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2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE EON PRECAMBRIAN (21 hr-long, 88% of GTS) ERA HADEAN (4.5Ga-3.85 Ga) (informal unit) • GEORGES LAMAîTRE formulated Big Bang Theory. • EDWIN HUBBLE formulated Red Shift(700mm) (moving away; an example of Doppler Effect). Blue Shift (400mm) (nearing). • THEORIES OF UNIVERSE F...

2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE EON PRECAMBRIAN (21 hr-long, 88% of GTS) ERA HADEAN (4.5Ga-3.85 Ga) (informal unit) • GEORGES LAMAîTRE formulated Big Bang Theory. • EDWIN HUBBLE formulated Red Shift(700mm) (moving away; an example of Doppler Effect). Blue Shift (400mm) (nearing). • THEORIES OF UNIVERSE FORMATION: 1. Big Crunch Theory (stops expanding) 2. Big Bang Theory (expanding) • CHEMICAL MAKEUP OF UNIVERSE: THEN: 76% H, 24% He NOW: 70% H, 28% He, 2% others. • THEORIES OF MOON FORMATION: 1. Fission Theory 2. Capture Theory 3. Condensation Theory 4. Theia Hypothesis PERIOD EPOCH AGE 13.7 Ga BIG BANG THEORY 4.546 Ga Formation of the EARTH (5.51g/cc) Formation of the MOON: The THEIA Hypothesis or Great/Large Impact Hypothesis; Collision of a Mars-sized asteroid with the molten Earth (GEIA), ejecting materials around Earth's orbit coallescing to form the moon. Moon’s (3.3g/cc) Composition: MARIA (Basaltic) TERRAE (Anorthosite) 4.50 Ga 4.4 Ga 4.03 Ga EOARCHEA N (3.85 Ga TO 3.6 Ga • Formation of Continents • Earth’s Earliest Organisms • Average elevation on Earth = 0.8km asl • Average depth of ocean floor = 3.8km bsl • 95% of people lives on Continents; 5% lives on volcanic Islands. • ROCKS OF ARCHEAN(22%) : 1. Granite-Gneiss Complexes (12%) 2. Greenstone Belts (10%) 2.1 Komatiite (Fo) @ Surface Temp of 1600˚C. But today, Surface Temp is 1350˚C . 3.8 Ga to 3.1 Ga Formation of carbonate minerals starts depleting atmospheric carbon dioxide Age of ACASTA GNEISS (Tonalitic Granitic Gneiss) found in NW Canada (Great Slave Lake/ Slave Province) AGE OF OLDEST CONTINENTAL CRUST Formation of first water brought by Carbonaceous Chondrite (LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT). Also formed the craters in the moon. Formation of first BIF (ALGOMA TYPE DEPOSIT) 3.8 Ga to 3.7 Ga 3.6 Ga EVOLUTION OF LIFE Has crust of 70km thick. Lithosphere of 1000km thick. Age of ZIRCON GRAINS found in Jack Hills, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia (Metaseds na Quartzite). 4.4 Ga 4.0Ga to 3.8 Ga ARCHEAN (3.85-2.5 Ga) (45.6% of GTS) SIGNIFICANT GEOLOGIC EVENTS Greenland Stromatolite in ISUA SUPRACRUSTAL BELT (ISB);; Chemical Evidence of life in Greenland. Disputed Stromatolite Formation of first theorized supercontinent; VAALBARA (Completed 3.1 Ga) Derived from Kaapvaal Craton of S. Africa and Pilbara Craton of W. Australia PALEOARC HEAN (3.6 Ga TO 3.2 Ga) 3.5 to 3.3 Ga MESOARCH EAN (3.2 Ga TO 2.8 Ga) 3.2 Ga to 1.4 Ga ARCHEAN STROMATOLITES in Hamelin Pool, Shark's bay, Western Australia CYANOBACTERIA (Blue-Green Algae) – First Bacteria; use H2S as source of Hydrogen. 3.5 Ga 3.1 Ga Apperance of ACRITARCHS (cyst of Planktonic Algae) Formation of 2nd supercontinent : UR (half a billion years younger than Vaalbara) Presently Australia, Africa (Madagascar), & India. Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan 3.0 Ga NEOARCHE AN (2.8 Ga TO 2.5 Ga) 2.7 Ga Oldest known undisputed STROMATOLITE. Barberton Greenstone Belt, S. Africa. Formation of KENORLAND (Widely accepted supercontinent) by KenoranAlgoman Orogeny. Kenorland Comprise: Laurentia, Baltica, W. Australia, Kalahari 2.6 Ga to 1.8 Ga 2.5 Ga PROTEROZOIC (2.5 Ga – 542 Ma) (42.5% of GTS) • ICE AGE 1. GLACIAL PERIOD (cold) 2. INTERGLACIALS (warm) PALEOPRO TEROZOIC (2.5 Ga TO 1.6 Ga) 2.45 Ga 2.4 Ga 1. OBLIQUITY (23.5˚ from vertical) -Minimum Tilt (which promotes growth of ice shets) = 22.1˚ -Maximum Tilt= 24.5˚ -41,000 yr cycle Stops the deposition of Algoma type BIF due to onset of the Huronian Glaciation 2.1 Ga 3. PRECESSION -Earth’s axis wobbles between pointing at POLARIS (current NORTH STAR) and pointing at star VEGA (then NORTH STAR). -26,000 yr cycle 2.02 Ga VREDERFORT CRATER (300 km) Largest Impact Crater at Free State Province of South Africa. Named after the town of Vredefort 1.85 Ga SUDBURY CRATER (130 km) 3rd Largest Impact Crater Ontario, Canada Formation of COLUMBIA OR NUNA OR HUSDSONLAND (Supercontinent); Hudsonian Orogeny Start of fragmentation of COLUMBIA OR NUNA OR HUSDSONLAND GRENVILLE OROGENY It is significant because it may have been the final episode in the assembly of the next supercontinent RODINIA. Formation of First Certain Supercontinent RODINIA (equatorial supercontinent); Super Ocean: MIROVIA (mirovoy = “global”) 1.8 Ga to 1.5 Ga MESOPROT EROZOIC (1.6 Ga TO 1.0 Ga) 1.6 Ga to 1.2 Ga 1.3 Ga to 1.1 Ga 1.3 Ga to 1.1 Ga GREAT OXYGENATION EVENT -Caused by release of Free Oxygen by Cyanobacteria -Caused the: 1. First glaciation event (Huronian Glaciation) 2. First mass extinction (Casualties: Cyanobacteria) 3. Deposition of BIFs HURONIAN GLACIATION (300 Million yr span) - Oldest and longest ice age that covered almost all lands and oceans up to the equator. (Snowball Earth Episode 1) PERIOD: SIDERIAN & RHYACIAN FREE OXYGEN appeared in the atmosphere. Stable since 1.5 Ga. GRYPANIA - oldest known mega fossil found in Negaunee Iron Formation in Michigan 2.2 Ga 2. ECCENTRICITY (e=0.0167) -Circular (e=0) -Parabola (e=1) -100,000-400,000 yr cycle • ENDOSYMBIOSIS –one symbiont lived within the other; a special type of symbiosis. Eukartoic Cells formed from Prokaryotic Cells. Start of fragmentation of KENORLAND where Kola and Kerila Cratons drift apart 2.4 Ga to 2.1 Ga • MILUTIN MILANKOVITCH CYCLES: • WILSON CYCLE Break-up of VAALBARA Kola = ~15 degrees lat Kerila= ~30 degrees lat • CAUSES OF ICE AGE: 1. Concentration of CO2 & Methane 2. Milankovitch Cycles (variation in Earth’s orbit) 3. Motion of Tectonic Plates • BANDED IRON FORMATION -Most famous rock of the Proterozoic Eon. Iron Oxides, Iron-poor shales, Cherts. First Superior-Type BIF RODINIA WITNESSED: 1. Evolution of Eukaryotes (w/ nucleus) into multicellular organisms. 