Migration From Source Rocks to Reservoir Rocks PDF

Migration From Source Rocks to Reservoir Rocks ْ‫ض اٌرعا‬ٛ‫ صر‬ٌٝ‫ض اٌّصسض إ‬ٛ‫جطج ِٓ صر‬ٌٙ‫ا‬ Lecturer Ahmed Jalal Al-Bahar Lecture -3- 2022-2023 Migration of Petroleum ‫ي‬ٚ‫٘جطج اٌثرط‬ The process through which hyd...

Migration From Source Rocks to Reservoir Rocks ْ‫ض اٌرعا‬ٛ‫ صر‬ٌٝ‫ض اٌّصسض إ‬ٛ‫جطج ِٓ صر‬ٌٙ‫ا‬ Lecturer Ahmed Jalal Al-Bahar Lecture -3- 2022-2023 Migration of Petroleum ‫ي‬ٚ‫٘جطج اٌثرط‬ The process through which hydrocarbons migrate upward from the deeper and hotter regions of the basin through permeable strata towards a suitable geological units for accumulation ُ‫ح إٌّاسثح ٌٍرطاو‬١‫ج‬ٌٛٛ١‫حساخ اٌج‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٛ‫ض ػثط غثماخ ٔفاشج ٔح‬ٛ‫ اٌح‬ٟ‫ٔح ف‬ٛ‫األوثط سر‬ٚ ‫مح‬١ّ‫ ِٓ إٌّاغك اٌؼ‬ٍٝ‫ األػ‬ٌٝ‫ٔاخ إ‬ٛ‫وطت‬ٚ‫سض‬١ٌٙ‫ا ٘جطج ا‬ٌٙ‫رُ ِٓ ذال‬٠ ٟ‫ح اٌر‬١ٍّ‫اٌؼ‬ 1- Heat: when the kerogen is persistently heated, maturation causes an increase in volume associated with micro- fractures of the shales 1- ‫ض‬ٛ‫طذثػ تاٌىس‬٠ ُ‫ اٌحج‬ٟ‫ازج ف‬٠‫ ظ‬ٌٝ‫ إٌعج إ‬ٞ‫ؤز‬٠ ،‫ٓ تشىً ِسرّط‬١‫ج‬ٚ‫ط‬١‫ٓ اٌى‬١‫رُ ذسر‬٠ ‫ ػٕسِا‬:‫اٌحطاضج‬ ٟ‫ر‬٠‫مح ٌٍصرط اٌع‬١‫اٌسل‬ ‫‪2- Potential Difference: hydrocarbons migrate from a location‬‬ ‫‪of higher potential energy to that of lower potential.‬‬ ‫فطق اٌج‪ٙ‬س‪ :‬ذ‪ٙ‬اجط اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪ٔٛ‬اخ ِٓ ِ‪ٛ‬لغ غالح اٌ‪ٛ‬ظغ األػٍ‪ ٝ‬إٌ‪ِٛ ٝ‬لغ غالح اٌ‪ٛ‬ظغ األلً ‪2-‬‬ ‫اٌعغػ ⇒ اٌعغػ‬ ‫وّ‪ ْٛ‬و‪١ّ١‬ائ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ِٓ اٌرطو‪١‬ع اٌؼاٌ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫إٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌرطو‪١‬ع‬ ‫إٌّرفط‬ ‫)‪ٚ‬حسج ‪ٚ‬ظْ اٌرطتح أ‪ ٚ‬اٌصر‪ٛ‬ض (اٌىثافح ‪y:‬‬ ‫اٌؼّك ‪:‬‬ 3- Capillary Action: Fine sediments have a high capillary force 3- ‫ح‬١ٌ‫ح ػا‬٠‫ج شؼط‬ٛ‫اسة إٌاػّح تم‬ٚ‫ ذرّرغ اٌط‬:ٞ‫اٌفؼً اٌشؼط‬ ‫ط‬١‫تر‬ ٓ‫ذش‬ 4- Buoyancy Effect: A free hydrocarbon phase rises in a water column because its density is less than that of water. 