Hist 1701 Birth of the Clinic 2024 PDF

Musical Selection  ”Bad Medicine” Bon Jovi  https://youtu.be/eOUtsybozjg?si=2C2FBQxO5CLbgP0j The Birth of the Clinic   Learning Objectives  Birth of the Clinic  Teaching Hospitals Outline  Children’s Hospitals  Cottage Hospitals  Conclusi...

Musical Selection  ”Bad Medicine” Bon Jovi  https://youtu.be/eOUtsybozjg?si=2C2FBQxO5CLbgP0j The Birth of the Clinic   Learning Objectives  Birth of the Clinic  Teaching Hospitals Outline  Children’s Hospitals  Cottage Hospitals  Conclusions   To consider how advances in medical technology and the modern hospital changed how medicine was perceived Learning  To examine why middle-class patients turned to the modern hospital for Objectives medical care  To determine how “modern hospital” could be applied to different sorts of medical institutions Birth of the Clinic Professionalization and the Medical Marketplace  What is the medical marketplace?  Framework developed by historians in the 1980s to study the provision of early modern medical care  Sees economic considerations as the primary factors in decision making  Allows for study of diversity of medical practice  Demarcation of educated medical practitioners  University Education  College of Surgeons (1800)  Man midwife Learning from war  French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars  Skilled amputation without anesthesia  Dissections  Changed how bodies were understood  Murder Act 1752  American Civil War  Circular No. 2 and the Army Medical Museum  “The museum was constructed for the purpose of ‘illustrating the injuries and diseases that produce death or disability during war, and thus affording materials for precise methods of study or problems regarding the diminution of mortality and alleviation of suffering in armies’.”  Shauna Devine, Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medicine Science (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 21. 19th-century Hospitals  Evolved into spaces of clinical care  Foucault and the medical gaze  How a patient’s body was assessed, but also the system which allowed for such assessment  Nursing reforms  Nightingale model  Free probationary labour  Urbanization  Shift in class focus as care became more specialized  Early 20th century middle class patients  Obstetrics Technological Advances  Anesthesia  Ether  Antisepsis  Reduced puerperal fever  Post-operative infection  Equipment  Stethoscope  Thermometer Teaching Hospitals   Training grounds for physicians  Needed patients to learn  The medical gaze (Foucault, Birth of the Clinic)  Most hospitals before 1900 opened to treat those who could not afford medical care in the home Medical and setting  Training for nurses Nursing  Disciplined workforce recognized as part of medical care Schools  “Our hospitals are the fortresses and our nurses are the soldiers who fight manfully against the enemy”  Dr. Woolverton in Hamilton Herald (17 October 1890)  Operating theatres Children’s Hospitals Stereoscope Children’s Hospitals  Origin in the Founding Hospital  Care for children of the poor and unmarried women  19th century focus on moral reform and medical treatment  Early 20th century specialized medical care and the middle class  Minimized role of parents  Immediate separation of child from parents widespread until 1950s  Higher social status patients saw their parents more often Domestic Spaces in Clinical Settings Cottage Hospitals   Small hospitals designed to serve rural communities  Limited travel Growth of Rural  Acute care Hospitals  Trained medical and nursing care  Voluntary Hospitals in rural areas  Care in local communities   By the early 20th century, the body was something that could be pathologized, monitored, and readily classed into categories of healthy and ill. Hospitals were clinical spaces.  Middle-class patients began to see hospital care as not only medically Conclusions effective, but trained nursing care, private and semi-private rooms, and elevated social status of fellow patients, removed the stigma associated with Victorian medical institutions  In many rural and isolated areas, cottage hospitals were “modern hospitals” in the same way general hospitals were in urban areas.