2. First appearance of Sexual Reproduction Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan 3. Formation of Ozone Layer in Atmosphere BANGIOMORPHA: First Eukaryote 1.2 Ga NEOPROTE ROZOIC (1.0 Ga TO 542 Ma) 800 Ma to 500 Ma 750 Ma Second Superior-Type BIF Fragmentation of RODINIA 720 Ma to 635 Ma 650 Ma CRYOGENIAN ICE AGE OR VARANGIAN GLACIATION (Snowball Earth) Cause: Break up of Ozone Layer PERIOD: CRYOGENIAN Formation of PANOTIA SUPERCONTINENT OR VENDIAN SUPERCONTINENT OR GREATER GONDWANA OR THE PAN-AFRICAN SUPERCONTINENT (PAN-AFRICAN OROGENY650Ma to 500Ma) 630 Ma to 542 Ma EDIACARAN FAUNA or AVALON EXPLOSION Impressions of soft-bodied animals discovered by R.C. SPRIGG in Pound Quartzite in the Ediacaran Hills, South Australia - A collective name for fossil associations similar to those in Ediacara hills [Jelly fish, Sea pens, Segmented worms, and primitive members of phylum arthropod(insects, spiders, crabs)] • SPRIGGINA – cited as possible ancestor of Trilobites 550 Ma EON ERA PERIOD PHANEROZOIC EON (542Ma – Recent) PALEOZOIC ERA (542 Ma – 251 Ma) (6.3% OF GTS) CAMBRIAN PERIOD (542 Ma TO 488 Ma) (11.7% = ~12% OF GTS) • APPALACHIAN REGION -Passive, Continental Margin. AGE OF INVERTEBRA TES • BURGESS SHALE BIOTA -one of the most significant Lagerstatten in 20th century. GOLDEN AGE OF TRILOBITES EPOCH AGE 542 Ma Fragmentation of PANOTIA. Formation of IAPETUS OCEAN. SIGNIFICANT GEOLOGIC EVENTS Six Paleozoic contient form the break-up of Panotia 1. Gondwana – S. America, Africa, Florida, Antartica, Australia, India 2. Laurentia – N America, Greenland, Scotland, Eastern Russia 3. Baltica – Russia, Scandinavian, Poland, N. Germany 4. Siberia – Russia, Asia 5. Kazakhstania – Kazahstan and Paleozoic Siberia 6. China – All of SE Asia, Indochina, Thai, Malay EVOLUTION OF LIFE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION: an explosive development of new types of animals First appearance of: Benthic Forams, octopus, clams, snails, mollusks, gastropods, echinoderms, ostracods, conodonts, algae, graptolites, cephalopods TRILOBITES – Diverse in Late Cambrian; Most conspicuous element of the Cambrian marine invertebrates – half of total fauna BRACHIOPODS – 2nd major group of Cambrian Organisms; secretes Chitinophosphate shell; (Inarticulate = lack tooth & socket Articulate = has tooth & socket) ARCHAEOCYATHIDS - First Reef Builders; 3rd major group of Cambrian Organisms; Extinct at End of Cambrian OSTRACODERMS “Bony Skin”Jawless fishes; Oldest and most primitive of the class Agnatha. SAUK TRANSGRESSION: Melting of Varangian Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan ODOVICIAN (488 Ma TO 444 Ma) Named By CHARLES LAPWORTH 450 Ma to 440 Ma SILURIAN (444 Ma TO 416 Ma) DEVONIAN (416 Ma TO 359 Ma) AGE OF OROGENY AGE OF FISHES CHORDATE – has notochord (dorsal, hollow nerve cord); has Backbones. FISHES – Most primitive vertebrates TACONIC OROGENY Early Ordovician -1st of three orogenies to affect the Appalachian Region - due to the subduction of the Iapetus Plate beneath the East margin of Laurentia forming the Appalachian Mountain Belt First appearance of : 1. NAUTILOIDS - Dominant predators 2. Fungi appeared on Land 3. First Non-vascular PLANTS (Moss) 4. EUREPTYRIDS (Sea Scorpions) Abundance of