HIEU Study Guide Final PDF

Study Sheet 7: The Athenian Empire Texts: herodotus, Thucydides, Plutarch, Life of Cimon Characters: pausanias, themistocles, aristides, Thucydides son of melesias Emergence of athenian empire after Persian Wars starting 479 BC - Greek victory at Platea in 479 BC ends Persian Wars - Batt...

Study Sheet 7: The Athenian Empire Texts: herodotus, Thucydides, Plutarch, Life of Cimon Characters: pausanias, themistocles, aristides, Thucydides son of melesias Emergence of athenian empire after Persian Wars starting 479 BC - Greek victory at Platea in 479 BC ends Persian Wars - Battle of mycelae: 479 BC, greeks drove persians awya from asia minor at same time of Platea - In the winter, the greeks sailed the Aegean and find islands who medized and convinced them to change sides and give fleets or money (he used gods of persuasion and compulsion). He then went to salamis to fight Xerxes - Greeks lead by themistocles go to battle at Sestos to secure Hellenspont and are successful - 478, Pausanias leading the Greeks captures byzantium and some of cyprus - The greeks hated how strict and spartan pausanias was so they tell sparta that he was communicating with persians so he would be sent home - Spartans send dorcis as a replacement - Greeks refuse dorcis and this is the end of Spartan command on the aegean *** - Greeks need new leader and look to Athens now (big fleet and mother city) - 478, Delian League is formed with hundreds of cities and mobilized fleet to defeat persians when necessary - Formed in Delos (island) - Athens gets richer and stronger -> build port of Piraeus 470s - Themistocles is cunning and corrupt - Aristides the Just became leader of Delian League after Themistocles was ostracized (aristides also ostracized too but much later) - 477, Pausanias tries to establish empire in sestos and byzantium and starts associating with persians - Greeks take him back to sparta and he becomes supplicant bc knows he's guilty; greeks find loophole and build brick building around temple so he dies of starvation - Apollo becomes mad creating the curse of the brazzen house - 476/5: Persian fort in Thrace that greeks take over w delian league for resources - 476: Scyros habited by barbarians; greeks kill the men and empty scyros - 473: Carystas attacked for not joined delian league and forced to join - 467: Naxos resigns but Delian League forces them to join again - 466: Greeks meet persians at Eurymedon commanded by Cimon Son of Miltiades and send them back to persia  - 465: Thasos gets into fight with athenians over mines so they get in war and thasos withdraws but forced back in - Athenians used this league selfishly to get back mines - 459-454 Egyptian Expedition: league goes to help revolt in egypt and they lose many men and ships - Delian treasury moved from delos to athens and athens makes Athenian Tribute List of cities paying from 454/3 - 440/3 - 447 Temple of Athena Parthenon construction begins **moment when Delian League money obviously being used for athens - Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melsias, come into play. - Thucydides is aristocratic politician who opposes pericles bc he says he's taking tribute money to build parthenon - Pericles argues that allies pay for safety, so as long as thats provided it doesn't matter what they spend money on Thucydides structure is very thesis driven: spartans feared growing power of athens making war inevitable and money + navy = power - If multiple stories, he finds commonality and makes one account - Chronolgical - Non romantic - Archaelogy - Historical anthropology - Historical geography (talks ab how size of polis dne power) Greek Triremes: - Dont sink they swamp - 3 levels of oars - 170 rowers - 15 sailors - 5 officers - Brireme (2 oars) may have existed but no textual evidence - Ship sheds tell us length and width of the boat - Lenormant relief thought to be only surviving depiction of 3 levels of oars on tirireme - Decks fully covered after persian wars bc arrows, but kills speed - Evil eyes on rams - Design issue they couldnt employ most strength bc feet werent attached and seat rows back and forth - Aristophanes mentions rower is characterized by oar and cushion (greased so they could move back and forth) Study Sheet 8: Athenian Democracy Texts: Herodotus, Aristotle Constitution of Athens , Plutarch Life of Pericles, Thucydides, Aristophanes Wasps (mocks the courts) - 3 major institutions - Boule (council): 500 people divided into subdivision of prytany (one month) from 10 tribes - Primary function was probouleusis (prepare law to be considered in assembly) - Dokimasia: inspection you must undergo to be in boule - If you dont pass and they discover crime you go to dikasterion (popular court) - Euthyna: opposite of dokimasia, your purified - Ecclesia (Assembly): most important of 3 - 5000 people - Meet on pnyx in athens - Meet 4 times per prytany = 40 times a year (more if crisis) - No