Group Study Of Drugs_Materia Medica_ By J.D.Patil 2.pdf

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO GROUP STUDY - OVERVIEW OF GROUP STUDY - OBJECTIVES OF GROUP STUDY - LIMITATIONS OF GROUP STUDY A COMPLETE ANIMAL KINGDOM...

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO GROUP STUDY - OVERVIEW OF GROUP STUDY - OBJECTIVES OF GROUP STUDY - LIMITATIONS OF GROUP STUDY A COMPLETE ANIMAL KINGDOM - OPHIDIA - SPIDER - INSECTS GROUP STUDY - FISH PLANTS - ARACEAE FAMILY BY - - ANACARDIACEAE FAMILY COMPOSITAE FAMILY - CUCURBITACEAE FAMILY - LOGANIACEAE FAMILY DR. J. D. PATIL SIR - - PAPAVERACEAE FAMILY SOLANACEAE FAMILY - RANUNCULACEAE FAMILY 1 2 MINERALS - ACID - ANTIMONY - ARGENTUM - ARSENIC - AURUM - BARYTA - CALCIUM INTRODUCTION - CARBON - CUPRUM - FERRUM OF - HALOGEN - MAGNESIUM - MERCURY GROUP STUDY - MURIATICUM - METALS - NATRUM - POTASSIUM SARCODES NOSODES 3 4  different means of studying Materia medica. Group study is one of the ways to make study of Materia medica simpler and livelier. INTRODUCTION Historically, Dr. E. A. Farrington in his classical book ‘Clinical Materia medica’ made an attempt to study the remedies by Group study is one of the most important and easiest ways of classifying them in various groups. Dr. Clarke in his clinical repertory studying materia medica. Group study tells us the basic infrastructure attempted to give remedy relationships according to various groups. and basic qualities and properties of the remedies in one particular Otto lesser in his ‘Textbook of homoeopathic Materia medica’ group based on which finer differentiations can be made. attempted to study inorganic Materia medica by dividing medicines in Understanding of homoeopathic materia medica requires much study, different groups according to periodic table of elements. This was experience and insight in order to come out of the maze of collection further continued by Jan scholten in his book ‘Homoeopathy and of symptoms. Elements’ and ‘Homoeopathy and Minerals’. This work was further continued by other stalwarts like M. L. Dhawale, Morrison, Rajan Number of medicines in Homoeopathic Materia medica Sankaran. is more than 3500 and it is very difficult to study and remember all the characteristics by individual study of drugs. In the study of Materia medica a new concept came ahead i.e. Group study. Objectives of Group Study Group study is the first step to understand each remedy to its fullest aspect. Group study gives us the most of the generals and some very 1. To simplify the cumbersome data available in materia medica. important particulars of the remedies included in that group. 2. To arrive at the constitutional remedy in general. 3. To develop the study of the radicals: Cations/Anions and of Group study implies the extract of all common characteristics their inter-relationships, and their correlation with data in of the remedies included under that group with common elements. materia medica. Most of the common traits are generals and particulars are very few. 4. To study each unit exclusively. Most of the group characteristics are at mental general and physical 5. To derive unknown facets of remedy and apply them in practice generals level. Through group study it is very easy to deduct theme of for verification through adequate clinical experience. the combination of remedy 6. To formulate some concepts and verify them through experimentation for further study and enrichment of materia The main advantage of the group is we get the separate medica. themes of both composing elements as well as the combination of 7. To incorporate the work done by researchers and verify it in themes. clinical practice. 8. To derive conceptual data out of logical thinking and to make a Overview of Group Study portrait of remedy in the absence of drug proving. 9. To see how far logical interpretation has a role to play in the conceptual building of the portrait of a remedy in Materia The study of Materia medica is an ongoing process and one medica as developed by several authors through the process of has to be always a learner, a student. Our Materia medica is a subject collation, the base firmly being determined as clinical of continuous growth and it has now more than 3500 remedies in its verification. armory. It is very fascinating but very vast subject. It always creates a 10. To extra-polate remedy relationship of the particular group of challenge to all students. So its study should be simplified by remedy. 5 6  Limitations of Group study The study of Materia medica through groups invariably requires the process of generalization. In this process one has to neglect or sacrifice individual attributes that are not homogenous and it is here that the problem develops. What one achieves with the individual remedial study in its totality, one can’t achieve with the group study. The chances of getting prejudiced towards the symptomatology of remedies in a group are more. Deriving the conclusions that ‘A particular case in hand needs a particular group and out of that group a particular remedy’ may appear simple and uncomplicated, but this is a very intricate procedure that involves multi-dimensional aspects having philosophical base. It requires analytical skills of high degree, which is not with neophytes. We need to take a balanced view, towards the study of ANIMAL materia medica with a group consideration. One should not rely too much on group study as the contents of group study exclude the individual features of the remedy to be studied. KINGDOM 7 8  CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL KINGDOM ANIMAL KINGDOM (I) VERTEBRATA The animal remedies present a group picture, which has some a. Mammalia similarity to the plant group and some to the mineral family. The - Moschus, Castoreum, Mephitis, Oneum, Animale, Hippomanes, animal remedies are more quick in their onset and violent in their Castor equi, Lac vac, Lac can, Koumyss, Fel tauri, Fel vulpi, actions than the plant group. The animal remedies are more and Pulmo vulpis. destructive of organic tissue than the plants but do not affect the structure in the same way as the minerals. They are quick in their b. Ophidia onset. - Lachesis, Crotalus, Bothrops, Agkistrodon, Elaps, Naja, Vipera. Medicines derived from animal kingdom act rapid and energetically. They vary in intensity from the fatal snakebite to c. Pisces corals, sponges etc. The animal temperament is competitive, - Oleum jecoris aselli. instinctive, possessive and jealous and aggressive especially when cornered. They possess an animal magnetism and vitality that few d. Betrachia remedies of the material medica can rival. - Bufo rana Within the animal kingdom there are several sub groups and species. Many of the animal poison are distinguished by the violence (II) MOLLUSCA and intensity of their action, and by the decided alterations, which - Sepia succus, Murex they produce in both structure and function. The blood is often changed in its composition and quality. The nervous system suffers (III) RADIATA and even the lower tissues are affected. The whole tendency of these - Corallium rubrum, Spongia, Medusa, Badiaga remedies is to produce diseases, which are never of asthenic character and always of a destructive form, tending thus to local as (IV) ARTICULATA well as to general death of the body. These animal poisons are apt to affect the mind, especially a. Hemiptera emotions. They arouse the lowest qualities in human nature and - Coccuc cacti, Cimex produce a condition, which is truly shocking. Some of them arouse the filthiest lust, the more intense anger, and passions of a kindered b. Hymenoptera nature. - Apis mel, Vespa, Formica c. Coleoptera - Cantharis. Doyphora d. Orthoptera - Blatta 9 10  e. Arachnid - Tarentula, Mygale, Theridion, Aranea. OPHIDIA GROUP INTRODUCTION: THEME OF ANIMAL GROUP In the animal kingdom one of the large families contributing various drugs to the Homoeopathy is Ophidia group. The Ophidia group contains serpents or snakes proper. Common to