CEPHALOPODS Diversification of ACRITARCHS (organic-walled phytoplankton); primary food source of Paleozoic 3 ORDOVICIAN FOSSIL GROUPS: 1. ARTICULATE BRACHIOPODS 2. GRAPTOLITES 3. CONODONTS (tooth-like apatite fossils) ORDOVICIAN - SILURIAN MASS EXTINCTION (HIRTNANIAN-RHUDDANIAN MASS EXTINCTION) - 2nd largest mass extinction - 85% casualty on all marine and land species - 60% of Marine invertebrates died - Causes: Gondwana move southwards resulting to extensive glaciation and Sea level Fall ANDEAN-SAHARAN GLACIATION (460-430 Ma) (ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN GLACIATION) CALEDONIAN OROGENY First appearances: FISHES Late Silurian to Early Devonian 1. First Jawed fishes (Lower - 2nd to affect the Silurian ACANTHODIAN & Appalachian Region PLACODERMS “plate skinned”) 2. First vascular plants -Baltica + Avalonia collided (COOKSONIA – Y-shaped) with Laurentia to form 3. First freshwater fish LAURASIA which closes the 4. First coral reef Northern Iapetus Ocean First appearances: ACADIAN OROGENY GYMNOSPERMS (non-flowering plants) -3rd to affect the Appalachian 1. First wingless insects Mountain 2. First ammonites 3. First Amphibian -Closing of the Southern 4. First sharks, rays, and skates Iapetus Ocean (CHONDRICHTHYES- cartilaginous) 5. First “Bony Fish” OTHER DEVONIAN TECTONIC (OSTEICHTHYES): EVENTS RELATED TO COLLISION OF LAURENTIA 5.1 RAY-FINNED FISH AND BALTICA FORMING (Subclass Actinopterygii) LAURASIA: 5.2 LOBE-FINNED FISH (Subclass Sarcopterygii): 1. CORDILLERAN ANTLER OROGENY 5.2.1 COELACANTHS (Middle Devonian) 2. ELLESMERE OROGENY 5.2.2 LUNGFISH - Late Devonian (order Dipnoi) - Collision of Siberia and 5.2.3 Laurentia CROSSOPTERYGIANS – where which 3. URAL MOUNTANIN BELT Amphibians evolve from. -formed by change from 5.2.3.1 RHIPIDISTIANS passive continental margin to (ancestral group) an active convergental plate 5.2.3.1.1 boundary in Eastern Baltica. EUSTHENOPTERON Late Devonian IWAN STOSSEL in VALENTIA ISLAND witnessed the early evolution of TETRAPODS: [from EUSTHENOPTERON (Crossopterigian lobe-finned fish) to ICHTHYOSTEGA (Amphibian)] Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan Oldest known amphibian fossil found in the Upper Devonian Old Red Sandstone of Eastern Greenland and belonging to the genus ICHTHYOSTEGA Late Devonian TIKTAALIK ROSEAE “large fish in a stream” (Intermediary between the lobe-finned fish like PANDERICHTHYS and the earliest tetrapod, ACANTHOSTEGA) in Ellesmere Island, Canada DIVERSIFICATION OF PLANTS 408 Ma to 360 Ma CARBONIFER O US (359 Ma TO 299 Ma) LATE DEVONIAN (FRASNIAN-FAMENNIAN) MASS EXTINCTION - 5th largest mass extinction - 80% of all living species , primarily the marine community have been wiped out. - Extinction of cooksonia, tribulate corals, stromatoporoids, ostracoderms, and placoderms GONDWANA COLLIDED WITH LAURASIA Early Carbonferous AGE OF PLANTS PERMIAN (299 Ma TO 251 Ma) KAROO GLACIATION (360Ma to 260Ma) (CARBONIFEROUS-PERMIAN GLACIATION) FINAL PHASE OF COLLISION OF GONDWANA AND LAURASIA Late Carboniferous – Early Permian -Marked by OUACHITA MOUNTAINS of OKLAHOMA COMPLETE ASSEMBLY OF PANGEA - Marked