4- ‫ اٌحط‬ٟٔٛ‫وطت‬ٚ‫سض‬١ٌٙ‫ض ا‬ٛ‫طذفغ اٌط‬٠ :ٛ‫ط اٌطف‬١‫ذأث‬ ‫ ألْ وثافرٗ ألً ِٓ وثافح اٌّاء‬ٟ‫ز ِائ‬ّٛ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ٚ‫وثافح اٌثرط‬  = density of water (~1.01-1.10) p = density of petroleum w (~0.7-0.8 for oil) ‫وثافح اٌّاء‬ h = )‫ (االضذفاع‬ٟ‫ اٌطأس‬ٜ‫اٌّس‬ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ز اٌثرط‬ّٛ‫ٌؼ‬ ٖ‫ٌٍٕفػ (أظط أػال‬ h = vertical extent (height) of the petroleum column ~ 0.3 for oil (see above) h = H = zo = Y in other presentations ‫ح‬١‫= ذساضع اٌجاشت‬ h = H = zo = Y ٜ‫ح األذط‬١ّ٠‫ض اٌرمس‬ٚ‫ اٌؼط‬ٟ‫ف‬ g = gravitational acceleration  Migration of Petroleum ‫ي‬ٚ‫٘جطج اٌثرط‬ There are two main types: ْ‫ا‬١‫س‬١‫ػاْ ضئ‬ٛٔ ‫ٕ٘ان‬ 1- Primary migration 1- ‫ح‬١ٌٚ‫جطج األ‬ٌٙ‫ا‬ 2- Secondary migration ‫ح‬٠ٛٔ‫جطج اٌثا‬ٌٙ‫ا‬ + Tertiary Migration (from one trap to other) + Dismigration (loss of a hydrocarbons) + ‫ آذط‬ٌٝ‫ح (ِٓ فد إ‬١‫جطج اٌثالث‬ٌٙ‫)ا‬ + ‫ٔاخ‬ٛ‫وطت‬ٚ‫سض‬١ٌٙ‫ط (فمساْ ا‬١‫ج‬ٙ‫)اٌر‬ Primary Migration ‫ح‬١ٌٚ‫جطج األ‬ٌٙ‫ا‬ Defined as the migration of petroleum from the source rock to the carrier bed. Earlier theories believed oil and gas came out of source rock with squeezing Water ‫ اٌطثمح‬ٌٝ‫ض اٌّصسض إ‬ٛ‫ أٔٗ ٘جطج إٌفػ ِٓ اٌصر‬ٍٝ‫فٗ ػ‬٠‫رُ ذؼط‬٠ ِٓ ْ‫رطجا‬٠ ‫اٌغاظ‬ٚ ‫اخ اٌساتمح أْ إٌفػ‬٠‫ اػرمسخ إٌظط‬.‫اٌحاٍِح‬ ‫ح ِغ ظغػ اٌّاء‬٠‫ض اٌّصسض‬ٛ‫اٌصر‬  Secondary Migration ‫ح‬٠ٛٔ‫جطج اٌثا‬ٌٙ‫ا‬ The process in which hydrocarbons move along a porous and permeable layer to its final accumulation. It is much less controversial than primary migration, and it is almost entirely governed by buoyancy forces. ‫ ألً إثاضج‬ٟ٘ٚ.ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫ا ا‬ّٙ‫ ذطاو‬ٝ‫ح حر‬٠‫ٔفاش‬ٚ ‫ح‬١ِ‫ي غثمح ِسا‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٍٝ‫ٔاخ ػ‬ٛ‫وطت‬ٚ‫سض‬١ٌٙ‫ا ا‬ٙ١‫ ذرحطن ف‬ٟ‫ح اٌر‬١ٍّ‫اٌؼ‬ ٛ‫ اٌطف‬ٜٛ‫ِح تاٌىاًِ تم‬ٛ‫ْ ِحى‬ٛ‫ذىاز ذى‬ٚ ،‫ح‬١ٌٚ‫جطج األ‬ٌٙ‫ط ِٓ ا‬١‫ٌٍجسي تىث‬ The principal conduits for secondary migration are permeable sandstone beds and unconformities. ‫ػسَ اٌّطاتمح‬ٚ ٍِٟ‫أسطج اٌحجط اٌط‬. ‫ح لاتٍح ٌٍٕفاش‬٠ٛٔ‫جطج اٌثا‬ٌٍٙ ‫ح‬١‫س‬١‫اخ اٌطئ‬ٕٛ‫اٌم‬ Buoyancy forces are proportional to the density difference between hydrocarbon and water. For continuous (but physically separate) hydrocarbon and water columns, the hydraulic potential, or the difference between the products of density times height of the two phases governs the flow of fluids. 1) Early Generation Spill Point Spill Point Seal Rock Reservoir Rock (Mudstone) (Sandstone) Migration from Gas ‘Kitchen’ beginning to 2) Late Generation displace oil Displaced oil Gas displaces accumulates all oil  ‫?‪What is hydrocarbon accumulation‬‬ ‫ِا ٘‪ ٛ‬ذطاوُ اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪ْٛ‬؟‬ ‫‪The process through which the migrating hydrocarbon will‬‬ ‫‪become trapped in the reservoir rocks underneath an impermeable‬‬ ‫‪geologic unit called Cap rocks (Seal Rocks).‬‬ ‫اٌؼٍّ‪١‬ح اٌر‪ ِٓ ٟ‬ذالٌ‪ٙ‬ا ‪٠‬صثح اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪ ْٛ‬اٌّ‪ٙ‬اجط ِحص‪ٛ‬ضا ً ف‪ ٟ‬صر‪ٛ‬ض اٌّىّٓ أسفً‬ ‫‪ٚ‬حسج ج‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪١‬ح غ‪١‬ط ِٕفصج ذسّ‪ ٝ‬صر‪ٛ‬ض اٌغطاء)‪(Seal Rocks‬‬ ‫اٌرعاْ اٌصرط‪ٞ‬‬ ‫ٔفاش‪٠‬ح ِساِ‪١‬ح اٌّحاصط‪ٓ٠‬‬ ‫‪ٚ.‬حسج ج‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪١‬ح ِحص‪ٛ‬ضج ‪ٔٚ‬فاش‪٠‬ح ذم‪ َٛ‬تررع‪ٔٚ ٓ٠‬مً اٌس‪ٛ‬ائً اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪١ٔٛ‬ح‬ ‫‪ِ ٟ٘ٚ‬ى‪ٔٛ‬ح ِٓ‪ :‬ذعأاخ ِٓ اٌحجط اٌطٍِ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ذشى‪ ً١‬اٌفراخ ِٓ اٌس‪١ٍ١‬ىاخ (اٌى‪ٛ‬اضذع‪،‬‬ ‫‪Si02).‬‬ ‫ذى‪ ٓ٠ٛ‬اٌىطت‪ٔٛ‬اخ‬ ‫صٕغ ذعأاخ وطت‪ٔٛ‬اخ‬ ‫ِٓ اٌّرٍفاخ‬ ‫‪).