Evolution Of Human Rights PDF

Group 1 Evolution of Human Rights 1. What is human right? Human rights are rights we have simply because we exist as human beings - they are not granted by any state. These universal rights are inherent to us all, regardless of nationality, sex, national or...

Group 1 Evolution of Human Rights 1. What is human right? Human rights are rights we have simply because we exist as human beings - they are not granted by any state. These universal rights are inherent to us all, regardless of nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. They range from the most fundamental - the right to life - to those that make life worth living, such as the rights to food, education, work, health, and liberty. United Nations. (2024). What are human rights? OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/what- are-human-rights 2. Early documentation of human rights and moral code 2.1 Cyrus Cylinder (539 BCE) The Cyrus Cylinder, dated to 539 B.C., is considered the world's first charter of human rights. It was issued by Cyrus the Great, the first king of ancient Persia, after he conquered Babylon. The Cylinder declared the abolition of slavery, the right to choose one's own religion, and racial equality. (1)The Cylinder is considered the world's first charter of human rights, as it declared the abolition of slavery, the right to choose one's own religion, and racial equality. These concepts parallel the first four articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This laid the philosophical groundwork for the idea of inherent, inalienable human rights. The Cyrus Cylinder has been celebrated by the United Nations and recognized as an early champion of human rights. It has inspired and influenced the development of human rights movements and declarations worldwide, from ancient times to the present day. (2) Cyrus the Great made his historical proclamation of his views and laws on a clay cylinder known as Cyrus Cylinder 2.2 Magna Carta (1215) The Magna Carta was a document forced on the tyrannical King John of England in 1215. It established the rule of law, limiting the power of the monarch and ensuring all citizens, including the king, were subject to the law..(2)The Magna Carta's true power lies in the culture of rule of law and respect for individual rights that it helped create.(3)Its groundbreaking protection of individual rights and limitations on governmental power have had a lasting impact, influencing the evolution of human rights concepts and constitutional frameworks in the English-speaking world and beyond.(4)The Magna Carta set the precedent for the transfer of authority to the people instead of absolute monarchs. It established the concept of the rule of law, and the idea that the government was accountable to the people. It also established the idea that everyone was entitled to a fair trial and that the king had to abide by the law. The Magna Carta remains an essential document in the history of democracy because it limits the monarchy's power and gives more power to the people. It is one of the first examples of government by consent. (1) The Magna Carta established the rule of law and the idea that all citizens, including those in power, should be fairly and equally ruled by the law. It began the tradition of respecting the law, limiting government power, providing access to justice and the protection of human rights. 2.3 Hugo Grotius and International Law(1625) Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was a Dutch scholar whose influential legal work, De Jure Belli ac Pacis "On the Law of War and Peace", published in 1625, was a path-breaking work in the theory of international law. Grotius establishes that there are certain human rights that are unwaveringly fundamental to human beings. These rights are then vital to understanding human nature. Grotius also contributed to the concept of the freedom of the seas with his work "Mare Liberum” (1)one of the first scholars to articulate an international order , that consists of a society of states governed by treaties and customs , and not by force or warfare. (2.1)Through advocating for a common law among nations that applies in both peace and war. Grotius emphasized the importance of natural law, arguing that it is inherent in human nature and valid even without divine intervention, thus making it universally applicable regardless of religious beliefs. (2.2)His ideas laid the groundwork for international law by advocating for the restraint and regulation of warfare, which aligns with contemporary human rights principles that seek to minimize conflict and protect individuals during war. (3)He also emphasized the doctrine of the freedom of the high seas, which was relevant to the colonising of the new world, as he rejected the Portuguese concept of the closed seas, and emphasised free trade by saying that high seas belong to all. 2.4 English Bill of Rights (1689) The English Bill of Rights (1689) is a response to the abuses of power by King James II and aimed to limit the powers of the monarchy while enhancing the rights of Parliament and individuals. It sets out frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within Parliament. It incluses Toleration Act (1689), granting religious toleration to all Protestants, the Triennial Act (1694), ordering general elections to be held every three years, and the Act of Settlement. Also no right of taxation without Parliament's agreement, freedom from government interference, the right of petition and just treatment of people by courts. 