by HERCYNIAN (Europe) - ALLEGHENIAN (New York to Albama) - OUACHITA (Oklahoma) OROGENY Formation of PANTHALASSA Enormous single ocean that surrounded Pangea 251 Ma SIBERIAN TRAPS First appearance of: LYCOPSIDS, CONIFERS, CYCADS, FIRST FOREST Late Mississippian WESTLOTHIANA – Reptile-like tetropod (Scottland) Pennsylvanian Remains of HYLONOMUS – Oldest known reptile; found in Nova Scotia, Canada Pennsylvanian PELYCOSAURS or finback reptiles evolved from PROTOROTHYRIDS – small lizard -like reptile The rocks of the Pennsylvanian Period (Late Carboniferous) are the major source of the world’s COAL. Coal results from the alteration of plant (Lycopsids and Sphenopsids) remains accumulating in low, swampy areas Early Permian Dominance of PROTOROTHYRIDS reptile group. But got extict and succeeded by THERAPSIDS (mammal-like reptiles na kamukha ni Barney sa ppt). PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION -THE "GREAT DYING" - Largest Mass Extinction - Elimination of over 95% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species. - Extinction of Trilobites, eurypterids, acanthodians, blastoids Cause: 1. Bolide impact events 2. Increased Volcanism 3. Sudden release of methane from seafloor 4. Sea level change 5. Increase anoxia Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan 6. increasing aridity MESOZOIC (251 Ma – 65.5 Ma) TRIASSIC (251 Ma TO 201.6 Ma) Late Triassic BREAK-UP OF PANGEA: - GONDWANA (South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia) - LAURASIA (North America and Eurasia) (4.0% of GTS) AGE OF REPTILES AGE OF CYCADS • INVERTEBRATES repopulated the seas. Late Triassic Rifting of North America and Africa forming ATLANTIC OCEAN • Most important elements of Mesozoic Marine Invertebrate Fauna: Cephalopods, Bivalves, Gastropods Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Rifting of North America and from South America • 3 GROUPS OF CEPHALOPODS: 1. Goniatites 2. Ceratites 3. Ammonites BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Antarctica and Australia separates from South America and Africa • COEVOLUTION – organism’s interaction with the evolution of other organisms (i.e. Angiosperms and Insects) 251 Ma • “DINOSAURS” – proposed by RICHARD OWEN • 2 DISTINCT ORDERS OF DINOSAURS BASED ON PELVIC-TYPE: 1. SAURISCHIAN (lizard-like pelvis) – has teeth in front of mouth 1.1 THEROPODS – giant, bipedal carnivores ( i.e. Tyrannosaurus-Rex) 1.2 SAUROPODS – truly giant, quadrupedal herbivores (i.e. Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus) 2. ORNITHISCHIANS (bird-like pelvis) – has no teeth in front of mouth. Have Ossified (bone-like) tendons in back. 2.1 ORNITHOPODS 2.2 PACHYCEPHALOSAURS 2.3 ANKYLOSAURS 2.4 STEGOSAURS 2.5 CERATOPSIANS • TRIASSIC MARINE REPTILES: 7.1 PLACODONTS (“Tablet-teeth”; mollusk-crushing) 7.2 PLESIOSAURS (“Near to Lizard”; short and long-necked) 7.3 ICHTHYOSAURS ( “Fish Lizard”; Porpoise-like) 7.4 MOSASAURS JURASSIC (201.6 Ma TO 145.5 Ma) AGE OF DINOSAURS CRETACEOUS (145.5 Ma TO 65.5 Ma) First Apperance: 1. Frogs, Turtle 2. ARCHOSAURS - Protodinosaurs; includes Crocodiles, PTEROSAURS (Flying Reptiles), Dinosaurs, and Birds. 