animal remedies is a “conflict” which has its The snake is one of the most ancient and most grandiose basis in a split within the self. mythological characters. The snakes have been playing greater role in There are two different sides to such personalities, the animal medical history and Hindu philosophy since ages. sides and human sides. The animal side is concerned with competition The early leader of Greek medicine, Aesculapius is still (which is key the to survive in the animal world) cherished in medical circles- his staff, encircled by a serpent. So They can also be deceitful, malicious and aggressive and all serpent continues to be the symbol of medicine. these qualities can be attributed to their animal side. The snake force involves us in life and living not The main problem for animal remedies from the conflict, they theoretically, nearly but by deeply. It is a force, which is wrapped are usually affected by disappointment in love and performance around the tree of life in the story of paradise but also to life’s healing from being looked down upon from being attacked. forces in the staff of Aesculapius. Among animal remedies different group and classes e.g. Snakes are a fascinating part of nature. Their colour, Snakes, insects, mammals etc will represent its own characteristic movement and secretive habits make them seen more mysterious than features. other animals. For people who are especially interested in wild life, snakes are a wonderful introduction to the world of nature. DISTRIBUTION: There are more than 2,600 species of snakes in the world, of these about 216 species are found in India of which 52 are poisonous. The snakes are world widely distributed but in the ancient times not found in New Zealand and Ireland because they got separated from the main land before the evolution of snakes. Majority of snakes inhabit the warm parts of the world. Most of the snakes are non-poisonous and harmless, only few are poisonous. The poisonous snakes cause a major medical problem in the tropical countries like Africa, India, Brazil, Burma, Srilanka Pakistan and also in Australia. According to the estimate by WHO about 60,000 to 70,000 persons die of snakebite every year in the world. In India 18,000 to 20,000 persons die of snakebite every year. 11 12  The poisonous snakes are cobras, vipers, kraits, coral Pain & Temperature: snakes and sea snakes. Aquatic snakes inhabit sea and fresh Snakes feel pain and are acutely sensitive and can suffer water media; terrestrial snakes are generally fossorial (living in from changes in temperature and humidity. When it’s too cool burrows) while a few are arboreal (living on trees). their metabolic rate goes down it becomes too sluggish, when too hot it gets dehydrated and dies. LIFE SITUATION OF SNAKES: USES OF SNAKE Snakes never stop growing, but they grow fastest in the first two years of their lives. So children always grow out of 1. Snakes are very valuable animals, as they eat rats thus clothes and shoes, so snakes need new skins once in a while. preventing them from spoiling the crops that’s why snakes are friends and not enemies of man. The outer thin layer of their skin becomes too tight so they grow 2. Snake venom has many toxins, proteins, and enzymes. Another a new one and crawl out of the old. This is called shedding of important use of snake venom is manufacture of anti-venom sloughing. Just before shedding its skin becomes dull and lazy. serum, the remedy for snakebite. After it has shed it looks bright and alert. This renewal made the 3. In various cultures the snake are eaten for medicinal purposes ancient Greeks believe that snakes live forever. 4. To cure gangrenes, cholera, tuberculosis, meningitis and in haemorrhagic disorders. SENSES: 5. Snake skin has ornamental value. Hearing: Snakes cannot hear any sounds; only the internal ear is FUNCTION OF SNAKE VENOM present but can receive vibrations transmitted through the ground. 1. The normal function of snake venom is to immobilize the prey and to assist in digestion. Vision: Snakes have a distinct visual system. They do not have eyelids. The eye has a transparent cover, which changes every time the skin is shed. The thinner and active species like tree and rat PROPERTIES OF SNAKE POISON snakes have good eyesight. Some snakes which hunt at night has Physical properties: heat sensitive areas on their face, they can detect and strike prey in 1. It is an odorless and tasteless, viscid fluid of pale yellow colour. the dark by sensing the warmth given off by the animals. 2. Specific gravity ranges from 1.03 to 1.07. Smell: Chemical properties: Snakes depend mostly on the forked tongue to pick up the 1. It contains peptides. scent from the air and ground and transfer them to the Jacobson’s 2. It is acidic to litmus paper. organs in the roof of the mouth. That is why a snake is constantly 3. It also contains inorganic phosphorous and metallic ions like flicking its forked tongue out. With the smell they not only hunt preys Na+, K+, Zn+, Ca+, Mg++, Fe++, and Co++ etc but also avoid its predators like mongoose and man. 13 14 CONSTITUENTS OF SNAKE POISON: 5. Common sand Boa 13 10 6. Indian Rat snakes 10 07 Snake poisons contains 1. Fibrinolysins MYTHS AND BELIEFS ABOUT SNAKES 2. Proteolysins 3. Neurotoxins 1. Many people believe that snakes drink milk. A very thirsty 4. Cholinesterase (Predominant in elapid viper) snake may take a sip of milk but it certainly is not a natural 5. Haemolysins (Predominant in viper venom) feed for snakes. 6. Thromboplastin (Predominant in viper venom) 7. Agglutinins 2. People believe that snakes can hear sound and even respond 8. Cardiotoxin to music, seeing snakes swaying to the charmer’s wand or 9. Coagulase hyaluonidase (helps venom to spread rapidly). flute. It’s not true. The fact is, snakes cannot hear sounds but they perceive the vibrations from the ground made by Elapid which consists of cobra, king cobra, krait etc their venom the charmer and they respond to it. is mainly neurotoxic. Viper venom mainly vasculotoxic and sea snakes venom is myotoxic. 3. The wide spread belief is that if you kill a snake it would return to take revenge. In fact snakes do not have brains MEDICINAL VALUE OF SNAKE VENOM that can think beyond feeding, resting and avoiding enemies. It cannot think ahead and plan in a way higher animals like 1. Cobra poison used to relieve pain due to neural leprosy. humans do. When a snake is killed it releases the musk, 2. It can also cure cancer. which attracts the other snakes to that spot but certainly not to 3. In Ayurvedic medicine snake venom is used as antidote in the take revenge. form of certain Rasas against Tuberculosis. 4. Viper venom used as hemostat. Used in hemophilia, during 4. The poor Irula tribal snake catchers of Tamilnadu have good major surgery, to stop hemorrhages. answer to the legend of the jewel in the head of the snake. 5. Poison of Rattlesnake is used as medicine for epilepsy, nerve When asked about this there belief Irulas will reply, “If it exhaustion. were so we would be Rajas not snake catchers”. 6. Certain snake venoms are used as a local agent to treat rheumatism, inflammation of joint and neuralgic condition. IMPORTANT REMEDIES OF THE SNAKE GROUP LIFE SPAN OF SNAKES 1. LACHESIS TRIGONOCEPHALUS – Surukuku snake 2. NAJA TRIPUDIANS – Cobra venum The life span of the snakes cannot be exactly known however 3. ELAPS CORRALLINUS – Coral snake some common observations have been made as follows, 4. CROTALUS HORRIDUS – Rattlesnake 5. CROTALUS CASCAVELLA – Brazilian snake Snake Year Months 6. CENCHRIS CONTORTRIX –Copperhead snake 1. Indian cobra 21 06 7. BOTHROPS LANCIOLATUS – Yellow viper 2. Saw scaled viper 10 03 8. VIPERA BERUS – German viper 3. Banded Krait 11 06 9. HYDROPHIS CYANOCINTUS – Sea snake 4. Indian Python 34 02 10. TOXICOPHIS – Moccasin snake 15 16  DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURE: CHARACTERISTICS OF OPHIDIA GROUP: 1. The snake is extremely sensitive to heat, so it lives in deep burrows Constitution: where it is cooler. Haemorrhagic constitution, skin shows purple or mottled THE PATIENT OF OPHIDIA GROUP IS WORSE FROM appearance. They are very much restless people. Face is sickly, pale, WARMTH, BY HOT DRINKS, IN SUN AND IN SUMMER. anxious, bloated, dark, red or bluish. 