HEALTHCARE-ETHICS-NOTES.pdf

Jorge Montoro Bachelor of Science in Nursing HEALTHCARE ETHICS o Bioethics - Ethics of life ETHICS...

Jorge Montoro Bachelor of Science in Nursing HEALTHCARE ETHICS o Bioethics - Ethics of life ETHICS - A branch of applied ethics which A practical and normative science Based on reason which studies human acts and investigates practices and developments in provides norms for their goodness and the life sciences and or biomedical fields. badness. - As an applied ethics, its primary and major predicaments are those concerning life, BIOETHICS health and death that have resulted from Moral philosophy modern biological technology particularly it deals with morality, moral decency, or the rightness and wrongness of human acts. the way they have affected human values. BIOETHICS AS PRACTICAL SCIENCE EVOLUTIONARY PHASES OF BIOETHICAL STUDIES ✓ As a practical science, it deals with a ❖ Medical Ethics systematized body of knowledge that can be - Oldest phase of bioethical exploration used, practiced, and applied to human action. - A formulation of ethical norms for the conduct of health care professionals in the BIOETHICS AS NORMATIVE SCIENCE ✓ It establishes norms or standards for the treatment of patients. direction and regulation of human actions. - Codes of ethics were written by and for physicians as early as the 3rd century BC. Ethics attempts to resolve these questions ❖ Hippocratic Oath 1. How can one determine whether one is acting - Oldest known formulations of medical rightly or wrongly? ethics, named after Hippocrates, 2. Is there a norm of good and evil? - to be kept from harm and injustice TYPES OF ETHICS (physician should not prescribe fatal drugs 1. General/Normative Ethics nor should suggest fatal drugs to be taken; - Diverse ethical formulations of general and - Rules out any form of abortifacient and universal concepts and principles which sexual relations between doctors and serve as the foundation of morality. patients; - Raises the problem of moral norms and - Moral significance of confidentiality, the attempts to formulate and defend a system medical secrecy). of fundamental ethical perceptions that settle which acts are good or evil. RESEARCH ETHICS ✓ Refers to the use of humans as experimental - Does not only apply general moral specimens e.g. prisoners, poor patients, concepts and principles but also specifies children and fetuses. the particular situations in life in which ✓ Third Reich-dictatorial regime of Adolf Hitler; they are valid and legitimate. superman concept as the culmination of the - Applied in an attempt to resolve specific philosophy will to power; experiment using moral problems. human without consent was done. NUREMBURG CODE EXAMPLE OF APPLIED ETHICS ✓ Attempted to humanize the cruel and barbaric 1. Professional Ethics nature of experiments using human species in - Deals with certain moral precepts or rules German concentration camps. It takes into by which persons behave and act in the account the experimental subjects’ consent, exercise of their calling or profession (e.g. now known as informed consent, informed nursing ethics, teacher’s code of ethics for decision or informed choice. educators. PUBLIC POLICY 2. Biology Accentuates the participatory aspect Of - A natural science concerned with the study decision-making in a democratic setup of life and living organisms including their concerning the formulation of public policies structure, function, growth, origin, for the benefit of all. distribution, and taxonomy.  Jorge Montoro Bachelor of Science in Nursing THE PERSONHOOD Refers to the people’s efforts or involvement in ✓ Man is man by his intellect and by his rational formulating public guidelines for both clinical will. cases and biomedical research. ✓ Man is responsible for his actions. DIFFERENT VIRTUES OF A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER ✓ He alone is aware of what he is doing and is free 1. Fidelity to act or not to act. - Steadfastness, faithfulness to your profession, or the practice of keeping ✓ When he does not know what he is doing or promises to take care of patients. when he is no longer free to act, the 2. Honesty responsibility for his actions is no longer - The quality of being honorable and upright blamed to him. 3. Integrity ✓ Acts of irrational animals and insane persons - Uprightness in character and action are devoid of moral significance. They are 4. Humility - Weakness of the heart, actions, and amoral beings performing non-moral acts. execution of nursing interventions with a gentle spirit. Accept the sinful nature of others. HUMAN ACTS AND ACTS OF MAN 5. Respect o Human Acts - The esteem of honor to show the - Are done with knowledge and full consent recognition or high regard to self-worth of the will. 6. Self-respect - Favorable estimate of the opinion of - One knows what one is doing and does it oneself freely and willingly. 