Guia de Estudio Español 2 - Final Diciembre 2024-2025 PDF

**PRESENTE** 1. -------------------------- -------------------------------- **Hablar** Yo habl-**o** Nosotros/as habl-**amos** Tú habl-**as** Vosotros/as habl-**áis** Él, ella, Ud. habl-**a** Ellos, ellas, Uds. habl-**an** -----------------...

**PRESENTE** 1. -------------------------- -------------------------------- **Hablar** Yo habl-**o** Nosotros/as habl-**amos** Tú habl-**as** Vosotros/as habl-**áis** Él, ella, Ud. habl-**a** Ellos, ellas, Uds. habl-**an** -------------------------- -------------------------------- 2. ---------------------------- ---------------------------------- **Aprender** Yo aprend-**o** Nosotros/as aprend-**emos** Tú aprend-**es** Vosotros/as aprend-**éis** Él, ella, Ud. aprend-**e** Ellos, ellas, Uds. aprend-**en** ---------------------------- ---------------------------------- 3. ------------------------- ------------------------------- **Vivir** Yo viv-**o** Nosotros/as viv-**imos** Tú viv-**es** Vosotros/as viv-**ís** Él, ella, Ud. viv-**e** Ellos, ellas, Uds. viv-**en** ------------------------- ------------------------------- - **Additional notes on the [Present Tense]:** - - - -------------------------- -------------------------------- **Pensar (e** → **ie)** Yo p**ie**nso Nosotros/as pensamos Tú p**ie**nsas Vosotros/as pensáis Él, ella, Ud. p**ie**nsa Ellos, ellas, Uds. p**ie**nsan -------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------------- **Volver (o** → **ue)** Yo v**ue**lvo Nosotros/as volvemos Tú v**ue**lves Vosotros/as volvéis Él, ella, Ud. v**ue**lve Ellos, ellas, Uds. v**ue**lven -------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------ **Pedir (e** → **i)** Yo p**i**do Nosotros/as pedimos Tú p**i**des Vosotros/as pedís Él, ella, Ud. p**i**de Ellos, ellas, Uds. p**i**den ------------------------ ------------------------------ 2. **GUSTAR** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | (Para enfasís) | **Obligatorio** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | A mí | **Me** | Gusta/ gustan | | | | | | A ti | **Te** | Gustó/gustaron | | | | | | A Él, ella, Ud. | **Le** | | | | | | | A Nosotros/as | **Nos** | | | | | | | A Vosotros/as | **Os** | | | | | | | A Ellos, ellas, Uds. | **Les** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Examples of gustar: - *A mi **me gustan las** enchilada**s*** - *A ti **te gusta comer** enchiladas* - *A Nosotros **nos gusta el** chile* - **Other verbs like gustar:** aburrir, encantar, faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar,molestar,quedar. 3. **FUTURE** To form the future tense, conjugate verb "ir", add the preposition "a" and add the infinitive form of the principal verb: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **FUTURE** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **IR** | **PREPOSICIÓN** | **INFINITIVO** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Yo | voy | a | -ar/-er/-ir | | | | | | | Tú | vas | | | | | | | | | Él, ella, Ud. | va | | | | | | | | | Nosotros/as | vamos | | | | | | | | | Vosotros/as | vais | | | | | | | | | Ellos, ellas, | van | | | | Uds. | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ *Examples: yo voy a comer, vamos a salir con nuestros amigos, vais al cine los sábados por la tarde.* 4. **ESTAR+ EMOCIONES Y CONDICIONES** To express emotions and conditions we use the verb estar. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **ESTAR** | **ADJETIVOS** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Yo | estoy | Abierto/a, | | | | aburrido/a, alegre, | | Tú | estás | avergonzado/a etc. | | | | | | Él, ella, Ud. | está | | | | | | | Nosotros/as | estamos | | | | | | | Vosotros/as | estáis | | | | | | | Ellos, ellas, Uds. | están | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - **¡Atención!:** The adjective agrees with the subject. *Examples: yo estoy contenta, mi hermano está aburrido, nosotros estamos tristes* 5. **EL PRESENTE PROGRESIVO o CONTINUO: ESTAR+ (-ando, -iendo)** Both Spanish and English use the present progressive, which consists of the present tense of "estar"+ the gerund of another verb (-ing form in English) +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **ESTAR** | **GERUNDIO** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Yo | estoy | -ar (.ando) | | | | | | Tú | estás | -er (-iendo) | | | | | | Él, ella, Ud. | está | -ir (-iendo) | | | | | | Nosotros/as | estamos | | | | | | | Vosotros/as | estáis | | | | | | | Ellos, ellas, Uds. | están | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - **Additional notes on the [Present progressive]:** - - - **e** → **ie:** preferir---prefiriendo **o** → **ue:** dortmir --durmiendo **e** → **i:** conseguir---consiguiendo. 