2. The snake is more ferocious and poisonous when hungry. Miasm: THE PATIENT OF OPHIDIA GROUP IS, Syphilitic & Tubercular background < BY FASTING AND > AFTER EATING. Temperament: 3. Snakes are poisonous, when we say the mind is poisoned, it means Melancholic that there is jealously and suspicion. SUSPICION AND JEALOUS ARE THE CHARACTERISTIC Diathesis: SYMPTOMS OF THE PATIENTS. Haemorrhagic 4. The snake coils itself from left to right Thermal relation: SYMPTOMS OF THE OPHIDIA GROUP ARE PRECEDED All ophidians are Hot patients (except Elaps & Naja which FROM LEFT TO RIGHT (EXCEPT CROTALLUS AND are chilly) ELAPS AS THEY ARE RIGHT SIDED). Ailments From: 5. Immediately after a snake bite the blood is let out from that Fright, jealousy, alcoholism, Onanism, loss of vital fluids, site as a therapeutic measure to limit the extent of damage suppressed menses, physical trauma. Bad effects of poisons, long GENERAL RELIEF FROM BLEEDING AND ANY OTHER lasting grief, disappointed love, vexation, summer and spring. DISCHARGES 6. The snake is very sensitive to touch and vibrations. Sphere of Action: Nerves esp. pneumogastric and spinal accessory, cellular PATIENT IS ALSO AGGRAVATED BY TOUCH AND tissues, skin, circulation, CVS, brain, liver, glands, throat, muscles, SLIGHT SOUND. etc. 7. The snakes can swallows relatively large creatures easily. Due to pressure created by solids in the throat it can easily swallow the solids. Patho-Physiological Action: PATIENTS CAN SWALLOWS SOLIDS EASILY. The neurotoxic venom causes muscular weakness and paralysis involving the muscles of the face, throat, respiration, legs 8. The stools of the snake are black and offensive. etc. It acts primarily on the motor nerves. The vasculotoxic venom produces enzymatic destruction of THE DISCHARGES IN OPHIDIA GROUP ARE DARK cell walls and coagulation disorders. As a result the destruction of AND OFFENSIVE. endothelium of blood vessel occurs. 17 18  The myotoxic venom produces generalized muscle pains, - Competitiveness & attractiveness, is a common character of followed by myoglobinuria, 3 to 5 hours later, ending in respiratory all ophidians. failure in fatal cases. - Double standards, ophidians are known to have two sets of The poison of the ophidians decomposes the blood, making it rules one for themselves and the other for others because of more fluid and non-coaguable resulting in hemorrhage. egotism and jealousy. The haemolytic venom will cause break down of the RBC`s - Hallucinations, delusions, insanity and delirium. separating plasma and haemoglobin which brings down the oxygen - Misanthropy, secretiveness, quarrelsome as if surrounded by carrying capacity resulting into cyanosis. enemies. The venom produces local inflammation, agonizing pain, and - Greedy, jealous, quarrelsome, malicious and always playing erysipelas, swelling at the site of injury rapidly passing into gangrene, dirty tricks. foul ulcers, and absorption of the venom by lymphatic glands or - Solitude, obscene gestures are made often. through the veins resulting in pyaemia. - Hydrophobia and rage at sight of water. It has paralyzing action upon the nerves. It irritates the - Active, Ophidians have an active memory and a very striking peripheral nerves, there is inflammation of malignant character i.e.; nature. cellulites, erysipelas, gangrene. Due to the action on pneumogastric nerve it causes irritation of throat, larynx, bronchus and heart. Its Characteristic Physical Symptoms: action on blood produces echymosis and jaundice. - Haemorrhagic diathesis, dark red and oozes profusely from Characteristic Mental Symptoms every orifice of the body. - Dark red blood, The blood is dark red and changes rapidly to - Anxiety, mental excitement and fear. Fear is a basic mental purplish colour. feature, it leads to nervous depression. Hallucinations are - Dark spots appear on the body and blood settles into regularly seen. echymosis. Thus a mottled, purple appearance. - Loquacity, the ophidians as a group is characterized by their - Petechial hemorrhages or spots seen. loquacity. They are compelled to talk continuously. They jump - Side, all ophidians are left sided (except Crotalus & Elaps ) from one topic to the other without any connection. Makes - Pains, All ophidian’s pains go from left to right (except speeches in selective phrases. Crotalus & Elaps). - Suspicious, there is a fear of being poisoned, which causes him - to refuse the medicines offered, these people are suspicious - Gangrene, Decomposition of blood with death of tissue leading because of there survival instincts. to gangrene. - Fear of disease and death. - Ulcers bleed black blood, which soon coagulates and looks - Religious Insanity, there is a state of religious melancholy and like charred straw. clairvoyance. Thinks he is under control of some super natural - Congestive pains are felt in the head. Gums bleed easily and powers. blood is seen around the teeth. - Delirium, muttering like when drunk. This stage is carried unto - Hematuria is very often seen. Flushes of heat are also with unconsciousness and further to coma. congestion. Putridity and rapid decomposition. - Fastidious, hurried tendency with much fastness in doing - Septicemia, Patient exhibits symptoms like that of septicemia. things. - Hypersensitiveness, a marked feature of all ophidians - Irritable & Quarrelsome especially of slight noise or touch, to motion to cover and to walk on floor, great sensitiveness of nostrils and lips. The mere 19 20  touch of a finger or hand is unbearable, cannot wear tight SPIDER GROUP clothes and tight bandages around neck and waist. - Debility and prostration, There is great debility and prostration. It often leads to collapse condition afterwards. INTRODUCTION: - Inflammation of cellular tissue leading to effusion of inner organs and septicemia Spiders belong to the order ARANEIDA, a member of a - Paralysis, all ophidians have their characteristic action upon group of arachnids characterized by having six pairs of appendages, nerves. There is torpidity, numbness, twitching and fornications. including four pairs of legs and two main body parts attached by a - Constrictiveness, the ophidians have constrictiveness or narrow stalk. choking sensation due to the irritation of pneumogastric. There Spiders are found all over the world in the deep seas, tall is presence of diphtheria and yellow mucus from the mouth. - Dryness of the skin, inability to sweat. mountains, in forests, in deserts so it is called a cosmopolitan - Discharges , The discharges of ophidians are very offensive, creature. It can survive in every kind of terrain that is in air, profuse, bloody and dark. Suppression of these discharges gives water and on the ground wherever food is available. rise to the complaints. - Periodicity of complaints seen during spring, before and after Even some spiders survive without any water for the menses. whole year especially in the deserts. Their size varies from size - Cravings, alcoholic drinks, cold drinks and oysters. of a pin to a human hand. Spider does not have any bone, any wing and shell. The colour varies from brown to black. GENERAL MODALITIES: Aggravation: The Tarentula belongs to the species of wolf – spider, lycosa. Morning, asleep, noise, jar, suppression of discharges, It is common in Italy, Spain and in southern part of Europe. The summer, touch, night. venomous nature of the Tarentula has an unusual history. It received its name from the town Tarento, from where every year it migrates to Amelioration: the other parts. When awake, cold, appearance of discharges. The first case of tarentism was reported in 1370. The CLINICAL CONDITIONS: symptoms appeared in every part of the body varying from pain and