2.5 French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, one of the basic charters of human liberties, containing the principles that inspired the French Revolution. The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the Ignorance, forgetfulness, or contempt of the rights of man are the root causes of societal problems and governmental corruption. In its preamble and its 17 articles, it sets out the “natural and inalienable” rights, which are freedom, ownership, security, and resistance to oppression. These article remin all members of society of their rights and duties. It is intended to guide the actions of both the legislative and executive powers, ensuring that they align with the principles of the Declaration. the Declaration seeks to ensure that the demands of citizens are based on clear and indisputable principles, and that these directed towards maintaining the constitution and promoting the happiness of all. 2.6 US Constitution and Bill of Rights (1791) The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, was ratified on December 15, 1791, confirming the fundamental rights of American citizens. It draws inspiration from the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and establishes key civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right to bear arms, and protections for the accused. The Bill of Rights was championed by George Mason and drafted by James Madison, addressing the concerns of states that did not initially ratify the Constitution due to a lack of individual rights guarantees. The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights have been instrumental in advancing human rights globally. Their enduring legacy lies in establishing foundational civil liberties, inspiring human rights movements, guiding constitutional development, and shaping legal frameworks around the world. 2.7 Peace Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (1919) The Paris Peace Conference was an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War. Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the "Big Four." The  "Big Four" would dominate the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty that articulated the compromises reached at the conference. The Treaty of Versailles included a plan to form a League of Nations that would serve as an international forum and an international collective security arrangement. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was a strong advocate of the League as he believed it would prevent future wars. By July 1919, U.S. public opinion largely supported ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, including the Covenant of the League of Nations. The League, a priority for President Wilson, aimed to protect the territorial integrity and political independence of its members and establish mechanisms for maintaining peace. Despite widespread public and state- level support, the U.S. Senate strongly opposed the Treaty. 3. The Birth of the United Nations (October 24, 1945) The idea of human rights emerged stronger after World War II. The extermination by Nazi Germany of over six million Jews, Sinti and Romani (gypsies), homosexuals, and persons with disabilities horrified the world. Trials were held in Nuremberg and Tokyo after World War II, and officials from the defeated countries were punished for committing war crimes, "crimes against peace," and "crimes against humanity."Governments then committed themselves to establishing the United Nations, known as the UN, with the primary goal of bolstering international peace and preventing conflict. People wanted to ensure that never again would anyone be unjustly denied life, freedom, food, shelter, and nationality. The calls came from across the globe for human rights standards to protect citizens from abuses by their governments, standards against which nations could be held accountable for the treatment of those living within their borders. These voices played a critical role in the San Francisco meeting that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1945. In the UN Charter – the UN’s founding document – the countries of the United Nations stated that they were determined: "to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small … and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom." 4. Universal declaration of Human rights (December 10, 1948) The General Assembly Proclaims Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights arose from the experience of the World War II.It was drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 of December 1948. Eleanor Roosevelt served as the first Chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights and played an instrumental role in drafting the Declaration of. The declaration was the first legal document to set out the fundamental human rights to be universally protected. it has been translated into over 500 languages. The UDHR continues to be the foundation of all international human rights law. Its 30 articles provide the principles and building blocks of current and future human rights conventions, treaties and other legal instruments. International Covenants on Human Rights International Covenants on Human Rights recall the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote human rights and recognize that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can be achieved only if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights. (1)The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that