6. **SER Y ESTAR** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **USOS SER** | **USOS ESTAR** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1. Nationality | 1. Location or spatial | | | relationships | | 2. Profession or occupation | | | | 2. Health | | 3. Characteristics of people and | | | things | 3. Physical states and | | | conditions | | 4. Generalizations | | | | 4. Emotional states | | 5. Possession | | | | 5. Certain weather expressions | | 6. What something is made of | | | | 6. Ongoing actions (progressive | | 7. Time and date | tenses) | | | | | 8. Where and when an event takes | | | place | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **Additional notes on the [ser y estar con adjetivos]:** Some adjectives change meaning when used with ser and estar (listo/a, malo/a, aburrido/a, verde, vivo/a, seguro/a) 7. **DIRECT & INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS** 4. **Direct Objects** answer the question *what?* Or *whom*? In relation to the verb. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Me | Nos | | | | | Te | Os | | | | | Lo/la | Los/las | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 2. **Indirect Objects** tell *whom* and *for whom* an action is done. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Me | Nos | | | | | Te | Os | | | | | Le | Les | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 8. **SABER Y CONOCER** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **SABER** | **CONOCER** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Yo | Sé | | | | | | | Tú | Sabes | | | | | | | Él, ella, Ud. | Sabe | | | | | | | Nosotros/as | Sabemos | | | | | | | Vosotros/as | Sabéis | | | | | | | Ellos, ellas, Uds. | Saben | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - **¡Atención!:** - - 9. **PASADO** 5. **PRETERITE** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Regular verbs | | | | | in the | | | | | Preterite** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **Hablar** | **Comer** | **Vivir** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Yo** | Habl**-é** | Com**-í** | Viv**-í** | | | | | | | **Tú** | Habl**-aste** | Com**-iste** | Viv**-iste** | | | | | | | **Él, ella, | Habl**-ó** | Com**-ió** | Viv**-ió** | | Ud.** | | | | | | Habl**-amos** | Com**-imos** | Viv**-imos** | | **Nosotros/as** | | | | | | Habl**-asteis** | Com**-isteis** | Viv**-isteis** | | **Vosotros/as** | | | | | | Habl**-aron** | Com**-ieron** | Viv**-ieron** | | **Ellos, ellas, | | | | | Uds.** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Preterite for *creer, leer and | | | oír*** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Yo | Creí                       Leí   | | |                 Oí | | Tú | | | | Creíste                 Leíste    | | **Él, ella, Ud.** |           Oíste | | | | | Nosotros/as | **Creyó                    Leyó  | | |           Oyó** | | Vosotros/as | | | | Creímos               Leímos      | | **Ellos, ellas, Uds.** |       Oímos | | | | | | Creísteis            Leísteis    | | |       Oísteis | | | | | | **Creyeron             Leyeron   | | |   Oyeron** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 10. **ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Adjetivos | | | | | demostrativos** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Masculino | **Femenino** | **Masculino | **Femenino** | | singular** | | singular** | | | | **Singular** | | **singular** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Este** | **Esta** | **Estos** | **Estas** | | | | | | | **Ese** | **Esa** | **Esos** | **Esas** | | | | | | | **Aquel** | **Aquella** | **Aquellos** | **Aquellas** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Pronombres | | | | | demostrativos** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Masculino | **Femenino** | **Masculino | **Femenino** | | singular** | | singular** | | | | **Singular** | | **singular** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Éste** | **Ésta** | **Éstos** | **Éstas** | | | | | | | **Ése** | **Ésa** | **Ésos** | **Ésas** | | | | | | | **Aquél** | **Aquélla** | **Aquéllos** | **Aquéllas** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ - **¡Atención!:** -