formalities - Psephisma: “a thing that has been voted” what goes into action - Dikasterion (Popular Court): hear criminal and civil dispute - No judges; the archons read things but dont intervene - Juries are min 51 and max of 1501 - Given time to speak, then opponent (speech could be written for you) - Meet in agora - Graphe Paranomôn: prosecuted if you break law from psephisma or unsuccessful law can be retracted - Nomoi: laws that were created first by Solon - Athenias wanted extreme democracy so they rarely elected and chose officials by allotment (had to put self forward) - Introduced pay in office - Made almost all offices collegial (elected in groups/shared responsibility) - Strategoi remained elected bc need specialization ** - Oracle interpreters elected - Certain priesthoods hereditary - Liturgical system: athenians find expensive things needed in society (like chorus and tiremes) and assign them to rich people to increase their time - Usually expected to take liturgy every 3 to 5 years - Exploits homeric competitiveness of aristocracy  - Antidosis: you can pass on liturgy to someone richer than you and if not you must trade property, ensuring richest person takes on liturgy - Life of Pericles by Plutarch - His aretae was sophrysyne: battle tactics, speech when necessary, no aristocrats - Never laughs or crys - Does Not walk unnecessarily in streets - Pederastry: an athenian institution where wealthy aristocratic men take on “education” of young boys - Pericles doesnt interact w this which is strange - Madly in love with aphasia - His sophrysyne is “magestic demeanor adopted for political ends) - Thucydides is his political oppnonent - Kaki k’agathoi: the noble and the good - the aristocrats - Pericles makes paid jury, funds public festivals, beautifies the city - 422 BC Aristophanes Wasps - Prologue - Periodos (chorus comes on stage) - Wasps - Narrating - Parabasis: chorus speaking as playwright (mad he got last in clouds which shows comp for aretae) - Komos: everyone exits stage - Philocleon - Common people - Wasps - Very suspicious of homos - Hate spartans - Suspicious of drinking groups - Phobocleon - Aristocrats - Foreign fashions - Pro spartan - Dont want to engage in suits against ppl - Homosexuality - Drink a lot Study Sheet 9: The Causes of the Peloponnesian War Texts: thucydides - 479: athens walls rebuilt after destroyed by persians - Themistocles sent to sparta and tells them he can't discuss the wall problem until the rest of the assembly comes; athenians build wall in mean time - Once walls finished, Themistocles declares themselves equal to spartans and spartans can't do anything bc they have spartan ambassadors hostage - 471: Themistocles seen as anti spartan and now cimon son of militades calls for ostracism (cimon pro spartan now in charge) - Themistocles goes to persia and learns persian and becomes satrap in asia minor - 465: great earthquake in Laconia so helots revolt and spartans win but messenian helots take refuge in mount ithome - 462: helots are still up there so spartans summon Athenians and Cimon and Ephialtes debate on whether to help bc spartans dismissed them last time; Cimon and army go to ithome - 461: Cimon ostracized - Athens wants allies with argos (enemy of Sparta) and thessaly/ megara (megara important bc hard to march through peloponesse) - 458: war - 457: athens defeats aegina and makes them subjects - Battle of Tanagra: spartans + Thebans vs athens + argos - Spartans win - Battle of Oenophyta: 62 days after tanagra, the atheniasn defeat thebes - Join the delian league - Athens builds huge walls around athens and piraeus - 456: Helots and Ithome released and the athenian fleet takes them to a naval base in Naupactus where anti spartan garrison formed - 451: cimon comes home (ostracism is 10 yrs) and suggests athenians suspend war so 5 yr truce formed - Betrayal to argos bc 30 yr peace between sparta and argos - 449: 2nd Sacred War (sparta vs, Phocis +Athens) - Spartans drive phocians away but athens give shrine back to phocians - Congress Decree passed by Pericles issued to discuss “rebuilding” but was to show athens supremacty; sparta doesnt show up - 447: Parthenon construction begins - Battle of Coronea: athenians defeated by boeotians - 446: Megara revolts and goes to Sparta and Euboeoa does same so they go to suppress while spartans march into attica - 446-45: Thirty Years Peace: between athens and sparta  - Allies of each power locked to one side - Neutral powers could join either side - If dispute arises it should be put to arbitration of god delphi who was pro spartan - 443: Thurii: Greek colony in Italy asking for men who will be given land if they come to colony; Athens turns this into their undertaking and develop Panhellenic sanctuary - 440-39: Samos rebels from athens and asks spartans for help to decrease athenian power - Sparta want to but allies say no; sparta alr prepared to go to war with athens - 435: Megarian