‬شظا‪٠‬ا اٌّطجاْ أ‪ ٚ‬اٌصسفح(‬ ‫ذعاْ وطت‪ٔٛ‬اخ‬ ‫لثح اٌصرط‬ ‫ور‪ّ١‬ح‬ ‫‪ٚ‬حسج ج‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪١‬ح غ‪١‬ط ِٕفصج ذحصط صرطج اٌرعاْ ٌّٕغ اٌس‪ٛ‬ائً‬ ‫اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪١ٔٛ‬ح ِٓ اٌ‪ٙ‬ط‪ٚ‬ب إٌ‪ ٝ‬األػٍ‪ٝ‬‬ ‫فد‬ ‫ذطذ‪١‬ة ِٓ اٌ‪ٛ‬حساخ اٌصرط‪٠‬ح اٌر‪ ٟ‬ذحر‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪ٔٛ‬اخ اٌّرطاوّح ‪ٚ‬ذرى‪ ِٓ ْٛ‬صر‪ٛ‬ض اٌرعاْ ‪ٚ‬اٌغطاء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ٕ٘.‬ان أشىاي ‪ٚ‬أحجاَ ‪ٚ‬أٔ‪ٛ‬اع ِررٍفح ِٓ اٌفراخ‬  ‫‪:‬أٔ‪ٛ‬اع اٌفراخ‬ ‫اٌفراخ اٌ‪١ٙ‬ىٍ‪١‬ح ‪1.‬‬ ‫اٌّصائس اٌّعازج ٌٍّ‪ً١‬‬ ‫ِصائس اٌرطأ‬ ‫ِص‪١‬سج لثح اٌٍّح‬ ‫اٌفراخ اٌّررٍطح‬ ‫اٌفراخ اٌطثال‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪ِ.‬صائس ػسَ اٌّطاتمح‬ ‫‪ِ iii-‬صائس اٌمطص ‪ii.‬‬ ‫‪ِ IV-‬صائس اٌؼسساخ‬ ‫ِص‪١‬سج اٌشؼاب‬ ‫اٌّطجأ‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪٠‬رُ اٌرؼطف ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌّصائس اٌّعازج‬ ‫اٌفراخ اٌّعازج ٌٍّ‪ً١‬‬ ‫ٌٍّ‪ ِٓ ً١‬ذالي شىٍ‪ٙ‬ا إٌاذج ػٓ‬ ‫ذش‪٘ٛ‬اخ اٌمشطج اٌٍ‪ٕ١‬ح‬ ‫ِصائس األػطاي ٔاذجح‬ ‫ػٓ اٌحطوح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬غ‪ٛ‬ي‬ ‫ِصائس االذطاء‬ ‫اٌرػ اٌرٍف‪ٟ‬‬ ‫اٌّمطغ اٌؼطظ‪ ٟ‬اٌررط‪١‬ط‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ٌؼة غ‪ٛ‬ض‪ ٚ‬اٌسفٍ‪ٟ‬‬  ‫ِصائس لثح اٌٍّح‬ ‫ِصائس لثح اٌٍّح‬ ‫غثمح سّ‪١‬ىح ِٓ اٌٍّح‪ ،‬أ‪ ٚ‬اٌ‪ٙ‬اٌ‪١‬د‪ ،‬ذ‪ٛ‬جس ف‪ٟ‬‬ ‫اٌؼّك ف‪ ٟ‬ذفاػً ػّ‪ٛ‬ز‪ِ ٞ‬غ غثماخ اٌصر‪ٛ‬ض‬ ‫‪.‬اٌّح‪١‬طح‬  ‫اٌفراخ اٌطثم‪١‬ح‬ ‫ذٕرج ػٓ ذى‪ ٓ٠ٛ‬غ‪١‬ط ِساِ‪٠ ٟ‬غٍك اٌحافح اٌؼٍ‪٠ٛ‬ح ٌماع اٌرعاْ أ‪ ٚ‬ػٓ غط‪٠‬ك‬ ‫‪.‬ذغ‪١١‬ط اٌّساِ‪١‬ح ‪ٚ‬إٌفاش‪٠‬ح زاذً لاع اٌرعاْ ٔفسٗ‬ ‫ِصائس ػسَ اٌّطاتمح‬ ‫ػسَ اٌّطاتمح‬ ‫ٔفػ‪/‬غاظ‬ ‫قرصة الفخاخ‬ ‫ٔفػ‪/‬غاظ‬ ‫ِصائس اٌؼسسح‬ ‫لعثاْ اٌطِاي‬ ‫و‪١‬ف ذّ‪ ً١‬اٌس‪ٛ‬ائً إٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌرمس‪ ُ١‬اٌطثم‪ ٟ‬تؼس اٌرطاوُ؟‬ ‫غاظ‬ ‫ٔفػ‬ ‫ِاء‬ A Structural ‘Football (As Simple as it Gets) "‫ح‬١ٍ‫ى‬١٘ َ‫"وطج لس‬.  