3. MAMMALS (Family of Roden), 4. Scleractinian 5. Coccolithophores (calcareous Phytoplankton) and Dinoflagellates (organic-walled Phytoplankton) 6. Sea Urchins (Arkarua) Upper Triassic PROTOAVIS Oldest Bird predating Archaeopteryx Late Triassic CYNODONTS “Most Mammal-like of all” “Mammal-like Reptiles” One group of Therapsids SONOMA OROGENY - mountain building in western North America - following the Late Devonian Antler orogeny - named by Silberling and Roberts 200 Ma POLLENATION 200 Ma Diversification of AMMONITES TRIASSIC - JURASSIC MASS EXTINCTION - Marine genera observed extinction: 53% - Calculated marine species extinct: 80% - Extinction of Conodonts (tooth-like apatite fossils) - No clear cause has been found 156 Ma NEVADAN OROGENY JURASSIC AMMONITE fossil First pulse of Cordilleran (Found in Mindoro) – 165Ma Orogeny (Sierra Nevada) CROCODILES appeared Rifting apart of South America First Appearances: and Africa 1. Planktonic Forams 2. ARCHAEOPTERYX ("old wing"; First birds with reptalian features; Found in Solnhofen Limestone of Germany) 3) Snakes 150 Ma Rifting of India 100 Ma CRETACEOUS AMMONITE fossil (Catanduanes) Early Cretaceous India broke away from Gondwana 140 Ma First Appearances 1. Marsupials 2. Diatoms (Silica Phytoplankton) 3. Angiosperms(Flowering Plants) 4. Snake Diversification SEVIER OROGENY a mountain-building event that produced the Sevier Orogenic Belt, a linear zone of deformed rock strata in the western United States extending from southeastern California northeastward through southern Nevada and Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan (“Meuse River Lizard”) • MESOZOIC MAMMALS Late Triassic Mammals: 1. TRICONODONTS (i.e. Monotremes – egg-laying) Cretaceous Mammals: 2. EUPANTOTHERES (i.e. Marsupials – pouched; Placental) CENOZOIC (65.5 Ma – Recent) (1.4% of GTS) AGE OF MAMMALS • CIRCUM-PACIFIC OROGENIC BELT: -Western margins of South, Central, and North America -Eastern margin of Asia -North of Australia and New Zealand 1. EASTERN PACIFIC – young, hot, gentle subduction [stronger earthquakes; i.e. Chile (9.5) May 1960] 2. WESTERN PACIFIC – old, cold, steep subduction (weaker earthquakes) • 3 REPRODUCTIVE GROUP OF MAMMALS: 1. MONOTREMES 2. MARSUPIALS 3. PLACENTAL MAMMALS (90% of all mammals) PALEOGENE (65.5 Ma TO 23 Ma) Evolution of: Owls, Hawks, Ducks, Penguins, Vultures western Utah to western Wyoming. 120 Ma Ontong Java Plateau there's a smaller magmatic pulse around 90 Ma 80 Ma LARAMIDE OROGENY (Rocky Mountains) a series of mountain-building events that affected much of western North America in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene time. End Cretaceous Late Cretaceous -Australia rifts with Antarctica Abundance of Lizards -India moved near equator Appearance of Insectivores -Wide separation of South America and Africa CRETACEOUS - TERTIARY (K-T/ K-PG) MASS EXTINCTION - 76% of all species lost -Extinction of Dinosaurs and ammonites -Possible Cause: Meteorite Impact - Evidence: Iridium Layer (KPg Boundary) Chicxulub Crater - (150 km) Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico