HES 007 SAS 1.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|28449895 62007 3072 HES007 Lec Session 1 SAS Nursing (Southwestern University PHINMA) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Elyse Zein (al...

lOMoARcPSD|28449895 62007 3072 HES007 Lec Session 1 SAS Nursing (Southwestern University PHINMA) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 HES007 (Microbiology and Parasitology) STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / SECOND YEAR Session # 1 Materials: Pen, paper, index card, book, and class List Reference: LESSON TITLE: MICROBIOLOGY – THE SCIENCE Engelkirk P. G., Duben-Engelkirk J., Burton’s Microbiology for Health Sciences 9th ed. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Texas, USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins At the end of the lesson, the nursing student can: 1. Define microbiology, pathogen, nonpathogen, and opportunistic pathogen; 2. Differentiate between acellular microbes and microorganisms and list several examples of each; 3. List several reasons why microbes are important; 4. Explain the relationship between microbes and infectious diseases; and, Differentiate between infectious diseases and microbial intoxications. SUBJECT ORIENTATION (10 minutes) Your classroom instructor for this subject, Microbiology and Parasitology – Lecture, is ________________________. Listed below are the additional information vital in orientation: MAIN LESSON (50 minutes) What is Microbiology? The study of microbiology is essentially an advanced biology course. Ideally, students taking microbiology will have some background in biology. Although biology is the study of living organisms (from bios, referring to living organisms, and logy, meaning “the study of”), microbiology includes the study of certain nonliving entities as well as certain living organisms. Collectively, these nonliving entities and living organisms are called microbes. Micro means very small—anything so small that it must be viewed with a microscope (an optical instrument used to observe very small objects). Therefore, microbiology can be defined as the study of microbes. Individual microbes can be observed only with the use of various types of microscopes. Microbes are said to be ubiquitous, meaning they are virtually everywhere. The two major categories of microbes are: ⎯ Acellular microbes (also called infectious particles). Acellular microbes include viruses and prions. ⎯ Cellular microbes (also called microorganisms). Cellular microbes include all bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi. Disease-causing microorganisms are technically known as pathogens (also referred to as infectious agents). Actually, only about 3% of known microbes are capable of causing disease (i.e., only about 3% are pathogenic). Thus, the vast majority of known microbes are nonpathogens— microbes that do not cause disease This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 1 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 Some nonpathogens are beneficial to us, whereas others have no effect on us at all. In newspapers and on television, we read and hear more about pathogens than we do about nonpathogens, but you will learn about both categories—the microbes that help us (“microbial allies”) and those that harm us (“microbial enemies”). Why Study Microbiology? ⎯ We have, living on and in our bodies (e.g., on our skin and in our mouths and intestinal tract), approximately 10 times as many microbes as the total number of cells that make up our bodies. It has been estimated that perhaps as many as 500 to 1,000 different species of microbes live on and in us. Collectively, these microbes are known as our indigenous microflora (or indigenous microbiota) and, for the most part, they are of benefit to us. ⎯ Some of the microbes that colonize (inhabit) our bodies are known as opportunistic pathogens (or opportunists). Opportunistic pathogens do not cause disease under ordinary conditions, but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself. ⎯ Microbes are essential for life on this planet as we know it. ⎯ Many microbes are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms. Collectively, they are referred to as decomposers or saprophytes. By definition, a saprophyte is an organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. Imagine living in a world with no decomposers. Not a pleasant thought! Saprophytes aid in fertilization by returning inorganic nutrients to the soil. They break down dead and dying organic materials. ⎯ Some microbes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes (oil spills, for example). Thus, we can use microbes—genetically engineered microbes, in some cases—to clean up after ourselves. The use of microbes in this manner is called bioremediation. ⎯ Many microbes are involved in elemental cycles, such as the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorous cycles. In the nitrogen cycle, certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia in the soil. Other soil bacteria then convert the ammonia to nitrites and nitrates. Still other bacteria convert the nitrogen in nitrates to nitrogen gas, thus completing the cycle. The study of the relationships between microbes and the environment is called microbial ecology. ⎯ Algae and bacteria serve as food for tiny animals. Then, larger animals eat the smaller creatures, and so on. Microscopic organisms in the ocean, collectively referred to as plankton, serve as the starting point of many food chains. Tiny marine plants and algae are called phytoplankton, whereas tiny marine animals are called zooplankton. ⎯ Some microbes live in the intestinal tracts of animals, where they aid in the digestion of food and, in some cases, produce substances that are of value to the host animal. ⎯ Many microbes are essential in various food and beverage industries, whereas others are used to produce certain enzymes and chemicals. The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes is called biotechnology. ⎯ Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics that are used to treat patients with infectious diseases. By definition, an antibiotic is a substance