HAPPLAB_M4.pdf

HAPP LAB 🎀 1st Sem/ Module 4a & 4b Epithelial Tissue & Connective Tissue Integrins are a key component of hemidesmosomes Outline which...

HAPP LAB 🎀 1st Sem/ Module 4a & 4b Epithelial Tissue & Connective Tissue Integrins are a key component of hemidesmosomes Outline which serve to anchor the epithelium to the Epithelial Tissue underlying basement membrane. I. Epithelial Tissue Basement membranes II. Classifications 🎀 Separate tissues and protect them from III. Surface Epithelium mechanical stress. IV. Glandular Epithelium A. basal lamina Connective Tissue I. General features of Connective Tissue 🎀 (lamina = thin layer) is closer to and secreted by the a. Two Basic Elements epithelial cells. It contains proteins such as laminin b. Representative cells and fibers present in and collagen as well as glycoproteins and CT proteoglycans II. Classification of Connective Tissue B.reticular lamina 🎀 closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by Epithelial Tissue connective tissue cells called fibroblasts 🎀 Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in single or multiple layers. 🎀 Cells are closely packed and tightly held together by many cell junctions 🎀 There is little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes. 🎀 Avascular Function 🎀 Protects 🎀 Secretes (mucus, hormones, and enzymes) 🎀 Absorbs (nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract) 🎀 Excretes (various substances in the urinary tract). Classification Types of Epithelium Arrangement of layers 🎀 Surface Epithelium A. Simple 🎀 Glandular Epithelium 🎀 Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption. Surface Epithelium B. Stratified 🎀 Consists of 2 or more layers of cells that protect the Epithelial Tissue Surfaces underlying tissue Apical C. Pseudostratified 🎀 An epithelial cell faces the body surface 🎀 Appears to have multiple layers Lateral of cells. 🎀 of an epithelial cell, which face the adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions Basal Surface 🎀 An epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface, deepest layer. 1 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B  a) Ciliated Simple Columnar Description 🎀 Single layer of ciliated column-like cells 🎀 Oval nuclei near base of cells 🎀 Goblets are interspersed Types of Surface Epithelium Location 1) Simple Squamous 🎀 Lines bronchioles of RT 2) Simple Cuboidal 🎀 Uterine tubes 3) Simple Columnar a) Ciliated 🎀 Uterus b) Non Ciliated 🎀 Paranasal sinuses (some) 4) 5) Pseudostratified Columnar 🎀 Central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the a) Ciliated brain b) Non Ciliated Function 6) 7) Transitional Epithelium Stratified Squamous 🎀 Cilia moves mucus and foreign particles toward the a) Keratinized throat (coughing) 8) b) Non Keratinized Stratified Columnar 🎀 Cilia help move oocytes expelled from ovaries 9) Stratified Cuboidal through uterine (fallopian) tubes into uterus Simple Squamous Description 🎀 Single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from an apical surface. 🎀 Centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape. Location 🎀 Endothelium lining 🎀 Mesothelium 🎀 Air sacs of lungs 🎀 Bowmanʼs Capsule b) Non Ciliated Simple Columnar 🎀 Inner surface of eardrum Tympanic membrane) Description Function 🎀 single layer of non-ciliated column like cells 🎀 Filtration 🎀 Oval nuclei near base of cell 🎀 Diffusion 🎀 Contains: Microvilli 🎀 Secretion Goblet Cells Location 🎀 Lines gastrointestinal tract (from the stomach to the anus) 🎀 Ducts of many glands Simple Cuboidal 🎀 Gallbladder Description Function 🎀 single layer of cube-shaped cells round, centrally 🎀 Secretion located nucleus 🎀 Absorption Location 🎀 Surface of the Ovary 🎀 Eyes (lens and retina) 🎀 Kidney tubules 🎀 Thyroid gland (secreting portion) 🎀 Pancreatic ducts Function 🎀 Sectretion 🎀 Absorption 2 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B  a) Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Description Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium) 🎀 Appear to have several layers due to nuclei of the Description cells at various levels 🎀 Relaxed: Stratified cuboidal epithelium 🎀Cells are attached to the basement membrane in a *** except apical layers tend to be large and rounded single layer 🎀 Stretched: Flatter, giving stratified squamous 🎀 CONTAINS Goblet cells/ bear cilia epithelium Location Location 🎀 Lines airways of most URT 🎀 Lines urinary bladder Function 🎀 Portions of ureters and urethra 🎀 Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles Function 🎀 Cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from body 🎀 Allows urinary organs to stretch 🎀 Maintain protective lining while holding variable 🎀 amounts of fluid w/o rupturing Stratified Squamous b) Non Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Description Description 🎀 Has 2 or more layers of cells 🎀 Appear to have several layers due to nuclei of the 🎀 Apical layer: Squamous cells at various levels 🎀 Deeper layer: Vary from cuboidal to columnar 🎀 Cells are attached to the basement membrane in a 🎀 KERATIN = Tough, fibrous intracellular protein single layer protects the skin 🎀 NO: Cilia A) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Goblet cells B) Non-keratinized stratified squamous Location epithelium 🎀 Lines epididymis Location 🎀 Larger ducts of many glands 🎀 Keratinized: Superficial layer of skin 🎀 Parts of male urethra 🎀 Non-keratinized: lining of mouth, esophagus, parts Function of epiglottis, parts of 🎀 Absorption pharynx and vagina. 