PALEOCEN 66 Ma ALPINE OROGENY E (65.5 Ma - Late Mesozoic (Eoalpine) and TO 55.8 the current Cenozoic that has Ma) formed the mountain ranges of the Alpine belt Closing of Western Tethys Early Paleocene FIRST PRIMATES (PROSIMIANS) DECCAN TRAPS in WestCentral India Final phase of the ROCKY MOUNTAINS formation DIATRYMA (Gastornis gigantea) - flightless birds; Dominant Predators until Oligocene GREENHOUSE EARTH - Warmest PALEOCENE-EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM - so much oxygen, abrupt warming -Extinction of deep-water Foraminiferas EOCENE HIMALAYAN OROGENY First appearances: (55.8 Ma Closing of Tethys Sea TO 33.9 1. Eohippus or Hyracotherium Ma) (Horse) 2. Bats, Whales, Elephants, DAWN OF Penguins LIFE Late Eocene FIRST PRIMATES (ANTHROPOIDS eg. Aegyptopithecus) 50 Ma to India meets Asia forming the 40 Ma HIMALAYAS Indian plate drift rate decreases to 5cm/yr while overthrusting beneath Asia at ~2000km. (reason for no volcanism) SMALL MAMMALS: 1. ORDER INSECTIVORA -eat insects -e.g. Hedgehogs, Shrews 2. ORDER RODENTIA -eat almost anything -e.g. Beavers 3. ORDER LAGOMORPHA -has gnawing teeth and powerful hind limbs -e.g. Rabbits 4. ORDER CHIROPTERA -forelimbs modified into wings; 4 long fingers support their wings. Appearance of PLACENTAL MAMMALS Himalayas still rises by 5mm/yr as Indo-Australian Plate is still moving at 67mm/yr. Events: - La Garita Caldera - San Andreas Fault - Circum Pacific belt - Early Antarctic Glaciation OLIGOCENE (33.9 Ma to 23 Ma) 25 Ma BAIKAL RIFT, RED SEA First appearances: Dog, Antelope, Bear, Giraffe, Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan -e.g. Bats - Only mammal capable of flight. 5. ORDER CARNIVORA -eats meat; has pointed canine for chewing meat -e.g. Dogs, Cats, ect. -SABER-TOOTH CATSEvolution of Cats MIOCENE (23 MA TO 5.3 MA) HORSE EVOLUTION: HYRACOTHERIUM (Eocene) MESOHIPPUS (Oligocene) MERYCHIPPUS (Miocene) PLIOHIPPUS (Pliocene) EQUUS (Pleistocene) - First raccoons appear - FORESTS give way to GRASSLANDS -Diversification of DIATOMS UNGULATES OR HOOFED MAMMALS: 1. ORDER ARTIODACTYLA -even-toed hoofed mammals where 1st, 2nd, & 5th fingers remain as vestiges. -e.g. Pigs, Goats, Giraffes 2. ORDER PERISSODACTYLA -odd-toed hoofed mammals -e.g. Horses, Rhinoceros 3. ORDER PROBOSCIDEA -giant land-dwelling mammals -e.g. Hornless Rhinoceros (largest), Mammoths & Mastodons 4. ORDER CETACEA -largest of all animals -e.g. Blue Whales 5. ORDER SIRENIA -e.g. Dugongs Deer, Megalodons, Paleocastor (Beaver) 23 Ma NEOGENE (23 Ma – 2.6 Ma) African-Arabian plate joined to Asia forming the Alphine Belt 5.8 Ma – 5.2 Ma PLIOCENE (5.3 Ma TO 2.6 Ma) Age of Hominid ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS KADABBA found in Eastern Africa First Apperance of: MAMMOTH Age of Hominid ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS RAMIDUS found in Eastern Africa Age of AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS Age of AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS Age of LUCY (Australopithecine) 5 Ma 4.4 Ma 4.2 Ma 3.9 Ma – 3.0 Ma 3.2 Ma 3 Ma QUATERNAR Y (2.6 Ma TO RECENT) PLEISTOCE