Decree: prevents megarians from using harbors and ports of athens and its allies - Epidamnus appeals to mother city Corcyra so they appeal to grandmother city corinth who says yes - 433: War between corinth and corcyra which Corcyra wins, but then corinth does - Corinth has peloponnesian league to corcyra appeals to delian league and they say yes - Athens send cimon son Lacaedamonius to show they dont want to fight with sparta and are at Sybota just for safeguard - Meet at Battle of Sybota and athenians intervene and win w corcyra - 432: Potidea has corinthian magistrates and athenians get mad so they beseige potidea - Megarians, Corinthians, and Potideans are mad so there is a Pelopponnesian Declaration of war and they send three ultimatums to athenians - Drive out curse of alcmeonid and drive out curse of brazen house - Get rid of megarian decree, liberate aegina, and raise siege on Potidea - FREE THE GREEKS - Thucydides: argues that power politics triumphs morals - Wants to convince readers that Pericles is the athenian hero - Corcyra vs corinth argument structured to accept Pericles startegy Study Sheet 10: The Sicilian Expedition Texts: thucydides (look over his famous passages) - Spartans make an agreement that they wont make peace with athens unless everyone who entered the war comes out with all their territory - Try to conquer as much territory before war - 431: Thebans attack Platea (delian); theyre let into platea by traitors and ask platea to join them and they say no and win battle - They lock thebans in wooden building and athenians say to keep them hostage but plateans kill them - Peloponnesians ravage attica and challenge athenians to battle but they refuse - Athenians counter by ravaging island in peloponnese - 430: Plague at Athens - potidea (corithinan magistrates) falls to athenians - 429: peloponnesians besiege Potidea and aren't successful (they try building mounds to cross over walls but potideans dig hole and pull mounds to their side) - 428: Peloponnesians ravage once and athenians twice - Revolt of Mytilene: Mytilene is revolting from athens and asks Sparta for help but sparta wants them to ask publicly at Olympics to humiliate athens - 427: Surrender of Mytile (peloponnesians never arrive) and Surrender of Platea - Revolution at Corcyra: - 425: Demosthenes Son of Alcisthenes (athenian) wants to get off at Pylos and fortify it. This leads to dispute between athenians and spartans over pylos because afraid helots would revolt. Athenians land at Sphacteria and spartans go to garrison it so athenians are sailing around it. - Cleon vs Nicias (middle road) - Nicias cedes generalship to cleon and they go to sphacteria to get men off the island - The spartans surrender and athenians hold them hostage - Spartans send Brasidas to Thrace with mercenaries and helots and they seize athens main base amphipolis - 424: Battle of Delium: Athenians march into Boeotia and try to win over delirium but are unsuccesssful. - 422: Battle of Amphipolis: under cleon, athens fails and Brasidas and Cleon die - 421: Peace of Nicias(50 yr peace): Spartans pretend to give back amphipolis but tell citizens to fight back. Peace treaty signed between Athens and Sparta in. From 421-413, the Spartans and Athenians agreed to return lands and punish their former allies for rebelling in this agreement. Only lasted 8 years. - 418: Battle of Mantinea: lead by Agis of Sparta against argives  - Nicias says athens should stay out of war and fights with alcibiades over this - Alcibiades vs. Nicias - Alcibiades is very good looking, but unprincipled; since greeks bundled virtues they thought he could do no wrong - He suggests helping the argives but ill prepared and lose to spartans creating conflict with sparta - Significance of Mantinea: this puts sparta back in the game after heavy losses from sphacteria, peace treaty, and argive - 417: Ostracism for either Nicias or Alcibiades - They get Hyperobolus ostracized - ** last ostracism ever because so corrupted - 416: Melos: - 415-413: Sicilian Expedition: Initially athens was just helping Segesta (ally) defend against Syracuse - Turns into motive to expand imperial power to sicily, so they arrange largest campaign ever to sicily - Problem with herms arises; trip postponed: Herms cut off around athens and citizens believe it was alcibiades from his hetaireia. Elusinian mysteries also disrespected. - Alcibiades says to go to trial now before expedition because all his supporters (troops) there, but they send him to Siciliy and call him back for trial just as he's getthing there. ** Disappears to Sparta and becomes lovers with one of the Spartan queens - Thucydides and the Melian Dialogue: The lesson from this dialogue is that the Melians were extremely stupid to believe that just will prevail, this belief was suicidal and tragically. The Melians believed that the world could not possibly be that cruel and that they would be able to come out of