swelling to palpitation and vomiting with delirium followed by Angina, Asthma, Alcoholism, Boils, Carbuncles, Cardiac melancholia, depression and ending in death. Asthma, Ciliary Neuralgia, Cough, Diphtheria, Endocarditis, Gangrene, Haemorrhage, Haemorrhoids, Heart Hypertrophy And HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: Valvular Affections, Jaundice, Laryngitis, Lockjaw, paralysis, The term ‘Arachnida’ has its origin from Arachnae, the proud Puerperal Fever, Phlegmasia Alba Dolens, Polyneuritis, Purpura, Lydian maid the daughter of Idmon of Colphon in Lydia, a dyer in Quinsy, Skin Affections, Ulcers, Varicose Veins, Vertigo. purple who in ancient Greek mythology challenged Atheni, the Greek Goddess to a contest of weaving and was defeated. Arachne was a weaver who acquired such skill in her art that she ventured to challenge Athena. The goddess who wove a tapestry depicting the gods in majesty, while that of Arachne showed their amorous adventures. Enraged at the perfection of her rivals work, 21 22 Athena tore it to pieces, and in despair Arachne hanged herself. But have been caught in the communal web. Feeding is the goddess out of pity loosened the rope, which became a cobweb. communal. Arachne herself was changed into a spider, hence the name of the zoological class to which spiders belong, Arachnida. SPIDER VENOMS: There are many old wives tales about spiders. Robert Bruce, the king of Scotland, won a kingdom thanks to a spider. A few spiders are toxic to humans. The venom of the black Hence the art of spinning and weaving too has been copied widow spider and others of the Latrodectus genus acts as a painful from nature’s masterly spinner and weaver – the spider. A cobweb is nerve poison. The bite of the brown recluse and others of the called ‘Ghabajariyu’ which means ‘dressing for a wound’. Spiders are Loxosceles genus may cause localized tissue death. Other venomous encountered in history, literature, mythology and art. spiders include the mygalomorph funnel weaver of southeastern Australia and some members of the family Theraphosidae (Tarentula) GROUP CLASSIFICATION: of South America. In North America Cheiracanthium mildei, is responsible for the site of bite to become necrotic occasionally. Spiders belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Spiders are included under class Arachnida. Arachnid bodies are segmented with LIFE SPAN: well-developed heads and hard external skeletons. They range in size from the tiny mite 0.1mm long to the 18cm black scorpion of Africa. Spider lives up to one year. Tarentula lives up to 15 years. DISTRIBUTION: USES AND IMPORTANCE: Spiders are abundant and world widely distributed. As per Spiders are predators and because of their abundance are the zoologists estimation around 30,000 to 40,000 species of spiders most important predators of the insects. The impact of spider exists on earth, some 34,000 species have been described. They are predation is very difficult to assess. One reason for this is that the web not found in Antarctica and usually occur at elevations from sea level of a spider may catch many more insects than the spider can use as to 5,000 m (16,000 feet) food. Spiders have been used to control insects in apple orchards in LIFE SITUATION: Israel and rice fields in china. Spiders also have been observed feeding on insects in South American rice fields and in fields of Spiders change little during growth except in size. They various North American crops. Modern pest management uses usually molt or shed their cuticles, seven or eight times before insecticides that do the least damage to natural predators of insect maturing. If a leg is broken off during development, it is usually pests. replaced, showing its very high regenerating capacity. SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR: IMPORTANT REMEDIES: Some tropical species of spiders are social and live in 1. ARANEA DIADEM – Spider papal cross large communal webs containing hundreds of individuals, 2. ARANEA SCIENCIA – Gray spider most of them female. They cooperate to build and repair the 3. TARENTULA HISPANICA – Spanish spider web. A pack of spiders overpowers and kills the insects that 4. TARANTULA CUBENSIS – Cuban spider 23 24 5. THERIDION CURASSAVICUM – West Indian orange spider Diathesis: 6. LATRODECTUS MACTANS – American black widow Tubercular 7. LATRODECTUS HESSELTI – New South Wales spider 8. LATRODECTUS KAPILO– New Zealand spider Thermal relationship: 9. MYGALE LASIODORA – Black Cuban spider Chilly, very sensitive to cold. 10. TELA ARNEARUM – Spider’s spider web Sphere of Action: DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURE: Acts best on Mind, Blood, Skin, CNS, Peripheral Nerves, Head, Heart, Extremities, Reproductive Organs 1. Spider has eight legs surrounding the whole body and in constant motion; THE PATIENTS ARE ALWAYS Ailments from: RESTLESS. Noise, motion, grief, stooping, closing eyes, sound, riding, washing, sea-traveling, fright, sepsis, disappointed love. 2. The spider captures its prey in a very cunning and deceptively woven web. THE PATIENTS ARE CUNNING AND DECEPTIVE IN THEIR Patho-Physiological changes: BEHAVIOUR It poisons the blood. The poison decomposes the blood. It has paralyzing action on nerves and irritates the peripheral nerves. 3. The action of the poison of the spider is very violent. THE The important symptoms are, COMPLAINTS OF THE PATIENTS ARE ALSO - Severe pain and burning sensation. VIOLENT - Intense pain in extremities, lumbar region and severe backache. 4. The male spider is known to dance during the mating - There is increased arterial pressure and reduced arterial season to attract the females. THE PATIENT DESIRES pressure is seen. TO DANCE WHICH RELIEVES HIS COMPLAINTS - Cutaneous and mucosal findings, roselous, vesicular papule – Pustular rashes on body with intense itching. - Gastro-intestinal findings, acute abdominal pain with CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPIDER GROUP: rigidity of abdominal muscle. - Urinary findings, Moderate albuminuria and Haematuria. - C.N.S Findings, Frequent psychomotor excitation, occasional Constitution: delirium, rarely meningeal symptoms with contraction of Restless and nervous hypersensitive people. Suited for extremities, paralysis of facial muscles and widening of those who are quick and agile, having colorful personalities. People pupils. with artistic traits and very active. - Blood findings, Moderate leucocytosis with raised E.S.R, increased neutrophil count. Miasm: Tubercular & Syphilitic Temperament: Restless, nervous and irritable. 25 26 Characteristic Mental Symptoms: - Violence, Violence is a strong feature of spiders. There is violence with anger, tears clothing etc. - Fearless, Courageous, Spider personalities are courageous - Hysteria, Hysterical conduct. Joyousness and singing. When people. They are brave enough to face the challenges of life. there are no observers she has no attacks of hysteria. Feels as if - Mischievous, witty and cunning head does not belong to her. Luminous vibration before the eye. - Cunning and Destructive, A peculiar characteristic Becomes restless at the height of paroxysm. described as fox-like cunning and destructive. They draw their legs inward and are inclined to be mischievous and Characteristic Physical Symptoms: destructive to others. When spiders are frightened they feign death or go to a cataleptic reflex. - Restlessness is the common feature of the spiders in the - Insanity - Paroxysms of insanity with restlessness and physical and mental level. threatening words. When questioned they do not answer. - Hypersensitiveness is present in the group. Every sound Their motions are ridiculous. penetrates the teeth; every penetrating sound extends through - Excitement, with singing, dancing and weeping. They not whole body. only imagine as sick but also pretend sick when they are not. - Hyperesthesia, all the symptoms are worse from grief and - Restlessness, Spider personalities are extremely restless