histo of microbio reviewer.docx

**HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY\ MICROBIOLOGY**- is the study of microorganisms/microbes which is only in the microscope. - The discipline of science which deals with the laws of life and development of organisms particularly microscope or submicroscopic forms of life is known as [microbiology]...

**HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY\ MICROBIOLOGY**- is the study of microorganisms/microbes which is only in the microscope. - The discipline of science which deals with the laws of life and development of organisms particularly microscope or submicroscopic forms of life is known as [microbiology] - The diverse groups of organisms includes algae, archae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses - Most of the microorganisms are harmless. - 99%. are good. Eg. Cynobacteria (blue green-algae) - 1% are-bad. Eg. Pathogens **ORGANISMS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY OF MICROBIOLOGY**\ 1. Bacteria- Bacteriology\ 2. Protozoans- Protozoology\ 3. Algae-Phycology\ 4. Yeasts and Molds - Mycology\ Fungi\ 5. Viruses -- Virology **DISCOVERY OF MICROSCOPES** - **ROGER BACON (1267)-**who developed a lens for the first time. - **JANSEN AND JANSEN (1590)** - first produced a croute type of microscope by placing two lenses together without any provision for focusing - **GALILEO GALILEI (1610)** - prepared a microscope with a focusing device called *[OCCIALE]* - Microscope was first proposed by [Faber in 1625]. - The great discovery of the microbial world began to be recognize - **ROBERT HOOKE (1635 - 1703)** made and used a compound microscope in the 1660s and described his fascinating exploration of the newly discovered universe of microscope creatures in his classic micrographia in 1665. **HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY**\ **DISCOVERY ERA** "Spontaneous Generation"\ **Aristotle (384-322)** and others believe that living organisms could develop from non-living materials. - In 13th century, **Roger Bacon** described that the disease caused by a minute \"seed\" or \"germ\". **ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)** - Description of protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae. (seen in water, feces and teeth scrapings under his own microscope which were not compound) - Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology - In ***1676*,** he observed and descirbes microorganisms such as "[Animalcules]\" (He describes as tiny creatures as [animalcula animal]\" which were translated in England as \"animalcules\" by the Royal Society) - The term microbe is used by **Sedillot in** **1878**. - First person\' to actually see living microorganisms. **SPONTANEOUS GENERATION** - Theory that life just \"spontaneously\" developed from non-living matter. - Example\ Toads, Snakes & Mice - moist soil\ Flies and Maggots - manure and decaying flesh **TRANSITION ERA\ FRANCISCO REDI (1626 - 1697, ITALIAN PHYSICIAN)** - Carried out a series of experiments on decaying meat and its ability to produce maggots spontaneously - He showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat, when it is covered **JOHN NEEDHAM (1713 - 1781)** - Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory. - He proposed that tiny organism (animalcules) arose spontaneously on the mutton gravy - He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi, Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth. **LAZZARO SPALLANZAI (1729 - 1799)** - He demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium - He showed that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life **GOLDEN ERA\ LOUIS PASTEUR** - He is the father of Medical Microbiology. - He pointed that no growth took place in swan neck shaped tubes because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved necks but if the necks were broken off so that dust fell directly down into the flask, microbial growth commenced immediately - **Pasteur In 1897** suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C-(145°F) -for 30 minutes rather, than boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of the product, the process was called ***[PASTEURIZATION]*** - He invented the processes of pasteurization, fermentation and the development of effective vaccines (rabies and anthrax). - Pasteur demonstrated diseases of silkworm was due to a protozoan parasite - Contributions of Louis Pasteur: - He coined the term \"microbiology\"\" aerobic, anaerobic - He disproved the theory of spontaneous germination. - He demonstrated that anthrax was caused by bacteria and also produced the vaccine for the disease. - He developed live attenuated vaccine for the disease **JOHN TYNDALL (1820 - 1893)** - He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as *[endospore]*. - Prolonged boiling or intermittent-heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process known as ***[TYNDALLISATION]*** **LORD JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)** - He is the father of antiseptic surgery. - Lister concluded that wound infections too were due to microorganisms. - He also devised a method to destroy microorganisms in the operation- theatre by spraying a fine mist of carbolic acid into the air. **ROBERT KOCH (1893- 1910)** - He demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease - He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture - Robert Koch used gelatin to prepare solid media but it was not an ideal because; - Since gelatin is a protein, it is digested by many bacteria capable of producing a proteolytic exoenzyme gelatinase that hydrolyses the protein to amino acids. - it melts when the temperature rises above 25°C **EXCEPTIONS TO KOCH\'S POSTULATES** - Some organisms nave never been grown in pure culture on artificial media:\ Treponema pallidum -- Syphilis\ Mycobacterium leprae **FANNE EILSHEMIUS HESSE (1850 - 1934)** - One of Koch\'s assistant first proposed the use of agar in culture media. - It was not attacked by most bacteria - Agar is better than gelatin because of its higher melting pointing (96°c) and solidifying (40- 45°c) points. **RICHARD PETRI (1887)** - He developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture media **EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)** - First to prevent small pox - He discovered the technique of vaccination **ALEXANDER FLEMMING** - He discovered the *penicillin* from *penicillium notatum* that destroy several pathogenic bacteria **PAUL ERLICH (1920)** - He discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic - He Studied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms & laid foundation of biological standardization. - **Hansen (1874)-** Leprosy bacillus - **Neisser (1879)-** Gonococcus - **Ogston (1881)-** Staphylococcus - **Loeffler (1884**)- Diphtheria bacillus - **Roux and Yersin** -Diphtheria toxin **Viruses** - **Beijerinck (1898)** - Coined the term Virus for filterable infectious agents - **Pasteur** developed Rabies vaccine - **GoodPasteur** - Cultivation of viruses on chick embryos - **Charles Chamberland**, one of Pasteur\'s associates constructed a porcelain bacterial filter. - **Twort and d\'Herelle** - Bacteriophages. - **Edward Jenner** - Vaccination for Smallpox. **MODERN ERA** **Nobel Laureates** YEARS Nobel Laureates Contribution ------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ 1901 Von Behring Dipth antitox 1902 Ronald Ross Malaria 1905 Robert Koch Tb 1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytosis 1945 Flemming Penicillin 1962 Watson Crick Structure DNA 1968 Holley Khorana Genetic Code 1997 Prusiner Prions 2002 Brenner & Horvitz Genetic regulation of organ development & cell death