses, giving consumers the drop protection they need if they fumble their phones while snapping photos, texting on the go, watching videos, or performing other everyday activities at or below shoulder level.  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ 7.Human Head Transplant ◼ -the final goal of his project ◼ Italian neurosurgeon Sergio Canavero ◼ Process announced 2013, Italy was life extension. ◼ -To be performed in Dec 2017,either in the US or China. ◼ -Valery Spiridonov, the 30-yr old Russian volunteer, has Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, or spinal muscular atrophy -- a debilitating, eventually fatal condition. ◼ -successful operation mice , so far  Historical antecedents (Modern Era) ◼ Putting all together the concepts ◼ 8. 3D model of DNA ◼ James Watson and Francis and ideas of other scientists Crick mentioned above Watson and Crick ◼ April 1953, Cambridge Univ was able to derive on the three dimensional, double-helical model for the structure of DNA. ◼ The discovery of the structure of DNA leads to understanding of the storage of genetic information, replication and inheritance, and the expression of the genetic message.  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ -to find way what to do with surplus ◼ Philippine Jeepney U.S Military jeeps from World War II. ◼ Leonardo Sarao Filipinos inherited the leftover ones ◼ 1953, Las Pinas, Phil and -made them public transits. ◼ - dubbed as the "King of the Road" and known for their crowded seating and flamboyant decorations, which have become a ubiquitous symbol of Philippine culture and art. ◼ However, this transportation is proof of the Filipinos’ creativity and ability to improvise technology into more useful forms.  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ Vitamin B is released by the ◼ “Vitamin Beer”- vit B fortified beer from rice syrup body with too much beer ◼ Dr. Virgilio L. MALANG consumption; so beer is fortified and Yasmin E. MALANG ◼ 2004, Philippines with vitamin B. ◼ At the same time, it is to produce economic beer using indigenous material. ◼ citations reaped during the 2004 Genius Europe billed as the With International Exhibition of Vitamin B complex Inventions, Works of Fine and Applied Arts at the Budapest Fair Center, Hungary last May 1-4  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ Diwata-1 / PHL-Microsat-1 ◼ -Hokkaido University and Tohoku (Philippine Scientific Earth Observation University of Japan initiated a project to Microsatellite-1) send 50 microsatellites into space by ◼ Filipino scientists and 2050. engineers ◼ Jan 2016, Japan Aerospace ◼ The project will photograph aftermaths Exploration Agency (JAXA) of natural disasters, partnering with governments, universities and other organizations based in Bangladesh, Diwata Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, 1 Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. ◼ Two satellites are commissioned for the Philippine government ◼ Diwata-1, launched on April 2016, is the Diwata first microsatellite owned by the 2 Philippine government involving by Japanese and Filipino engineers,  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ Agapito Flores ◼ Agapito Flores was born on ◼ was born on September 28, September 28, 1897. 1897. ◼ However, Peter Cooper Hewitt already had a patent for a type of fluorescent lamp that emitted greenish light in 1901. ◼ That makes Flores 4 years old when Hewitt invented his fluorescent lamp! Agapito Flores did not invent the fluorescent lamp.  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ Dedicated her life to the cause of Dra. Fe Villanueva del Mundo, pediatrics in the Philippines, was a Filipina pediatrician, the Doctor Fe Del Mundo– credited founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines. with studies that lead to the invention of an improved incubator. Her invention has saved countless premature infants around the world. ◼ Are you aware that the medical incubator was invented by a Filipino? Her name is Fe del Mundo. The medical incubator has saved countless of premature infants all around the world.  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ The world's first ◼ Del Rosario holds a patent to the karaoke machine, the Juke-8, was built by Sing Along System, Japanese inventor and a karaoke machine which he musician Daisuke Inoue in 1971. But it is developed in 1975. Filipino inventor Roberto del ◼ He filed a patent infringement Rosario who holds the machine's patent. He case against a Chinese company developed the Karaoke Sing-Along before the Supreme Court. The System in 1975. court ruled that the company violated his patent rights over his karaoke machine in 1996.... Inoue invented the karaoke in 1971.  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ Benjamin D. Cabrera has ◼ Benjamin D. Cabrera been involved in medical parasitology and public health and has published over 100 scientific studies. He has developed innovative drug treatments for mosquito-borne diseases. He earned the Philippine Legion of Honor for his work with filariasis, a parasitic disease. He also worked on controlling Ascariasis, a human disease caused by a parasitic roundworm.  Historical antecedents (FILIPINO TECHNOLOGY) ◼ Benito S. Vergara is an Benito S. Vergara expert on the flowering response of rice to photoperiodism and physiology. His research has led to improvement of deep water rice, rice that is tolerant to floods and cold temperatures, and increased production.