produced by a microbe that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes. ⎯ Microbes are essential in the field of genetic engineering. In genetic engineering, a gene or genes from one organism (e.g., from a bacterium, a human, an animal, or a plant) is/are inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell. Because a gene contains the instructions for the production of a gene product (usually a protein), the cell that receives a new gene can now produce whatever product is coded for by that gene; so too can all of the cells that arise from the original cell. ⎯ Microbiologists have engineered bacteria and yeasts to produce a variety of useful substances, such as insulin, various types of growth hormones, interferons, and materials for use as vaccines. ⎯ For many years, microbes have been used as “cell models.” The more that scientists learned about the structure and functions of microbial cells, the more they learned about cells in general. The intestinal bacterium E. coli is one of the most studied of all microbes. By studying E. coli, scientists have learned a great deal about the composition and inner workings of cells, including human cells. ⎯ Finally, we come to diseases. Microbes cause two categories of diseases: infectious diseases and microbial intoxications This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 2 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 First Microorganism on Earth Archaea and Cyanobacteria ⎯ The first microbes on Earth Earliest Know Infectious Disease Scientist have learned that the following diseases have been around for a very long time ⎯ Tuberculosis ⎯ Syphilis ⎯ Parasitic worm infections 1. schistosomiasis 2. dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection) Tape worm infections Pestilence (plague) ⎯ Occurred in Egypt 3180 BC ⎯ First recorded epidemic Bubonic plague ⎯ Occur in 1900 BC near the end of Trojan war ⎯ Greek army experienced epidemic Ebers papyrus (epidemic fever) ⎯ Discovered in a tomb in Thebes, Egypt at 1500BC Small pox ⎯ Occurred in China at around 1122 BC Epidemic of Plague ⎯ Occurred in Rome in 790, 710, and 640 BC ⎯ Occurred in Greece around 430 BC Syphilis ⎯ First appearance in Europe in 1493 ⎯ Carried by Native Americans (as what Europeans believe) by Christopher Columbus ⎯ Neapolitan disease, French disease, French pox ⎯ Other name was Spanish, German, Polish, Turkish pocks. This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 3 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (25 minutes) You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 25 minutes for this activity: Multiple Choice 1. The microbes that usually live on or in a person are collectively referred to as: a. germs. b. indigenous microflora. c. nonpathogens. d. opportunistic pathogens. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Microbes that live on dead and decaying organic material is known as: a. indigenous microflora. b. parasites. c. pathogens. d. saprophytes. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. It is the study of microbes. Individual microbes can be observed only with the use of various types of microscopes. a. microbiology b. virology c. parasitology d. protozoology ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. These are also called infectious particles. These microbes include viruses and prions. a. cellular Microbes b. prokaryotes c. eukaryotes d. acellular Microbes ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. These are also called microorganisms. It includes all bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi a. cellular Microbes b. prokaryotes c. eukaryotes d. acellular Microbes ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 4 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 6. This do not cause disease under ordinary conditions but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself. a. pathogens b. opportunistic infection c. indigenous Microbiota d. fastidious microbes ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. This kind of pathogen colonizes on the host body and cause a certain disease. a. infectious Disease b. microbial Intoxication c. pathogen d. non-pathogen ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. A pathogen produces a toxin in vitro. A person ingests the toxin and the toxin causes a disease. a. infectious Disease b. microbial Intoxication c. pathogen d. non-pathogen ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. The first microorganisms on earth are: a. archaea b. algae c. cyanobacteria d. both A and C e. all of these ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Microbes are said to be __________, meaning they are virtually everywhere a. ubiquitous b. small c. tiny d. fastidious ANSWER: ________ RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION) The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves. Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided. 1. ANSWER: ________ This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 5 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 8. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 10. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ LESSON WRAP-UP (5 minutes) You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do. You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress. This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 6 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28449895 AL Activity: CAT: 3-2-1 Instructions: 1. As an exit ticket at the end of the class period 2. Record three things you learned from the lesson. 3. Next, two things that you found interesting and that you’d like to learn more about. 4. Then, record one question you still have about the lesson. Three things you learned: 1. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________________ Two things that you’d like to learn more about: 1. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________________ One question you still have: 1.___________________________________________________________________________________ This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 7 of 7 Downloaded by Elyse Zein ([email protected])