and excitement. excitable both physically and mentally. - Pains, The nerves are very sensitive, pains as if a thrill is passed - Nervousness, They are nervous and jerky. Restlessness with over the body in waves and nausea follows. irritability. They have an inclination for tension; mind is - The spine is very sensitive, pain between scapulae, itching of always in tantrum and turmoil. It goes in a fit of rage. Sees back. There is great spinal irritation. monsters, animals, faces, insects and ghosts. Sees strangers in - Chorea is the common feature of the group. There is constant room. twitching of muscles of face. There is jerking of hand and - Time passes too quickly. Aversion to work. Finds pleasure in jerking of muscles of one hand and one leg. When she makes nothing. efforts to talk whole words are jerked out. - Sociability, Spider people are very sociable. They like - Unsteadiness, The gait is unsteady; there is constant motion of company and conversation. People who are fashionable and legs. aristocratic. Spider people want to possess power. They are - Tingling and tremors are excessive. There is involuntary very friendly and jovial. shaking of the body - Emotional, They are emotionally imbalanced. Very easily - Vertigo on closing the eyes, from motion, stooping, on board a gets effected by emotions. Consolation causes weeping. They vessel, noise with nausea, vomiting and cold sweat. Vertigo are very expressive of emotions and highly susceptible. Fear with dim vision and pain in eyes. and grief affects them seriously. Least contradiction affects - Nausea, with many complaints. Nausea with headache worse on her. warm drinks. - Broods over her troubles until they prey upon her system. - Periodicity of symptoms is seen in the spiders; all the Thus she becomes more and more nervous and weakened symptoms occur and recur at same regular intervals. Febrile and - Sadness, The moods change with wonderful rapidity. She neuralgic symptoms return with clock like regularity. laughs and jokes and quickly bursts into tears. Her manner - Septic conditions, Most of the spider remedies have main becomes hurried and she does things hastily. There is marked action on blood causing septic fevers. The chills occur at same grief, fright and disappointment. hour every other day, every week or at some regular period. 27 28  - Palpitations with mitral murmurs in heart. There is sensation of trembling in heart with irregular pulse. There is sudden INSECT GROUP thumping in the heart as from fright though not frightened. Sensation as if the heart is compressed or squeezed. - Extremities are markedly affected in spiders. They all show INTRODUCTION: marked weakness and prostration from any excitement. There is weakness of legs and choreic movements. There is numbness of In the Homoeopathic Material Medica drugs are prepared the legs. The legs show twitching and jerking movements from various sources such as vegetable, animal, mineral, sarcodes, constantly. nosodes, impondebilla etc among which animal source is one of the - Sexual erethism, Females of spider group show violent, important sources of drugs. uncontrollable sexual erethism. There is nymphomania. Insects are invertebrate animals i.e.; they are without the - Violent itching of the genitals extending far up into the vagina. backbone and they are included in arthropods. There is increased sensitiveness of the genital organs. Arthropoda is the largest and most successful phylum in - Craving, raw food, cold drinks, bananas, alcoholic drinks, terms of number of species, distribution and adaptations. It includes tobacco. about 80% of known animal species and its representatives occur - Aversions, bread, meat, chocolates. everywhere in abundance, leading various modes of life. It is the dominant group at the present time. It is the only GENERAL MODALITIES: intervertebrate phylum to have creatures capable of flying. Aggravation: CLASSIFICATION: Motion, touch, noise, jar, sound, damp weather, periodical, at night, sleep The Insecta is classified as follows under four groups: Amelioration: 1. ORTHOPTERA: This order includes grasshoppers, locust and Open air, music, dance, warmth crickets 2. DICTYOPTERA: This group includes cockroaches CLINICAL CONDITIONS: 3. COLEOPTERA: This group includes beetles; coccinella sep. is the common ladybug beetle in Punjab. Anthrax, Abscess, Carbuncles, Chorea, Epilepsy, Fever, Felon, 4. HYMENOPTERA: This includes bees, from this order we Gangrene, Hysteria, Multiple Sclerosis, Nymphomania, Menierre’s derive apis mellifica, vespa crabro, formica rufa and bombyx. Disease, Paralysis Agitans, Pruritus Vulvae, Septic Fever, Spinal Irritation, Tebes Dorsalis, Ulcers, Vertigo CHARACTERISTICS: They have variously shaped body usually segmented externally to varying degrees. The segments are functionally modified and grouped into two or three divisions. 1. Symmetry is bilateral. Right and left halves are mirror images. 2. Body develops from three germ layers, this makes arthropods triploblastic animals. 29 30  3. Anterior part of body contains head which bears well developed 5. They promote soil fertility by making burrows in it and by sense organs. adding their faeces and dead bodies to it. 4. The appendages are jointed and modified to perform various 6. Insect’s forms human blood. In certain parts of the world some functions. insects like crickets, grasshoppers and bugs are consumed as 5. Muscles are segmentally arranged in bundles, each specialized food. to move particular segment of the body. All muscles are striated 7. Insects like cockroach, grasshoppers, and flies are abundantly and capable of rapid action. used as laboratory animals for specific learning and research. 6. Body cavity surrounding the viscera contains blood called 8. Many insects and their extracts are used in the manufacture of ‘haemocele’ drugs in various parts of the world. 7. Mouth with movable appendages, there is one pair of mandible and jaw. Demerits: 8. Endocrine system has been developed especially for controlling metabolic activities, particularly in young stages. 1. They destroy field crops, fruit trees. More destructive are 9. Sexes are usually separate and often there is distinct sexual grasshoppers, caterpillars and bugs. dimorphism. Gonads have ducts. 2. They spoil useful articles in house like books and furniture, 10. Fertilization is generally internal. Development usually includes especially white ants, beetles, cockroach. larval forms undergoing degree of metamorphosis to become 3. They spread diseases among domestic animals and useful adults. plants. 4. Insects spread diseases among human beings. More important UNIQUE FEATURES: disease carriers are housefly, mosquito, lice, sand fly and bugs. 5. They annoy man in various ways, e.g. Bees sting, mosquito, 1. Jointed appendages modified for various functions. lice, flea’s bite and suck blood, and small insects fall in eyes 2. Hard exoskeleton. and get trapped. 3. Trachea for respiration 4. Compound eyes in majority of forms. IMPORTANT REMEDIES: ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: 1. APIS CHENOPODII GLAUCI 2. APIS MELLIFICA Uses: 3. BLATTA AMERICANA 4. BLATTA ORIENTALIS 1. They give many substances of commercial importance. E.g., 5. BOMBYX PROCESSIONEA Honey and Bee’s wax from honey bees, Cantharidine by 6. CANTHARIS Spanish fly, Silk from silk worms 7. CIMEX ACANTHIA 2. Insects aid in production of fruits, seeds, and vegetables by 8. COCCINELLA pollinating flowers, usually done by insects like bees, ants, 9. COCCUS CACTI butterflies, moths, bugs and beetles. 10. CULEX MUSCA 3. They destroy other injurious insects. 11. DORYPHORA 4. Insect acts as scavengers. E.g. Ants dispose all sorts of decaying 12. FORMICA RUFA organic matter. 13. ONISCUS ASELLUS 14. PECTEN 31 32  15. PEDICULUS Female genital system: 16. PULEX IRRITANS On female genital organs it causes inflammation, indurations, 17. SCOLOPENDRA swelling and dropsy of ovaries. (Right ovary – Apis Mel, Left ovary – 18. TRIATEMA Vespa). Ovarian tumors with burning, stinging, cutting pains. Burning 19. TROMBIDIUM micturation and tenderness in uterine region. 