Reservoir Types ‫اع اٌرعأاخ‬ٛٔ‫أ‬ Clastic ‫ه‬١‫والسر‬ Blanket Sandstones (Marine Reworked) ‫ا‬ٙ‫اغر‬١‫ح ُِؼاز ص‬٠‫ح (تحط‬١ٔ‫ح تطا‬١ٍِ‫)أحجاض ض‬ Channels / Deltaics / Turbidites / Nearshore Marine ‫اخ‬ٕٛ‫ اٌم‬/ Deltatics / Turbidites / ‫ثح ِٓ اٌشاغئ‬٠‫اٌمط‬ Others (Aeolian, Granite Wash) ‫د‬١ٔ‫ً اٌجطا‬١‫ غس‬،ْ‫ا‬٠‫ال‬ٛ٠‫ (إ‬ٜ‫)أذط‬ Carbonate ‫ٔاخ‬ٛ‫وطت‬ Limestone ‫حجط اٌىٍس‬ Dolomite ‫د‬١ٌِٛٚ‫اٌس‬ Unconventional ‫ح‬٠‫س‬١ٍ‫ط ذم‬١‫غ‬ Gas-Oil Shale (tight sandstone/limestone) ‫اٌحجط‬/‫ك‬١‫ اٌع‬ٍِٟ‫اٌغاظ (اٌحجط اٌط‬ٚ ٟ‫ر‬٠‫اٌع‬ٞ‫ط‬١‫)اٌج‬ ‫اٌصرط‬ Coalbed Methane ٞ‫ثاْ غثمح اٌفحُ اٌحجط‬١ِ Others (hydrates, asphalts) ‫ األسفٍد‬،‫سضاخ‬١ٌٙ‫ (ا‬ٜ‫)أذط‬  ‫ِساِ‪١‬ح ِؼع‪ٌٚ‬ح (غ‪١‬ط‬ ‫‪%‬فؼاٌح) ‪3‬‬ ‫‪%‬إجّاٌ‪ ٟ‬اٌّساِ‪١‬ح ‪39‬‬ ‫لّح‬ ‫ٌّساِ‪١‬ح اٌّرصٍح‬ ‫‪(%‬اٌفؼاٌح) ‪92‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ثٕ‪ٟ‬‬ Reservoir Sandstone ٍِٟ‫ذعاْ اٌحجط اٌط‬ Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum ‫ي‬ٚ‫طج ٌٍثرط‬١‫سج = ِساحح وث‬١‫ح ج‬١ِ‫ِسا‬ Pores (blue) َ‫اٌّسا‬ (‫)أظضق‬ Reservoir Sandstone ٍِٟ‫ذعاْ اٌحجط اٌط‬ Pore-Filling Cement Reduces Quality ًٍ‫م‬٠ َ‫ّأل اٌّسا‬٠ ٞ‫األسّٕد اٌص‬ ‫زج‬ٛ‫ِٓ اٌج‬ Cement (pink) ٟٕ‫ث‬٠ (ً‫ْ اٌمطٔف‬ٌٛ) = Less Space for = ‫ي‬ٚ‫ِساحح ألً ٌٍثرط‬ Petroleum  ‫‪What are required conditions for geologic‬‬ ‫?‪accumulation of Petroleum‬‬ ‫ِا ٘‪ ٟ‬اٌشط‪ٚ‬غ اٌالظِح ٌٍرطاوُ اٌج‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ثرط‪ٚ‬ي؟‬ ‫صرطج اٌّصسض غٕ‪١‬ح تاٌّازج اٌؼع‪٠ٛ‬ح (اٌى‪١‬ط‪ٚ‬ج‪ )ٓ١‬ذرعغ ٌٍعغػ ‪ٚ‬اٌرسر‪ٌ ٓ١‬رح‪ ً٠ٛ‬اٌى‪١‬ط‪ٚ‬ج‪ ٓ١‬إٌ‪ٝ‬‬ ‫ِطوثاخ ٘‪١‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪١ٔٛ‬ح‬ ‫صرط اٌرعاْ ٌٗ ِساِ‪١‬ح ‪ٔٚ‬فاش‪٠‬ح ِٕاسثح ٌررع‪ٔٚ ٓ٠‬مً اٌس‪ٛ‬ائً‬ ‫‪.‬اٌ‪١ٙ‬سض‪ٚ‬وطت‪١ٔٛ‬ح‬ ‫‪. Cap Rock (Seal Rock)،‬غ‪١‬ط ِٕفص ٌّٕغ ٘ط‪ٚ‬ب اٌّطوثاخ إٌفط‪١‬ح اٌّعز٘طج إٌ‪ ٝ‬سطح األضض‬ ‫اٌرطذ‪١‬ة اٌ‪ٕٙ‬سس‪ٌ ٟ‬صر‪ٛ‬ض اٌّصسض ‪ٚ‬اٌرعاْ ‪ٚ‬اٌغطاء الحرجاظ إٌفػ‬