🎀 Secretion Function 🎀 Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, and foreign invasion 🎀 Defense against microbes 3 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B  Stratified Columnar Description Basal layers: Stratified columnar epithelium ( Glandular Epithelium shortened, irregularly shaped cells) Endocrine Gland Description Apical layer: Columnar layer Uncommon 🎀 Secretion of hormones Location Location 🎀 Lines part of urethra 🎀 Pituitary gland and base of brain Large excretory ducts (esophageal glands) 🎀 Thyroid and parathyroid 🎀 Small areas in anal mucus membrane 🎀 Adrenal glands superior to kidney 🎀 Part of the conjunctiva of eye 🎀 Pancreas near stomach Function 🎀 Ovaries 🎀 Protection 🎀Testes in scrotum 🎀 Secretion 🎀Thymus Function 🎀 Hormones regulates many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain hemostasis Exocrine Gland Description Stratified Cuboidal 🎀 Secretes their products into ducts that empty onto Description the surface of a covering 🎀 Has 2 or more layers of cells and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the 🎀 Apical layer: cube-shaped lumen of a hollow organ. 🎀 Fairly rare type Location Location 🎀 Sweat 🎀 Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands 🎀 Oil 🎀 Parts of male urethra 🎀 Earwax glands of the skin Function 🎀 Digestive gland 🎀 Protection 🎀 Pancreas 🎀 Limited secretion and absorption Function 🎀 Produce substances such as sweat to help lower body temperature, Oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes 4 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B  Exocrine Gland Classification Classification of Connective Tissue Structural Functional Classification Classification Type of Location in Connective the body Function A. Unicellular- single A. Merocrine Tissue celled, Goblet cells B. Multicellular-include B. Apocrine Embryonic sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous C. Holocrine Mesenchyme 🎀 Almost 🎀Forms all (oil), and salivary glands exclusively under other types of 🎀 2 criteria: skin 🎀Connective branched or 🎀 Developing Tissue unbranched bones of embryo Mucoid 🎀Umbilical cord 🎀Support Structural Classification of Multicellular of fetus Exocrine Glands Loose Connective Tissue Areolar 🎀 Papillary 🎀Strength, region of dermis elasticity and of skin support 🎀 Around blood vessels and nerves Adipose 🎀Subcutaneous 🎀 Reduce heat layer deep to loss, energy skin reserve, supports and protects organs, source CONNECTIVE TISSUE of stem cells General features of Connective Tissue Reticular 🎀 Stroma of liver, 🎀 Forms spleen, lymph stroma of Two basic elements nodes organs, binds Extracellular matrix 🎀 Red bone smooth a) Protein fibers and substance marrow muscle tissue Cells cells a) Fibroblasts 🎀 Removes b) Macrophages worn-out blood c) Plasma cells cells in spleen and liver d) Mast cells e) Adipocytes Dense Representative cells and fibers present in CT Connective Tissue Regular 🎀 Forms 🎀 Strong tendons, attachment for ligaments, and structures aponeurons Irregular 🎀 Tissues 🎀 Provides beneath skin and tensile (pulling) around strength in muscles and many organs directions 5 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B  🎀 Dermis of skin Within chambers reaction and 🎀 Fibrous of heart immune pericardium of responses heart 🎀 Platelets 🎀 Periosteum of (blood clotting) bone 🎀Perichondrium of cartilage 🎀 Heart valves Areolar Tissue Elastic 🎀 Aorta and lung 🎀Allows tissue stretching 🎀 Walls of elastic Provides arteries, trachea, elasticity bronchial tubes, etc. Adipose Tissue Cartilage Hyaline 🎀 Ends of bones 🎀 Flexibility 🎀 Anterior ends and support of ribs 🎀 Nose and parts of larynx 🎀 Embryonic Reticular and fetal skeleton Fibrocartilage 🎀 Pubic symphis 🎀 Support and 🎀 Invertebrate joining discs structures 🎀 Menisci together 🎀 Portions of Strength and Dense Regular Connective Tissue tendons that rigidity insert into cartilage Elastic 🎀 Lid on top of 🎀 Strength and Cartilage larynx ( elasticity epiglottis) Maintains 🎀 External ear ( shapes of auricle) structures 🎀 Auditory tubes (eustachian) Bone Tissue 🎀 Both compact 🎀 Support and spongy bone Protection make up Storage(house Dense Irregular Connective the various parts s blood Tissue of bones of the forming tissue body Acts as levers for movement Blood Within blood 🎀RBC vessels: (transport 🎀 Arteries oxygen nd 🎀 Arterioles CO2) 🎀 Capillaries 🎀WBC 🎀 Venules (Phagocytosis, 🎀 Veins allergic 6 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B  Elastic Dense Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage Compact Bone Blood 7 ENRIQUE, BSMT-2B