the rights provided for therein may be limited by law, but only in  so far as it is compatible with the nature of the rights and solely to promote the general welfare in a democratic society. (2) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allows a State to limit or suspend the enjoyment of certain rights in cases of officially proclaimed public emergencies which threaten the life of the nation. Such limitations or suspensions are permitted only "to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation" and may never involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin. International Bill of Human Rights Together, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and these two Covenants: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, are known as the International Bill of Human Rights. 5. Modern Issues of human rights Backlash Against Gender Justice: A growing resistance to gender justice, particularly in the areas of sexual and reproductive rights and LGBTI rights. Disproportionate Impact of Economic Crises and Climate Change: The marginalized communities are most affected by economic downturns and environmental degradation. Threats from New and Existing Technologies: Unregulated AI, surveillance technologies, and Big Tech's business models threaten human rights, especially for marginalized groups Extrajudicial killings - undermine justice systems and fuel impunity, particularly in countries where state violence is used to silence dissent, leaving victims without recourse to fair trials Attacks on activists and journalists - threaten democratic freedoms, as these individuals often expose corruption and human rights abuses. Violence against them creates a climate of fear, stifling freedom of speech and democratic engagement Human trafficking - a global scourge that exploits vulnerable populations, especially women and children. It violates basic human rights by reducing people to commodities and perpetuates cycles of poverty and abuse Refugee crises - exacerbate global inequality and strain international systems. Refugees fleeing violence and persecution often face severe violations of their rights, including limited access to asylum and unsafe living conditions Worker rights - remain critical as many industries worldwide continue to exploit labor through unsafe conditions, unfair wages, and restrictions on unionizing, violating basic labor protections Modern human rights challenges arise from systemic inequalities, political instability, and economic disparities. Addressing them requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that prioritizes human dignity, justice, and equality. While progress is possible, ongoing conflicts, economic crises, and lack of political will pose significant obstacles. 6. Human rights in the Philippines Colonial Era: Under Spanish rule (1565–1898), Filipinos faced oppression and exploitation. The Philippine Revolution (1896) aimed to end this, and the Malolos Constitution of 1899 introduced early rights like freedom of speech and religion. American Colonial Period: From 1898 to 1946, Filipinos fought for independence under U.S. rule, which brought democratic ideals. Martial Law (1972–1981): Under President Ferdinand Marcos, human rights were gravely violated, with thousands subjected to arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings. Martial Law left a lasting legacy of fear and distrust in government. Post-Martial Law and 1987 Constitution: After the 1986 People Power Revolution, the 1987 Constitution was created, enshrining a Bill of Rights that protects civil liberties and promotes social justice. Recent Challenges: In the 2010s, the War on Drugs under President Duterte led to widespread human rights violations, including thousands of extrajudicial killings. Marcos Jr. Administration: The election of Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. in 2022 revived public debate on human rights, given his father’s legacy. His administration promised to respect human rights but has faced scrutiny over how it would address past abuses and current issues like freedom of speech, press, and human rights violations linked to the previous administration.  Group 2 Eastern vs. Western Human Rights Human rights, as a concept, are understood universally but vary in interpretation across cultures. The main difference between Eastern and Western views on human rights comes from their unique philosophies, cultures, and histories. Our report compares and contrasts these perspectives, examining how each influences global human rights discourse. Western Perspective on Human Rights In Western countries, human rights focus on individual freedoms. This idea comes from the Enlightenment period, which promoted the importance of individual rights and freedom of choice. Western human rights stress things like freedom of speech, democracy, and personal independence. Two important documents that reflect these values are the Magna Carta (1215) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Civil and Political Rights: Western countries prioritize individual freedoms, including the right to speak freely, vote, and live without government interference. These values are tied to the importance of democracy, fair laws, and personal liberty. Influence of Liberalism: Philosophers like John Locke and Immanuel Kant believed in reason and the importance of protecting the rights of the individual. They argued that governments should focus on protecting individual freedoms, not controlling people. COUNTRIES Since in they focus on individual freedom, people have the right to speak their minds, choose their leaders, and live their lives as they wish, as long as they don’t break the law. Governments protect these rights, and people are free to disagree with the government without fear of punishment. Some examples of these countries are: 1. United States – Freedom of speech: In the U.S., people have the right to protest and criticize the government without fear of punishment. For example, during the Black Lives Matter protests, citizens expressed their opinions on racial justice, even when their views were critical of the police and government policies. People have the right to speak freely, protest, and vote for their leaders. 