Speech Chain Handout PDF

8/22/24 LEARNING...

8/22/24 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the speech chain model THE SPEECH CHAIN 2. Discuss the processes involved in communication the speech chain model 3. Understand the concepts and terminologies used in the scientific description of speech communication 4. Relate the processes involve with each other 5. Identify the anatomical roles in each process of the speech chain 1 2 SPEECH PROCESS OF SPEECH: It is a form of expression It is a highly efficient or the ability to express system for exchanging thoughts and feelings by our most complex ideas ARRANGE THOUGHTS DECIDE ON WHAT YOU WANT TO SAY TRANSFORM IT NTO A LINGUISTIC FORM COORDINATE COGNITION WITH NERVE IMPULSES SET VOCAL MUSCLES LISTENERS ACQUIRE THE SPEECH SOUNDS DIFFERENT IMPULSES WOULD OCCUR BY SELECTION OF MOTOR MOVEMENT INTO MOVEMENT THROUGH WITHIN THE BRAIN articulating different (Denes, P and Pinson E., APPROPRIATE WORDS, PHRASES , FOR SPEECH IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WHICH WOULD PRODUCE SOUND ACTIVATION OF THE HEARING TO RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSRTAND THE sounds (Lexico, 2020) 2007). ARRANGING IT INTO THE APPROPRIATE SYNTAX AND WAVES/ ACOUSTIC WAVES MECHANISM AND PRODUCE NERVE IMPULSES THROUGH SPEAKER’S MESSAGE. GRAMMA THE ACOUSTIC NERVE TO THE LISTENER’S BRAIN. 3 4 1  8/22/24 SPEECH CHAIN WHAT IS SPEECH CHAIN Describes the stages of speech communication whereby a message moves between the mind of the speaker and the mind of the listener Speech communication Through the idea of the speech chain we see that information which is communicated linguistically to achieve some goal is encoded by the consists of chain of speaker into a sequence of articulatory gestures which generate sound, events that links the that sound is communicated to the listener, processed by the hearing mechanism into a neural signal that is interpreted to extract the meaning speaker with the of the utterance and the intention of the communicative act. listener 5 6 ELEMENTS OF THE SPEECH CHAIN 1. Encoding of pronunciation elements of the message as articulations (articulatory planning and execution) THE SPEECH CHAIN 2. Aero acoustic processes that generate sound from articulation (speech acoustics) SPEAKER, LISTENER, GAP 3. Transmission of sound (acoustics) 4. Audition of sound (hearing) 5. Interpretation of auditory sensation in terms of pronunciation elements (speech perception) 7 8 2  8/22/24 ”GAP” SPEECH CHAIN 1. ACOUSTIC LEVEL: 2. PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL: LEVELS 3. LINGUISTIC LEVEL: Acoustic level Initiator of communication The space between the speaker Audience structure for production and Receiver of message Sender of message listener structure for reception Encoder Decoder Goal is to successfully send information Goals is to make sense of the information sent 9 10 SPEECH CHAIN LEVELS SPEAKER LISTENER- reverse process S1. Linguistic Level: Selection and ordering of suitable words (Denes, P and Pinson E., 2007). basic sounds of communication are chosen to express thoughts L1. Acoustic Level: S2. Physiological Level: Incoming sound wave activates hearing Neural and muscular activities (Denes, P and Pinson E., 2007). mechanism Vocal tract produces sounds in linguistic units (Respiration, Articulation, Resonation L2. Physiological Level: and Phonation) Neural and muscular activities S3. Acoustic Level: Generation and transmission of sound waves (Denes, P and Pinson E., 2007). Neural activity in the hearing and perceptual Sound is released. mechanism SPEECH FEEDBACK/ AUDITORY FEEDBACK L3. Linguistic Level: Physiological Level: sound is analyzed by the ear/ Auditory processing Recognition of word and sentences transmitted by Linguistic Level: speech is perceived as sequence of linguistic units and understood as the speaker communication 11 12 3  8/22/24 PHYSIOLOGICAL LINGUISTIC LEVEL LEVEL Speaker Neural and muscular activities (Denes, P and Pinson E., 2007). Selection and ordering of suitable Fires neural impulses for speech mechanism words (Denes, P and Pinson E., 2007). Contracts upon receiving motor neural Basic sounds of communication are impulses from the brain chosen to express thoughts Vocal tract produces sounds in linguistic units (Respiration, Articulation, Resonation and Selects appropriate words to deliver Phonation) message that is understandable to Ø Involved in the m ovem ent of lungs, vocal folds, tongue, lips, jaw listener Ø M uscles that are responsible for speech Arranges it accordingly to rules of production and generation of sound waves language 13 14 ACOUSTIC LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL Generation and transmission of Neural and muscular activities sound waves Neural activity in the hearing and perceptual mechanism Incoming sound wave activates Responsible for sound reception hearing mechanism (receives sound waves from the environment) Sensitive to different frequencies Contains sensory nerves that carry auditory impulses to the brain 15 16 4  8/22/24 AUDITORY LINGUISTIC LEVEL FEEDBACK Listener Receives neural impulses from the ears (sensory nerves) Makes sense of the signals Physiological Level: sound is analyzed by the ear/ Auditory processing Identifies speech sounds, attaches meaning to sounds heard, organizes Linguistic Level: speech is perceived as information heard into meaningful sequence of linguistic units and phrases/sentences understood as communication Recognition of word and sentences transmitted by the speaker 17 18 OTHER CHANNELS REFERENCES OF INFORMATION Auditory Speaker’s mouth to feedback speaker’s ear Speaker’s Denes, P and Pinson E. (2007). The Speech Chain: The Physics and Biology of Spoken Language. 2 nd Edition., pp 1- Visual mouth movements 9. W.H. Freeman and Company. USA. information useful to the listener Lexico, 2020. Oxford and English Dictionary: Speech. Retrieved from https://www.lexico.com/definition/speech Haptic Touch feedback 19 20 5