NE (2.6 Ma to 0.01 Ma) HOLOCENE 0.01 Ma to Recent) Formation of ISTHMUS OF PANAMA 3.0 Ma – 2.3 Ma QUATERNARY ICE AGE (2.58 Ma – Recent) (NEOGENE-QUATERNARY GLACIATION) 2.58 Ma 2.5 Ma – 1.6 Ma 1.8 Ma – 1.6 Ma 200,000 – 30,000 Age of AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS "ICE AGE" - Bering Land Bridge (Siberia to Alaska) ICE AGE MAMMALS Flightless Birds: MOAS of New Zealand ELEPHANT BIRD of Madagascar HOMO HABILIS AGE OF HUMANS HOMO ERECTUS HOMO SAPIENS: NEANDERTHALS INTERGLAC IAL PERIOD 35,00010,000 PRIMATE AND HUMAN EVOLUTION: ORDER PRIMATA (E. PALEOCENE) 2 Suborders: 1. PROSIMMI – Lower Primates; generally small. PROSIMIANS “before apes” – oldest primate lineage. Found in tropical regions 2. ANTHROPOIDEA – Higher Primates. Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan HOMO SAPIENS: CRO-MAGNONS 3 SUPERFAMILIES: 1. CERCOPITHECOIDEA (Old World Monkeys) – Africa & Asia 2. CEBOIDEA (New World Monkeys) – Central & South America 3. HOMINOIDEA (Apes and Humans) – Africa HOMINOIDS evolved in MIOCENE from: 1. DRYOPITHECINES (Africa)- varied in size, skeletal features, and lifestyle. PROCONSUL – an ape-like fruit-eating animal that led a quadrupedal arboreal existence with limited activity on the groud. 2. SIVAPITHECIDS (Africa)- consists of skull, jaws, and isolated teeth with powerfull jaws and thick enamel with flat chewing surface indicating harder and coarser diet. HOMINOIDS consists of 3 FAMILIES: 1. FAMILY PONGIDAE (The Great Apes) eg. Chimpanzees, Orangutans, Gorillas 2. FAMILY HYLOBATIDAE (The Lesser Apes) eg. Gibbons, Siamangs 3. FAMILY HOMINIDAE (The Hominids) eg. Humans and their ancestors. THE HOMINIDS: 1. SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS – Oldest known hominid yet unearthed (7M y/o). Found in Chad’s Djurab Deser (July 2002) 2. ORRORIN TUGENENSIS – Next oldest hominid (6M y/o). AUSTRALOPITHECINES (oldest to earliest): 1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS – Discovered in Kanapoi, Kenya by Meave Leakey 2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS – more evolved brain and molars 3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS – fatter face and larger brain 4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI – Largest Molars of any Hominid HUMAN LINEAGE (oldest to earliest): 1. HOMO HABILIS- Found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Mary and Louis Leakey. Has 700cc brain and smaller teeth. 2. HOMO ERECTUS – Tool makers, used fire and lived in caves. Migrated from Africa in Pleistocene. Eg. Peking Man (China) and Java Man (Indonesia). 800-1300cc brain. 3. HOMO SAPIENS – “Out of Africa”. Evolved from H. erectus. 1350cc brain. THE NEANDERTHALS – Most famous of all human fossil. Inhabitates Europe. Long and low skull with heavy brow ridges, a projecting mouth, and a weak, receding chin. Found in caves and hut-like rock shelters. Took care of injured, buried their dead with tools, foods, and flowers. CRO-MAGNONS – Skilled nomadic hunters (bow & arrow), migrates seasonal, cave painters. Edited by Herras, J., 2019 | Derived from Correlations Lecture of Mr. Reyes And Ms. Bayan