this conflict alive and free. Thucydides is showing that the Melians process of wishing is disastrous and you have to accept reality, a power-politics view. The Melians should have taken a realist approach and compared the balance of power between states involved in an interaction. Study Sheet 11: The Trial and Death of Socrates Texts: Plutarch, Alcibiades, Aristotle Constituion of Athens, Xenophon Constitution of Athenians, Plato Apology, Aristophanes Clouds - Demosthenes and Nicias raid sparta - Alcibiades is with the Spartans now and tells them to copy fort at Pylos and build stockade in Decelea to do raids all year round - 413: Declea stockade built; many athenian slaves defect to this blockade and spartans gain large income from slave mining - 412: Many revolts occuring at this time and king of Persia hears ab this - Treaty of Miletus: treaty between sparta and persia with the conditions: - Persians provide sparta with fleet and rowers and money - Everything the king has and ancestors had shall be the kings (all of the coats of Asia Minor will go back to him) - Ionian Decelean War - Athens keeps fleet in ionia to counter sparta, but it doesnt matter how much sparta loses because king will provide more fleets - Athenians establish base on island of Samos - Political revolution occurs because all sailors here were the democracy in athens and everyone at athens was the oligarchy - Alcibiades now in trouble because he slept with Agis’ wife because agis in Declea - Alcibiades goes to Persia to help athenians and will come back to athens if they switch to oligarchy - Theramenes: athenian politician who wants a hoplite democracy (remove all poor people from democracy and it consists of only hoplites - Pisander and Antiphon want a narrow oligarchy (how they imagined constitution of Solon with council of 400) - 411 BC: oligarchies vote to replace democracy with narrow oligarchy and council of 400 - Alcibiades invited back by oligarchs but sees more benefit with democrats at samos under general Thrasybulus - The 400 is then replaced by a broader oligarchy of 5000 under theramenes - 410: Battle of Cyzicus: athenians win and knock down 5000 and are now democracy ** 5000 to democracy - 406: Battle of Notium: victory sea battle for spartans because of Lysander - Lysander got the persians to pay regularly by befriending Cyrus the Younger (lovers) - Battle of Arginusae: Hoplites and slaves row and athenians win - Storm hits after victory and generals know they have to collect bodies but afraid they'll die so they leave the bodies ->  - Trial of Arginusae generals: tried illegally as block of generals and are executed (one of the greatest failures of democracy) - 405: Battle of Aegospotami: lysander takes spartans to Lampascus and athenians station in aegospotami - Spartans attack and defeat Athenians; Conon was the only athenian general to escape with fleet - After battle lysander sails aegean to collect all athenians to send back to athens bc more people would make it quicker for them to starve in long walls - Lysander places spartans as Harmosts (garrison commander) and creates committees of ten (decharcy) with his oligarchy friends all over athens - Lysander and Agis king of Sparta come to athens and lay siege - 403: surrender of athens - Theramenes chosen as emissary but spartans delay to starve athenians - Treaty says: - Walls must come down by deadline - Athens must give up her empire and ships - Athenians must have same friends and enemies (become part of peloponnesian league) - Exiles must be allowed to return **Lysander needed his oligarch friends back to rule - Athens to be governed by ancestral constitution - 30 tyrants come into power because of Lysander since athens wouldnt take down its walls; lead by Critias (student of socrates) - They begin killing anyone they dont like and athens ruled by 3000 wealthy; plan is to turn athens into sparta - Try to commission socrates to kill people but he says no - Theramenes tries to stop the 30 so they kill him - Democratic leaders flee including thrasybulus with their followers and Boeotia receives them - Thrasybulus seizes fort at Phyle so they can plan to take down the 30. The 30 tries to march there but theres snow storm so democrats march down to piraeus and WIN and KILL CRITIAS. - Pausianias and spartans march in, put democracy in place and send the 30 to Eleusis - Pericles holds moderate democratic positon - Cleon used populism to maintain political power (radical views)  - Thucydides was moderate oligarch Study Sheet 12: Spartan Power in the 4th Century BC Texts: plutarch life of lysander, plutarch life of aegesilaus - 402: spartan harmosts and decharchies come back go sparta allowing states to rule themselves - They were supposed to give land to the great king - They find the Gylippisus was hiding athenian money so hes exiled - Lysander makes law where individual spartans cant own money but the state can - Lysander vs Pausanias