2. United Kingdom – Freedom of Press: The British media often reports on government controversies. For example, during the "Party gate" scandal, journalists uncovered instances where government officials broke COVID-19 lockdown rules, highlighting the media's right to hold those in power accountable. Citizens can freely express their opinions, and there are strong protections for individual rights. 3. Canada – Marriage Equality: In 2005, Canada legalized same-sex marriage, allowing individuals to marry whomever they love, regardless of gender. This shows how individual rights, especially personal choices like marriage, are protected under Canadian law.Focuses on equality, allowing people to marry whoever they want and speak their minds freely. 4. Germany – Right to Privacy: Germany has strict data protection laws through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). For example, companies must get clear consent before using someone’s personal data, prioritizing individuals' right to privacy over corporate interests. Protects freedom of speech and individual rights strongly. 5. France – Right to Protest: The Yellow Vest Movement that began in 2018 saw thousands of people protesting across France against rising fuel prices and economic inequality. Despite some violent clashes, the protests were largely allowed as part of the country’s commitment to free speech and the right to protest. People have the freedom to express their views, including in protests and the media. 6. Australia – Freedom of Expression and Rights of Asylum Seekers: Australia has a strong tradition of protecting individual freedoms such as freedom of expression. However,  one of the most controversial issues in recent years has been its treatment of asylum seekers and refugees.Example: Australia has a policy of offshore detention, where asylum seekers who arrive by boat are sent to detention centers on islands like Nauru and Manus Island (in Papua New Guinea). This policy is aimed at discouraging illegal immigration, but it has been criticized for violating human rights because of the poor conditions in these centers and the mental health impacts on detainees. While many Australians value the right to seek asylum, the government prioritizes border security and preventing dangerous journeys by sea. 7. The Netherlands – Euthanasia Rights: In 2002, the Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia under strict conditions, reflecting the country's strong focus on individual autonomy and the right to make personal decisions about life and death. They are also known for supporting personal freedoms like same-sex marriage and the right to free speech. 8. Sweden – Gender Equality: Sweden has been a global leader in gender equality. For example, Swedish law ensures equal pay for men and women and provides generous parental leave for both mothers and fathers, demonstrating the country’s commitment to individual rights within the family. Promotes equality and individual rights, especially gender equality. 9. Spain – Gender Equality and Protection Against Domestic Violence. Spain has strong laws and policies focused on gender equality and protecting victims of domestic violence, reflecting its commitment to individual rights.Example: Spain has implemented comprehensive laws to combat domestic violence and promote gender equality. The Organic Law on Integrated Protection Measures against Gender Violence (2004) provides support and protection for victims of domestic violence, including legal aid, shelters, and specialized police units. The law also criminalizes various forms of abuse and ensures that victims have access to necessary services. The also have strong protections for individual freedoms, including free speech and democratic participation. 10. Italy – Freedom of Religion: Italy, a predominantly Catholic country, guarantees freedom of religion. This allows people of various faiths, including Islam and Judaism, to practice their beliefs freely without interference from the state. They also protects people’s personal rights and encourages free expression. Emphasis on Privacy: In Western countries, particularly in Europe and North America, technological regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) prioritize privacy rights. GDPR imposes strict guidelines on how organizations collect and use personal data, emphasizing user consent, data protection, and privacy enforcement (European Commission, 2020). This framework reflects a broader legal culture in the West that values individual autonomy and the right to privacy in the digital age (Schwartz, 2019). Digital Freedom: Western societies, particularly in the United States and parts of Europe, advocate for free speech and open internet access. Social media platforms