Growth and Development PDF

LARANA, INC. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT  CONTENT INTRODUCTION OF GROWTH 01 AND DEVELOPMENT 02 PHYSICAL GROWTH OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN 03 CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 04 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION OF ADOLESCENTS 05 ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT COMMON CHILDHOOL 06 I...

LARANA, INC. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT  CONTENT INTRODUCTION OF GROWTH 01 AND DEVELOPMENT 02 PHYSICAL GROWTH OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN 03 CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 04 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION OF ADOLESCENTS 05 ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT COMMON CHILDHOOL 06 ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENTS  INTRODUCTION TO GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Physical growth is an increase in size. Development is growth in function and capability. Both processes depend on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. When describing physical and emotional development in children, it is useful to define certain age-based groups: Neonate (newborn): Birth to 1 month Infant: 1 month to 1 year Young child: 1 year through 4 years Older child: 5 years through 10 years Adolescent: 11 years through 17 to 19 years  PHYSICAL GROWTH OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN PHYSICAL GROWTH INCLUDES ATTAINMENT OF FULL HEIGHT AND APPROPRIATE WEIGHT AND AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF ALL ORGANS (EXCEPT LYMPHATIC TISSUE, WHICH DECREASES IN SIZE). 2 DISTINCT PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASES (from birth to about (from about 2 years age 1 to 2 years): to the onset of This phase is one of puberty): In this rapid growth, phase, growth occurs although the rate of in relatively constant growth decreases annual increments. over that period. **Puberty is the process of physical maturation from child to adult. Adolescence defines an age group; puberty occurs during adolescence. Physical Growth of Infants and Children Length Length in full-term infants increases about 30% by 5 months and > 50% by 12 months. Infants grow about 25 cm during the first year, and height at 5 years is about double the birth length. Most boys reach half their adult height by about age 2 years; most girls reach half their adult height at about age 19 months Weight Weight follows a similar pattern. Full-term neonates generally lose 5 to 8% of birth weight in the first few days after delivery but regain their birth weight within 2 weeks. They then gain 14 to 28 g/day until 3 months, then 4000 g between 3 and 12 months, doubling their birth weight by 5 months, tripling it by 12 months, and almost quadrupling it by 2 years. Between age 2 years and puberty, weight increases approximately 2 kg/year. Physical Growth of Infants and Children Physical Growth of Infants and Children HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE Head circumference reflects brain size and is routinely measured up to 36 months. BODY COMPOSITION Body composition (proportions of body fat and water) changes and affects drug volume of distribution.  Physical Growth of Infants and Children TOOTH ERUPTION Tooth eruption may be delayed by familial patterns or by conditions such as rickets, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, or Down syndrome. Supernumerary teeth and congenital absence of teeth are probably normal variants.  CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT MOTOR DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONAL AND LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIORAL SPEECH DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE  CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT includes fine motor (eg, picking up small objects, drawing) and gross motor (eg, walking, climbing stairs) skills. It is a MOTOR DEVELOPMENT continuous process that depends on familial patterns, environmental factors (eg, when activity is limited by prolonged illness), and specific disorders (eg, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, muscular dystrophy). The ability to understand language precedes the ability to LANGUAGE AND speak SPEECH DEVELOPMENT  CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE refers to the intellectual maturation of children. DEVELOPMENT Increasingly, appropriate attachments and nurturing in infancy and early childhood are recognized as critical factors in cognitive growth and emotional health. based on the child's developmental stage and temperament. Every child has an individual temperament, EMOTIONAL AND or mood. Some children may be cheerful and adaptable BEHAVIORAL and easily develop regular routines of sleeping, waking, DEVELOPMENT eating, and other daily activities. PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION OF ADOLESCENTS Sexual maturation generally proceeds in an established sequence in both sexes. The age at onset and rapidity of sexual development vary and are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Sexual maturity begins earlier today than a century ago, probably because of improvements in nutrition, general health, and living conditions—eg, the average age of menarche has decreased by about 3 years over the past 100 years. PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION OF ADOLESCENTS In boys, sexual changes begin with enlargement of the scrotum and testes, followed by lengthening of the penis and enlargement of the seminal vesicles and prostate. Next, pubic hair appears. Axillary and facial hair appears about 2 years after pubic hair. The growth spurt usually begins a year after the testes start enlarging. The median age for first ejaculation (between 12½ years and 14 years in the United States) is affected by psychologic, cultural, and biologic factors. First ejaculation takes place about 1 year after penis growth accelerates. Gynecomastia, usually in the form of breast buds, is common among young adolescent boys and usually resolves within several years.  PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION OF ADOLESCENTS In most girls, breast budding is the first visible sign of sexual maturation, followed closely by the initiation of the growth spurt. Shortly thereafter, pubic and axillary hair appears. Menarche generally occurs about 2 years after onset of breast development and when growth in height slows after reaching its peak. Menarche occurs within a wide range, with most girls in the United States starting their periods at 12 or 13 years.The stages of breast growth and pubic hair development ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Adolescence is a developmental period during which dependent children grow into independent adults. This period usually begins at about age 10 years and lasts until the late teens or early 20s. During adolescence, children undergo striking physical, intellectual, and emotional growth. Guiding adolescents through this period is a challenge for parents as well as clinicians. INTELLECTUAL AND BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENTS In early adolescence, children begin to develop the capacity for abstract, logical thought. This increased sophistication leads to an enhanced awareness of self and the ability to reflect on one’s own being. Because of the many noticeable physical changes of adolescence, this self-awareness often turns into self-consciousness, with an accompanying feeling of awkwardness.  EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENTS The emotional aspect of growth is most trying, often taxing the patience of parents, teachers, and clinicians. Emotional lability is a direct result of neurologic development during this period, as the parts of the brain that control emotions mature. Frustration may also arise from growth in multiple domains.  SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENTS The family is the center of social life for children. During adolescence, the peer group begins to replace the family as the child’s primary social focus. Peer groups are often established because of distinctions in dress, appearance, attitudes, hobbies, interests, and other characteristics that may seem profound or trivial to outsiders. Clinicians should screen all adolescents for mental health disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. Mental health disorders increase in incidence during this stage of life and may result in suicidal thinking or behavior. Psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, although rare, most often come to attention during late adolescence. Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are relatively common among girls, but may also occur in boys, and may be difficult to detect because adolescents go to great lengths to hide the behaviors and weight changes. Illicit drug use typically begins during adolescence. Alcohol use is common and is the substance most often used by adolescents  SEXUALITY AND GENDER IN ADOLESCENTS In addition to adapting to bodily changes, the adolescent must become comfortable with the role of adult and must put sexual urges into perspective; sexual urges can be very strong and sometimes frightening to adolescents. As adolescents navigate their sexuality, they may also begin to question their gender identity. Sex refers to a person's biologic status: male, female, or intersex. Sexual orientation or identity refers to the gender to which a person is sexually attracted (if any). Gender identity is the subjective sense of knowing to which gender one belongs; ie, whether people regard themselves as male, female, transgender, or another identifying term (eg, genderqueer, nonbinary, agender). Gender expression is the objective, public expression of gender identity and includes everything that people say and do to indicate to themselves and to others the degree to which they are the gender that they identify with. 10 COMMON CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENTS SORE THROAT Sore throats are common in children and can be painful. However, a sore throat that is caused by a virus does not need antibiotics. In those cases, no specific medicine is required, and your child should get better in seven to ten days. In other cases, a sore throat could be caused by an infection called streptococcal (strep throat). EAR PAIN Ear pain is common in children and can have many causes—including ear infection (otitis media), swimmer's ear (infection of the skin in the ear canal), pressure from a cold or sinus infection, teeth pain radiating up the jaw to the ear, and others. Amoxicillin is the preferred antibiotic for middle ear infections —except when there is an allergy to penicillin or chronic or recurrent infections. 10 COMMON CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENTS URINARY TRACT INFECTION Bladder infections, also called urinary tract infections or UTIs, occur when ­- bacteria build up in the urinary tract. A UTI can be found in children from infancy through the teen years and into adulthood. Symptoms of a UTI include pain or burning during urination, the need to urinate frequently or urgently, bedwetting or accidents by a child who knows to use the toilet, abdominal pain, or side or back pain. SKIN INFECTION In most children with skin infections, a skin test (culture or swab) may be needed to determine the most-appropriate treatment. Tell your doctor if your child has a history of MRSA, staph infection, or other resistant bacteria or if he or she has been exposed to other family members or contacts with resistant bacteria. 10 COMMON CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENTS BRONCHITIS Chronic bronchitis is an infection of the larger, more central airways in the lungs and is more often seen in adults. Often the word "bronchitis" is used to describe a chest virus and does not require antibiotics. BRIONCHIOLITIS Bronchiolitis is common in infants and young children during the cold and flu season. Your doctor may hear "wheezing" when your child breathes. Bronchiolitis is most often caused by a virus, which does not require antibiotics. Instead, most treatment recommendations are geared toward making your child comfortable with close monitoring for any difficulty in breathing, eating, or signs of dehydration. 10 COMMON CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENTS PAIN The best medicines for pain relief for children are acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Narcotic pain medications are not appropriate for children with common injuries or complaints such as sprained ankle, ear pain, or sore throats. COMMON COLDS Colds are caused by viruses in the upper respiratory tract. Green mucus in the nose does not automatically mean that antibiotics are needed; common colds never need antibiotics 10 COMMON CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENTS BACERIAL SINUSITIS Bacterial sinusitis is caused by bacteria trapped in the sinuses. Sinusitis is suspected when cold-like symptoms such as nasal discharge, daytime cough, or both last over ten days without improvement. Antibiotics may be needed if this condition is accompanied by thick yellow nasal discharge and a fever for at least 3 or 4 days in a row. COUGH Coughs are usually caused by viruses and do not often require antibiotics. Cough medicine is not recommended for children 4 years of age and younger, or for children 4 to 6 years of age unless advised by your doctor.  OUR TEAM JOY ANDREA MAUREEN JESSA MAE ETHYL ABANGAN ADRIATICO ACEVEDO ABEGAIL BAIT THANK'S FOR LARANA, INC. WATCHING