and Agis: they couldnt define lysanders position because of his growing power - 401: Anabasis march upcountry of the 10,000: Cyrus hires 10,000 greek mercenary hoplites into persian empire and then cyrus is exiled so the 10,000 march 100 miles back home lead by Xenophon. This shows us the greek mercenaries are really good. - 400: King agis dies at declea and his heir Leotychidas is to be king, but Lysander says hes not legitimate because agis’ queen had affair with Alcibiades. Lysander insists that Agesilaus is correct heir and becomes king (most important king in spartan history). - 396: aegislaus goes to free states they promised the great king - 397: Spartan Oliganthropia: not having people in state low population - Conon: only competent commander at aegospotami becomes pirate with one trireme fleet and great king gives him athenian fleets - 394: Battle of Cnidus: near asia minor, athens and sparta fought a naval battle and athens won. Great king lets conon take trireme home and resurge back to huge naval power** - 395-86: Corinthian War: king of persia gives talents to fund various fleets. Nobody can afford to fight this war. Called corinthian war because mostly around corinth. - 391: Iphicrates (athenian general): infantry of mercenaries with peltasts ambush spartans and they withdraw - Battle of Lechaean: shows that light infantry mercenaries can be highly effective - 386: eventually the king funding athenian side issues the kings peace = Peace of antalcidas: - Nobody can have league (this ceases peloponnesian and delian league) - Spartans announce theyll be supervisors of this decree (except themselves)  - Lysander dies so now Aegisilaus is only spartan king because pausanias is in exile - 371: Thebans oligarchic government is overthrown into democracy by two lovers Epaminondas and Pelopidas - They choose 300 of best soldier lovers and make sacred band - Battle of Leuctra: thebans meet spartans here with sacred band and THEBANS WIN. End of Spartan power - 370’s: Athens begins to assemble Second Athenian Confederacy, much smaller than last time - Rivalry between thebes and athens develops and Macedonia grows in power - Hetairoi: companions to king in macedonia - 359: Good King Perdicus in Macedonia dies and athens sends someone to claim throne - 359-39: Phillip 2 of Macedon choosen as king - He bribes thracians, flights llyrians, and drives out athenians; govt now organized - He expands all the way to amphipolis and becomes richest person and creates new macedonian army with state infantry and cavalry - Demosthenes son of demosthenes tells philip he wont be happy until he conquers all of greece (expediton) - Aeschines thinks Phillip has legitimate grievances that can be dealt through negotiation (envoys) - 352: He captures Thessaly, doubles his cavalry force and this gives him seat on Amphictyon league (gives him saying at delphi) - 348: Olynthus is seized by Philip (athens allies) and he kills all men and sells women which is travesty to greeks (greeks now paying attention to his power) - 356-46: he has excuse to go beat phocians attacking delphi at Sacred War - 338: forces meet at Battle of Chaeronea: Philip wins and now has all of Greece and forms the Hellenic League to go after Persia. All of greece joins except sparta. - 336: philip is murdered Study Sheet 13: Alexander the Great Texts: plutarch, life of alexander - Olypmpias: known as baccant, worship dionysus by ripping animal limbs; known as a poisoner - Aristotle was alexanders tutor; Philip paid aristotle to come up from athens  - Bucephalus: alexander the greats horse; alexander praised by philip for mounting the horse because he figured out he was afraid of shadows - Hephaestion: Alexander's best friend whos called petrolocus while alexander is achilles - 334: Battle of Granicus River: Alexander marches across river into persian lines and makes satraps run off and he wins - He marches inward and burns his fleet - 333: Battle of Issus: alexander leads cavalry towards darius and troops and darius flees. Opens way for alexander to march to egypt - Stops at island city Tyre and builds causeway to take city - Then goes to egypt and establishes Alexandria - Consults oracle of Zeus ammon and it addresses him as a god so he believes he is now divine - 331: Battle of Guagamela: meets darius for last time who organized all militias and elephants and weird equipment and Alexander WINS - Fights King Porus of India and alexander entranced by elephants and becomes friends with porus - Soldiers insist they go back because cant carry more loot - 323: alexander dies - Hellenic history: until death of alexander - Hellenisitc: after alexander bc mix of greek and non greek - Athens becomes like education center - Greek tries to fight off macedonian fetters - Sparta has difficult relationships w their past Themistocles vs arisitdes to cimon 471 to ephialtes 461 to pericles in 461 to cleon vs diodotus to alcibiades (tricky) vs nicias