are less regulated, allowing diverse viewpoints to proliferate online, though challenges with misinformation and hate speech exist (Freedom House, 2021). There are ongoing debates about how to balance digital freedom with the need to combat harmful online content. Accountability of Big Tech: There is increasing scrutiny of big technology companies in the West, with governments holding companies like Facebook and Google accountable for how they handle user data. Investigations into data misuse and monopolistic practices illustrate efforts to safeguard digital rights (Gorwa, 2020). Eastern Perspective on Human Rights In Eastern countries, human rights are often seen differently from Western ideas. Instead of focusing on individual freedoms, Eastern cultures, influenced by traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, focus more on the good of the whole community. The belief is that people's rights should be balanced with their responsibilities to their family and society. Collective Rights and Social Harmony: In Eastern cultures, the well-being of the group (like family or community) is more important than individual rights. Personal freedoms should not disrupt the peace or stability of society. For example, in Confucian teachings, people have duties to their family and country, and these duties are seen as more important than individual desires. Focus on Economic and Social Rights: Many Eastern countries focus more on improving the economy and providing for people's basic needs (like healthcare, housing, and education), even if it means limiting certain political freedoms. For instance, China focuses on reducing poverty and economic growth, rather than on giving complete political freedoms like the right to protest. Cultural Relativism: Some scholars from Eastern countries believe that human rights should fit the culture of each country. They argue that Western ideas about human rights shouldn’t be forced onto Eastern cultures, as each society has its own values and traditions. COUNTRIES: Eastern Countries (Collective Welfare Focus) 1. China – Economic Development Over Political Freedoms: China has lifted millions of people out of poverty through rapid economic development, but it strictly controls political dissent. For example, during the Hong Kong protests in 2019, the Chinese government heavily restricted protests and censored media coverage to maintain social order. 2. Singapore – Strict Public Order Laws: Singapore is known for its strict laws on things like chewing gum sales and public cleanliness. For example, littering can result in heavy fines, and vandalism is punishable by caning. These laws maintain the country’s cleanliness and social order, but limit certain individual freedoms. 3. Japan – Respect for Family Duty: In Japan, there is a strong expectation that families will take care of their elderly relatives. For example, many elderly people live with their children, and there is cultural pressure to prioritize family responsibilities over individual pursuits, emphasizing the collective good. 4. South Korea – Balancing Economic Growth and Protest Rights: South Korea allows political protests, but the government closely monitors large movements to maintain stability. In 2016, massive protests led to the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, demonstrating that people can express political dissatisfaction, but the focus remains on ensuring stability and growth. 5. Vietnam – Social Stability Over Political Dissent: In Vietnam, the government maintains tight control over political opposition and restricts free speech, particularly online. This is to maintain stability and focus on economic growth. For example, people who criticize the government on social media can be fined or arrested. 6. Malaysia – Maintaining Social Harmony: Malaysia has laws that prevent public discussions or actions that could disrupt social harmony, especially on sensitive topics like race and religion. For example, public criticism of Islam is restricted to avoid tensions in a multi-ethnic and multi- religious society. 7. Thailand – Monarchy and National Unity: Thailand has strict lese-majesty laws that prohibit criticism of the monarchy. Violating these laws can result in long prison sentences, reflecting the importance placed on national unity and respect for tradition over individual freedom of speech. 8. Laos – State-Controlled Development: In Laos, the government controls most media outlets and restricts freedom of speech to ensure that development efforts go smoothly. Public criticism of the government is limited to maintain social stability. 9. North Korea – Complete Government Control: In North Korea, personal freedoms are almost non-existent, with the government controlling nearly all aspects of life. Citizens are expected to show absolute loyalty to the leader, and dissent or criticism can result in severe punishment, including imprisonment. 