20. VESPA CRABRO Skin: CHARACTERISTICS: Skin becomes red and swollen with intense itching. Severe burning & stinging with sensitiveness of skin. On skin causes Constitution: errythema, eczema, carbuncles, urticaria, erysipelas and vesicles. Irritable, nervous & peevish. These persons are very jealousy. Best adapted to girls at teenage who have awkwardness, tendency to Gastrointestinal tract: drop things. Causes inflammation and irritation of mucous membranes of G.I tract resulting in diarrhoea and dysentery where the stools are Miasm: offensive, containing mucus and associated with Tenesums. Psora, Sycosis and Syphilis Respiratory system: By acting on the respiratory organs it causes fluent Coryza Diathesis: with secretion of mucus and inflammation of fauces. There is Scrofulous continuous irritation and tickling in larynx which causes coughing. There is dry, spasmodic and suffocative cough with threatened Thermal Relation: suffocation. Also indicated in asthma, bronchitis. Generally Hot Eyes: Sphere of Action: Causes erysipalatous inflammation of the lids. Chemosis and The insect group has predominant action on Skin, Urinary baggy swelling of conjunctiva. Pain in the eyes with itching and Tract, Gastro Intestinal System, Kidneys, Male & Female Genital dimness of vision. Lachryamation and flickering before eyes. system. Head: Patho-Physiological Action: These remedies cause congestion to the head. Pressive pain, tightening of forehead. Brain feels too heavy and large causing dull Urinary system: headache. Also indicated in meningitis, hydrocephalus and vertigo. Almost all the drugs in this group have a marked action on urinary organs. They cause inflammations of kidney & urinary organs resulting in haematuria, incontinence of urine and painful urination. Male genital system: By acting on male genital organs it causes increased sexual desire, frequent nocturnal emissions and painful erections with cutting and excruciating pain in urethra. 33 34 Characteristic Mental Symptoms: GENERAL MODALITIES: (Incomplete) - Patient is irritable, melancholic, and forgetful. Aggravation: Night, touch, motion, warmth, drinking cold water Characteristic Physical Symptoms: Amelioration: In open air, cold applications, rubbing - Pale and Waxy, Generally the patient has pale, waxy look with enormous swelling of the whole body. CLINICAL CONDITIONS: - Over sensitiveness of all parts to the slightest touch. Abscess, Apoplexy, Asthma, Bladder Affections, Bright’s - Burning all over the body both internal and external. Disease, Burns, Bronchitis Carbuncle, Constipation, Cancerous - Pains, Characteristic of pain is burning, stinging and lancinating Affections, Diarrhoea, Insect Bites, Intermittent Fevers, Neuralgia, pains of migrating character. Pleurisy, Skin Affections, Urinary Troubles. - Intense itching all over the body followed by burning. - Sensitive, Most of the drugs of this group are sensitive to heat except Formica rufa, which is highly chilly. - Burning, stinging with over sensitiveness of skin. Skin is red and edematous. - Tenesums, Frequent urging with scanty urination. Tenesums of bladder and urethra. Burning, cutting pain in urethra while urinating. Urine passes drop by drop with shuddering. Burning micturation and bloody urine. - Increased sexual desire with persistent and painful erections. Nocturnal emissions. - Offensive mucus stools associated with Tenesums. Much pain before and after stool. Burning and cutting in anus and shuddering after stool. In cantharis there are mucus stools like scraping of intestine. - Spasmodic, suffocative cough with constant irritation and tickling in larynx. - Inflammation in eyelids with dimness of vision and pain in eyes. - Drowsiness, Patient is always drowsy. Frequent yawning and restless sleep. - Intermittent fever with chilliness all over the body. 35 36  FISH GROUP CLASSIFICATION: Phylum: Chordata Group: Vertebrata INTRODUCTION: Subphylum: Gnathostomata Species: Pisces Fish, the symbol of eternal life, was the first and most fascinating creation that gracefully swam across the vast sea. USES OF FISH: From the beginning until now fish has undergone many There are various uses of the fish; a few of them are, changes in their development. Today there are many more species of fish than any other class of backbone animals. Fish choose their own  It is the important economical source. medium of temperature and salinity. The size of fish has wide range  Besides being used as food, fish liver is an important source of of variation. They are the most colourful creation. They have oil containing Vitamin A and D. beautiful structure and graceful movements. The Fish convey good  Fishes have formed an important item of human diet. omen of prosperity. Fish is the main survival food for most of the  Fishes diet provides Proteins. Vitamin A and D. people of coastal region.  A large amount of Phosphorus and other element is also present.  2 types of oils are extracted from the fish. They are liver oil and The fish play important role in the life of human beings. It is body oil. not merely the economical source of the people but also has other  The liver oil contains vitamin A and D. medicinal importance.  Body oil also contains vitamin A and D but the traces.  The body oil is used for painting, varnish, soap, candle, leather MYTHS AND BELIEFS: industry.  The scales, which are present on the body, are used for Since ages, fish is considered as a sign of prosperity. cosmetics. According to some old customs, a newly married bride carries fish to  Fish fins are used in China for preparing soap. her husband’s house as a symbol of prosperity and fertility.  The liver oil contains – 55 – 75 % Fat, 5 – 10 % Proteins and Some believe when you get fish on your dream, you are water. going to have a hike in your income or some financial gains. Thus, fish is considered as a sign of prosperity. TYPES: IMPORTANT REMEDIES: Generally there are three types of the fish, 1. Rythrinus (Red Mullet Fish) 2. Limilus (King Crab) a. Cartilaginous, it is made of firm but flexible substance with 3. Medusa (Jelly Fish) tough horny skin. 4. Murex (Purple Fish) b. Bony, they have bony skeleton and are covered with horny 5. Sepia (Cuttle Fish) scales. 6. Trachinus Draco (Sting Fish) c. Lungfish, they have both lungs and gills usually living in fresh 7. Ambra Grisea (Ambergris from Whales) water. Their fins resemble legs. 8. Astacus Fluviatilis (Shell Fish) 37 38  9. Asteria Rubens (Red Starfish) 10. Homarus (Lobster) Diathesis: 11. Oleum Jecoris Aselli (Cod Liver Oil) Tubercular 12. Propylamine – Trimethylamimum (Herring Brine) 13. Serum Anguila Icthyotoxin (Eel’s Serum) Thermal relation: 14. Pyrara (Fish from Amazon) Chilly patients 15. Ichythyolum (Fish Fossil) Sphere of Action: Fish group remedies act prominently on the female DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURE: reproductive system. They also act on mind, stomach, skin, nerves and kidneys. 1. The fish never rests, darting hither and thither, gently fanning its fins, routing its mouth swimming and diving with ease and grace creating such minimal turbulence. They have wonderfully Patho-Physiological action: refined sense organs. THE PERSONS REQUIRING A FISH The remedies of the fish group have a special affinity towards REMEDY IS VERY ACTIVE AND ALERT. FISH IS to female reproductive system causing relaxation of the uterine TRILLION TIMES MORE SENSITIVE IN SENSE OF musculature which can be seen by the tendencies to abortion and TASTE WITH RESPECT TO MAN. prolapse of the uterus. 