7. Respect for Authority o Acts of Man - People often feel respect, awe, and - Which are performed in the absence of admiration toward legitimate authorities either or both knowledge and full consent 8. Respect of Others of the will. - Valuing their feelings and their views, even if you don't necessarily agree with them - Actions committed by unconscious and 9. Compassion insane persons, by infants, or by those who - Signifies symphathy; we must understand are physically forced to do something. our own feelings. - Actions that merely happen in the body or 10. Prudence through the body without the awareness of - Signifies carefulness, precaution, the mind or the control of the will. attentiveness, and good judgment. 11. Courage - Signifies bravery and fearlessness. HOW DO WE MAKE DECISION IN OUR HEALTHCARE WORK? “Your Beliefs Become Your THOUGHTS” “Your Thoughts Become Your WORDS” The question is not "What shall I do? But How do I “Your Words Become your ACTIONS,” carry my life if I am to live well? “Your Actions Become Your HABITS” “Your Habits become your VALUES,” “Your Values become your DESTINY” VIRTUE Refers to a particular moral excellence Mahatma Gandhi (Ethics of Health Care, 2019) Uprightness or integrity The praiseworthy trait of human character A character trait that is morally valued 7 HABITS OF EFFECTIVE PEOPLE Being virtuous entails acting in moderation 1. Be proactive - Is about taking responsibility for your life 2. Begin with an end in mind VIRTUE ETHICS - This defines our mission and vision as ❖ Philosopher Aristotle, in his Nicomachean mission-oriented and goal-oriented. Ethics, suggests a different solution than the 3. Put first things first action-centered ethical system of duty-oriented - means organizing and executing around and consequence-oriented reasoning when he your most important priorities. places the focus not on the particular action but 4. Think win-win rather, on the HEART of the Moral Agent. - This defines our mission and vision: mission-oriented and goal-oriented.  Jorge Montoro Bachelor of Science in Nursing 5. Seek first to understand, then to be 5. The Right to Choose Health Care Provider and understood Facility - Listen to the people carefully with attentive 6. Right to Self-Determination ears and stand in their shoes to understand 7. Right to Religious Belief them. 8. Right to Medical Records. 6. Synergize - provides unity and support, teamwork, and 9. Right to Leave. encourages people to work together. 10. Right to Refuse Participation In Medical 7. Sharpen the saw Research. - means to take a break 11. Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors. BAD HABITS 12. Right to Express Grievances. ❖ Bad Habits is a habitual behavior considered to be detrimental to one's physical or mental 13. Right to be Informed of His Rights and health and often linked to a lack of self-control. Obligations as a patient ❖ Put first things last - Doing the important things last, Not prioritizing ❖ Begin with no end in mind - Means to begin each day, task, or project with a NO clear vision of your desired direction and destination ❖ Think win-lose - When one side benefits more than the other, that's a win-lose situation. GOOD HABIT ❖ Wear yourself out - To take a break, or don't get yourself too work or tired PERSONAL QUALITIES / CHARACTERISTICS ✓ Self-respect - (worthy conduct) ✓ Self-transcendence - (the quality of going beyond oneself: selfless love for the profession, patience): the death of ourselves for the service of others. ✓ Service-oriented - (helpful, useful, and generous to others) ✓ Simplicity - (sincere, true, and straight-forward) ✓ Risk-taking personality - (courageous, strong, open, and vulnerable) ✓ Patience - (the quality to put up with waiting) THE RIGHTS OF THE PATIENT 1. Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane Treatment 2. Right to Informed Consent. 3. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality. 4. Right to Information.  Jorge Montoro Bachelor of Science in Nursing