10. Cambodia – Political Stability Over Protests: In Cambodia, political freedoms are limited, especially when it comes to criticizing the ruling government. For example, during the 2018 election, opposition leaders were jailed, and protests were restricted to prevent unrest, focusing on maintaining political stability. Eastern Influence on Human Rights via Technology State Control and Surveillance: In some Eastern nations, such as China and North Korea, technology is used as a tool for state surveillance and control. China’s Social Credit System is a prominent example of how technology is leveraged to monitor and influence citizens’ behaviors, rewarding or punishing them based on their actions (Mozur, 2018). Privacy is often subordinated to state security and collective stability in these contexts. Restricted Digital Freedom: Unlike the more open internet policies of Western countries, countries like China and Iran employ strict internet censorship and filtering mechanisms, often referred to as the “Great Firewall,” to control the flow of information and limit dissent (Xu, 2020). This reflects a preference for collective rights and national security over individual digital freedoms. Cyber Sovereignty: Many Eastern nations emphasize cyber sovereignty, a principle that suggests each state has the right to regulate its internet in line with its domestic laws and norms. This contrasts with the globalist approach of internet governance promoted by the West (Kalathil, 2021). Comparison of Eastern and Western Perspectives Individual vs. Collective Rights: The Western focus on individual rights contrasts with the Eastern prioritization of collective welfare. For example, in Western societies, the right to free speech is paramount, while in some Eastern societies, speech is curtailed to maintain social order. Economic and Social Rights: Eastern countries often argue that economic and social rights, such as access to healthcare and education, should take precedence over political freedoms. Western countries, however, see civil and political rights as foundational for human dignity and freedom. Cultural Relativism vs. Universalism: The debate between cultural relativism (Eastern view) and universalism (Western view) underscores the tension in applying global human rights standards. Eastern nations often claim that Western nations impose their values, while Western nations argue for universal human rights that transcend cultural differences. Technology shapes human rights differently in Western and Eastern societies. The West prioritizes individual rights like privacy and free speech, but struggles with the influence of big tech and misinformation. In contrast, Eastern nations often use technology for state control, emphasizing security and collective stability over individual freedoms, as seen in practices like China’s Social Credit System and internet censorship. Despite these differences, both regions face common challenges like misinformation and the digital divide, highlighting the need for balanced global governance to protect human rights in the digital era. CONCLUSION: The contrast between Eastern and Western perspectives on human rights highlights the complexities of implementing universal human rights norms across diverse cultures. While the West emphasizes individual civil and political rights, the East tends to focus on collective well- being and socio-economic development. Understanding these differences is crucial for creating a more inclusive and balanced global human rights framework.  Group 3 UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS War has been a part of human history, and have occurred because of the conflicts including territorial disputes, religion differences, and personal power. Which a lot of people being killed and people with nowhere to go after the war. To avoid wars, the United Nation together with Eleanor Roosevelt a woman who rally and fought the universal declaration of human rights. Eleanor Roosevelt was instrumental in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) from 1946 to 1948. She was the chairperson of the commission and played a crucial role in shaping the document's language and content. As the chairperson of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Eleanor Roosevelt played a crucial role in bringing together representatives from around the world to create a groundbreaking document that would shape the future of human rights. One of the primary challenges faced by the commission was the diverse perspectives of its members. Representatives from different countries and backgrounds brought their own values and beliefs to the table, making it essential for Eleanor Roosevelt to find common ground and achieve consensus. She worked tirelessly to foster a sense of cooperation and understanding among the delegates, often acting as a mediator and conciliator to resolve disputes and reach agreement. CHALLENGES: Diverse Perspective - Representatives from different countries and backgrounds brought their own values and beliefs to the table, making it essential for Eleanor Roosevelt to find common ground and achieve consensus. She worked tirelessly to foster a sense of cooperation and understanding among the delegates, often acting as a mediator and conciliator to resolve disputes and reach agreement. Post War Trauma and Fear- The aftermath of World War II was marked by widespread fear and trauma, which is the second challenges that Eleanor Roosevelt faced. Because Some countries were wary of committing to a new international human rights framework, fearing it would create new obligations. Eleanor Roosevelt recognized the need for reassurance and worked to build trust among the delegates, emphasizing the importance of protecting individual rights while respecting the sovereignty of states. Cold War Tension - The tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union had a direct impact on the commission's work, making it essential for Eleanor Roosevelt to balance the need for international cooperation with the political realities of the time. She worked to maintain a neutral