2. The fish live in cold water. SO ALSO THE REMEDIES Characteristic Mental Symptoms: RELIEVE BURNING SENSATIONS LIKE THE WATER IN WHICH THEY LIVE. - Weeping tendency: Tendency to weep and tell for sufferings. They show marked sadness and grief. Little things trifle then or upset them. CHARACTERISTICS: - Irritability Easily angered or annoyed. They respond very quickly to stimulation. Constitution: - Indifferent and indolent attitude, towards others. They have Most of the fish show weakness either due to age or overwork no feelings or concern for those around them. Hysteric people Red and yellow complexions. Thin or flabby and are anaemic with wild emotional tendencies. Frenzied and crazy people. They are irritable and with weeping tendencies. Tendency for Crazy ideas get into their mind. Anxious and worried. They are chronic hepatic troubles. They have masculine appearance. always worrying even for trifling matters. - Anxious and worries, they are very anxious and troubled with Ailments From: some uncertain matter and become very angry with them. Filled Climacteric age, business embarrassments, music, bad affects with dread of error as well as uneasiness and apprehension. of alcohol and tobacco, exposure to cold, laundry work, before and - Psychoneurotic condition, violent emotional paroxysms and during menses, thunderstorm and getting wet, grief, anger, vexation, disturbances in the sensory level. Abnormal excitement with overwork. emotionalism and frenzy. - Aversion, to job, family, exertion and work. They are very lazy Miasm: Sycotic & Tubercular 39 40 Characteristic Physical Symptoms: COMMON GENERAL MODALITIES: - Haemorrhagic All the remedies show bleeding irregularities. Aggravation: Bleeding irregularities are due to hormonal imbalance, puberty Washing, cold applications, cold air, touch, music, early in reproductive age and postmenopausal age. morning, menses before - Tendency for abortions. Threatened, inevitable or habitual abortion. Amelioration: - Bearing down sensation is a prominent feature of fish group. Exercise, warmth, crossing limbs, fresh air Bearing down sensation, false labour like pains, pseudo pregnancies are usually present. COMMON CLINICAL CONDITIONS: - Ball like sensation in inner parts. - Itching and numbness is another characteristics feature of this Acne, Abortion, Amenorrhoea, Asthma, Cancer, group. Constipation, Convulsions, Cough, Climacteric Troubles, Diabetes, - Excessive nervous hypersensitive, spinal irritation is present. Dyspepsia, Dysentery, Eye Affections, Eczema, Hysteria, Jaundice, - Marked weariness. Leucorrhoea, Menstrual Disorders, Nymphomania, Pregnancy, - Hot flushes and perspiration. Psoriasis, Ranula, Uterine Prolapse, Varicose Veins, Whooping - Burning of cancerous conditions. Cough. - Tendencies for prolapse, urticaria. - Nervous hyper anesthesia. - Nervous diathesis, figiditive people, who are constantly moving and restless. - Discharges are yellowish and excoriating. - Coldness in the lower extremities and coldness in spots (head) - Cravings, cold drinks, sweets - Aversion, bread, milk - Congestion leads to stasis. COMMON INDICATIONS: All fish remedies act in cases of Rheumatism. Rheumatic prosopalgia and Rheumatic Metastases specially heart lesions. Tingling and numbness of fingers. Aversion for fine touch and tactile sensation lost. Weakness in lumbar and lower dorsal region. Fish remedies are indicated for cough, itching, numbness bleeding irregularities, prolapse, urticaria, ichthyosis, Herpes, Abortions, neuralgias, cancers, Insomnia. Fish remedies can be compared with ophidia group, carbon group. 41 42  ARACEAE FAMILY INTRODUCTION: Araceae family ahs total 8 homeopathically important remedies. Though it is a small family still it has its own characteristic features. The plants in this group all contain in their juices an acrid principle in more or less quantity. They all contain any irritant poison, causing inflammation of mucus membrane and destruction of tissue. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY: These Herbs are usually with watery acrid or milky juice. They are stemless shrubs with sympodial branches climbing by aerial PLANT roots. The leaves in spirally herbaceous species alternate solitary or radical appearing without or after the flowers. The petiol is hermaphrodite, which is more or less completely enclosed in green KINGDOM colour. Fruit are many, small and free. Seeds in each drupe are berrylike small or large. Albumin is copious or scanty. Embryos axile are in exalbuminous genera thick with plumule in a lateral slit. It has 107 Genera and about 1000 species. The various species of the Anthurium, Arum, and Philodendron are acrid and purgative and contain more or less stimulant or poisonous juices. IMPORTANT REMEDIES: 1. Arum Triphyllum 2. Arum Dracontium 3. Arum Italicum 4. Arum Maculatum 5. Caladium 6. Pothos Foetidus 7. Acorus Calamus 8. Dieffenbachia 43 44 SPHERE OF ACTION: - Restlessness or irritability – in delirium he bores the nose, picks  Mucous membrane at one spot or dry lips until it sore or bleeds.  Eyes - “Picking of the ends of Fingers”  Nose - “Bores head into pillow”  Rectum - Children excessively cross stubborn, nervous, irritable and  Larynx restless - Apprehension about any thing.  Urinary organ - Great languor and depression during asthma at night  Extremities COMMON CHARACTERISTIC: Common Characteristic Physical Symptoms: - Headache with dull heavy sensation from least intellectual Common Constitutions: effort. It is suited to lax phlegmatic persons. - Heavy sensation shooting pain in head. - Discharges are excoriating, make the nostril raw and lips sour Common Temperament: swollen. - Dryness of mouth, drink little at a time. Leucophlegmatic - Glandular enlargement Miasm: - Violent action of heart shakes the chest wall, flushing of hands and face. Psora, Syphilis, Sycosis - Sleepless from itching of skin and sourness in throat and mouth. - Sleepless due to vivid dreams. Common Relation to Heat & Cold: - Offensive urine, burning of urethra after micturation. Predominantly Chilly - Desire for sour things and pickles. - Burning stinging pain in mouth and lips “as with a hundred Side affinity: needles”. Most remedies are RIGHT SIDED. - Constant desire to swallow. - Sensation of rawness and burning of parts. Ailments from: - Both hands feel stiff and more swollen. Over use of voice, Exposure to cold, Sexual excess, Sudden - Cramps in right leg, worse while walking. noise, Tobacco smoking - Tongue and buccal cavity raw and bleed with profuse acrid salivation. - Fluent coryza with raw nostrils. Common Characteristic Mental Symptoms: - Complete aphonia after exposure to northwest winds and from singing. - Unconscious about what he is doing - Discharges excoriate the mucosal surface. - Forgetful - Styptic metallic taste at back of mouth. - Absence of mind - Pricking and formication as from hundreds of needles on tip of - Great delirium fingers. - Irritable disposition 45 46  - On rubbing fingers together, sensation as if a vast number of - stings were driven perpendicularly into them. Pain sour raw and burning the parts. ANACARDIACEAE - Pruritus vagina inducing Onanism. FAMILY - Profuse Catamenia in females. - Sensitive to noise, slight noise startles from sleep. - Laryngismus between 12 – 2 am. - Tongue cracked and bleeds. INTRODUCTION: - Hoarseness on waking in morning. - Disposition to clear the throat by hawking and coughing. “Despite of the similarities, there are many great differences - Fine shooting pains in course of left spermatic cord in their physiological action; in fact their differences may be - Chronic pruritus scroti. so great that in some points they may bring some of the - Nocturnal micturation members of the Anacardiaceae family into an opposite relation to each other.” COMMON GENERAL MODALITIES: - Dr. E. A. Farrington Aggravation: Over use of eyes, Talking, motion, Night and Warmth This family produces most violent affection by slightest contact. Bees feed at the time of the blossoming of these plants; Amelioration: people who have increased intake of honey at such times are liable to become affected from an eruption that resembles (Incomplete) erysipelas. The remedies predominantly affect nerves, spinal cord, muscle, joints and bones producing inflammation in joints CLINICAL CONDITIONS: and paresis of muscles. The mental symptoms include Nervous Encephalitis, Glandular swelling, Delirium, Diphtheria, exertion, Strong fear of being injured by the surroundings, Scarlatina,Typhoid fever, Nettle rash, colic, Hoarseness, aversion to people, extreme lack of confidence and mental Itching, Brain fag, Asthma, Laryngismus stridulus, Pruritus, restlessness. Sore throat, Gleet,Impotence, Spermatorrhoea, worm infestation, Insomnia, Headache, Urinary tract infection, IMPORTANT REMEDIES: Hoarseness of voice, Diarrhoea. 1. Anacardium orientalis (Marking nut) 2. Anacardium occidentalis (Cashew nut) 3. Comocladia dentate (Guao) 4. Karaka (Kopi) 5. Mangifera indica (Mango) 6. Rhus aromatica (Fragrant Sumach) 7. Rhus glabara (Smooth Sumach) 8. Rhus radians (Poison ivy) 9. Rhus toxicodendron (Poison oak) 47 48  10. Rhus venenata (Poison Sumach)  Vesicles filled up with yellowish serum and finally break 11. Schinus motle (Chili pepper) and form thick crusts. ACTIVE PRINCIPLES AND THEIR ACTION COMMON CHARACTERISTIC: (Incomplete) Constitution: THE ACTION OF SOME RARE REMEDIES (Incomplete) Temperament: Irritable, easily angered people COMOCLADIA: Thermal status:  Eruption which results in erysipelas  Weakness Miasm:  Numbness Psora + Syphilis (Anacradium orientalis), Psora (Rhus)  Restlessness  Pain which is ameliorated by motion Diathesis:  Scarlet redness of body Rheumatic + Gouty (Rhus tox)  Burning with intolerable itching  Sensation as if the eyes are large Sphere of action:  Sensation as if the eyes are Pushed out of the socket - Skin  Aggravated by Warmth of Stove - Central Nervous system  Ameliorated by heat - Gastro intestinal system - Genito urinary system RHUS GLABRA: - Muscles  Occipital Headache - Eyes  Epistaxis Proceeding from left side - Blood RHUS VENENATA: Ailments from:  This remedy has got a large blossom of dark reddish - Overuse of brain brown colour - Excessive mental or physical work - Sedentary habits EFFECTS OF RHUS POISONING - Mental excitement  On external application of poison oak an errythema appears firstly with an inflammation and pitting oedema  Then small vesicles form with excessive itching, burning and stinging 49 50 Pathology and Pathogenesis Eyes: Swollen red with profuse oedema (Rhus tox, Rhus venenata) Skin: It causes vesicular eruption which turns Pustular and Mouth: eczematous later. Produces errythema, which turns into Foetid odour erysipelas Corners of mouth cracked Aphthous ulcerations (Rhus tox, Rhus venenata, Rhus glabra) CHARACTERISTIC MENTAL SYMPTOMS Tongue: - Brain fag, Ill effects of overuse of body and mind. Tired Red tipped tongue (Rhus tox, Rhus venenata) feeling with mental irritability. Tearing headache and plug like sensation. Respiratory system: - Restlessness associated with brain fag. Excessive Stitching pain with in chest with pleuritis restlessness in typhoid fever. Has to keep moving as it Haemoptysis aggravated by mental excitement ameliorates. Restlessness with illusions. Extremely Dry cough with oppression of chest confused state of mind. Stuffed heavy feeling in chest with difficult coughing - Loss of memory sudden loss of memory. Cannot recall Feels breathless and stuffed up names of places and friends. - Illusions and delusions, fears death and fear of being Heart: poisoned. Illusions of body being scattered or body being Hypertrophy of heart from over exertion too loose or body has got two wills. Violent palpitations < from anxiety, mental work - Doubtfulness doubts surroundings, doubts that someone Stitching pain in heart region wants to poison him. Rheumatic pericarditis - Absentmindedness - Plug like sensation in the visceral organs, in stomach, Urine: oesophagus and in rectum. Brain feels plugged and hence Haematuria or albuminuria (Rhus aromatica, Rhus glabra) the inactivity of mind and the thought process is clouded. Sharp pain in the kidney region - Stupidity with inability to think. Unable to decide what to Large quantities of pale albuminous urine do. Paralysis of bladder resulting in enuresis - Suicidal thoughts (Anac, Rhus tox, Rhus venenata) great Cystitis melancholy, gloomy state of mind with no will to live. Severe cutting pain before urination CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS Male and female symptoms: Erysipelas and eczema of genitals Head: Oedema of genitals Occipital or frontal headache, aggravated by motion Early profuse and acrid menstruation Intense itching of vulva 51 52  CLINICAL CONDITIONS: Extremities: Tearing pain Anxiety neurosis, Albuminuria, Brain fag, Cellulitis, Diabetes, Numbness of extremities with rheumatic pain Debility, Errythema, Erysipelas, Eczema, Haematuria, Heart < By cold damp weather, overwork, overstretching, affectations, Haemoptysis, Headache, Loss of memory, overexertion and suppression of sweat Myalgia, , Sprain, Restlessness, Suicidal tendencies, Typhoid Cramps in calves fever, Urticaria Ill effects of tearing of tendons and ligaments Skin: Red and angry looking errythema over skin Errythema progresses to vesicular form ultimately resulting into pustules and scabs Carbuncles with very sharp and acute pains and shiny appearance of skin Burning along with itching over the whole skin surface Eczematous appearance over face (Rhus tox, Rhus venenata) Urticaria (Rhus tox, Anac) Ill effects of suddenly checked perspiration COMMON GENERAL MODALITY Aggravation By Initial motion, sitting at house, Rest, Night, Cold (Except in Comocladia), Excessive mental work Amelioration By Continued Motion (Rhus), Lying down, Eating (A.oc) (Warm things – Rhus) 53 54  COMPOSITAE FAMILY CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom: Plant INTRODUCTION: Natural order: Compositae Division: Angiosperm Composite or daisy or sunflower family is also known as Subdivision: Dicotyledon ASTARACAE. Different remedies of this family have been employed in various clinical conditions by different schools of medicines since ancient times. There are about 60 remedies of this family mentioned MORPHOLOGY: in our Materia medica, some being well proved and some partially. It is one of the large families widely distributed throughout world Leaves are alternate opposite, radical simple or compound. consisting of most highly evolved dicotyledonous plants. They are Uniqueness of family is what appears to be a single flower is actually annual or perennial herbs, shrubs and rarely trees. They are mostly composite of many small florets - Hence the name of this family is cultivated as ornamental plants, food plants or grow as weeds. They COMPOSITAE. These florets are arranged in disc like flower head or are approximately 900 genera and 19,000 species of family. receptacle in centripetal manner enclosed in involucres of whorled bracts of modified leaves. True sepals are converted with wooly hair. The study of composite family made under following Flowers are composite of many individual florets, which are of two headings: types, Regular or disc florets and Irregular or ray florets.  Morphology Disc florets form the central disc of short flower and ray  Constituents florets form outside petals with large edge on outside of flower head.  Physiological and toxicological action Some members of family have only ray floretsLingulaeflorae,  Sphere of action and pathogenicity some have only tubular disc florets Tubuliflorae and some have  Characteristic symptomatology both.  Their therapeutic utility All plants are characterized by strong aromatic odour either pleasant or pungent. Bitterness is prevailing characterized of these This family have wide spectrum of remedies can be plants, which compose the order. divided into three groups. 1. Convulsion group of remedies – In these remedies there is deficiency of nutrition causing emaciation though the IMPORTANT REMEDIES: patient eats. Problem of nursing mother, lot of behavioral disturbances 1. Artemisia - Artemisia Abrotinum - Artemisia Vulgaris 2. Injury group of remedies - In this group there is profuse - Artemisia Absinthium and easy bleeding, soreness. This group show extreme fear - Art