stance, avoiding taking sides while promoting a shared commitment to human rights. Limited International Law - international law was not well-established, and there was a lack of precedent for a comprehensive human rights instrument. The commission had to create a new framework that would be both meaningful and enforceable. Eleanor Roosevelt recognized the importance of creating a document that would be applicable to all people, regardless of their nationality, sex, race, or religion. She worked closely with experts from around the world to develop a document that would be both practical and universal. Balancing Individual Right with State Sovereignty - Eleanor Roosevelt recognized that this balance was essential to ensuring that the document was both meaningful and effective. She worked to ensure that the document respected both principles, recognizing that individual rights were essential to human dignity while also acknowledging the importance of state sovereignty. Recognition of the Universal Declaration of Human Right Basic human rights recognized around the world delacred by United Nations through Universal  Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration held by United Nations General Assembly at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France on 10 December 1948. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is significant for several key reasons, which have had a profound impact on the global human rights movement and international law: 1. Foundation of Modern Human Rights Law The UDHR serves as the cornerstone of international human rights law. It has inspired over 70 human rights treaties at global, regional, and national levels, which are legally binding. These include instruments like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), both of which expand upon the principles in the UDHR. 2. Global Standard for Human Rights The UDHR set universal standards for what human rights should look like, regardless of race, gender, nationality, or culture. Before its adoption, there were no globally accepted principles of human rights. The declaration provides a shared vocabulary and framework for human rights discussions across different nations and cultures. 3. Influence on National Laws and Constitutions The UDHR has directly influenced the drafting of new national constitutions and laws around the world, particularly in newly independent countries after World War II. Many constitutions enshrine the principles of equality, non-discrimination, freedom of speech, and protection from arbitrary detention, based on the UDHR’s text. 4. Catalyst for International Human Rights Movements The UDHR gave momentum to human rights advocacy and civil rights movements worldwide. It was invoked during decolonization efforts, anti-apartheid struggles in South Africa, and the civil rights movement in the United States. It continues to be a rallying point for activists fighting for gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, refugee protection, and more. 5. Moral and Political Authority Though the UDHR is not legally binding, it holds immense moral and political weight. Nations are pressured to uphold its principles in their domestic and foreign policies, as failure to do so often leads to international criticism and sanctions. The UDHR has helped create a global culture where human rights violations are condemned, and accountability is sought. 6. Framework for International Organizations International organizations like the United Nations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) use the UDHR as a framework for monitoring, reporting, and addressing human rights abuses. It is used as a benchmark to assess compliance with human rights by states and other actors. 7. Comprehensive Scope The UDHR covers both civil and political rights (such as freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial) and economic, social, and cultural rights (such as the right to education, healthcare, and social security). This holistic approach has helped bridge the gap between different schools of thought on the scope of human rights. 8. Legacy of Peace and Human Dignity Coming in the aftermath of World War II and the atrocities of the Holocaust, the UDHR aimed to prevent future violations of human dignity. Its adoption was a historic moment of global unity and a commitment to peace and the inherent worth of every individual. 9. Adaptability to Contemporary Issues While drafted in 1948, the principles of the UDHR have shown remarkable Adaptability justice, the rights of displaced populations, and more. The declaration’s broad language allows it to be applied to emerging human rights challeng  Group 4 Role of the United Nations: How the UN Promotes and Protects Human Rights Globally 1. Introduction Suffering. Carnage. Death. Destruction. These are the words that come to our minds when we talk about war. It doesn't just claim lives. It erases humanity, one piece at a time. The scars of World War II, which erupted in 1939, still lingered as the dust settled on battlefields across Europe. Innocent lives were taken, dehumanizing acts were done, all of which reduced to statistics... The world watched in horror as atrocities unfolded, and the failure to intervene highlighted the inadequacies of the existing international order. In the aftermath of this second devastating conflict, a collective yearning for peace and cooperation emerged. Delegates from around the world convened in San Francisco in 1945, determined to create a new structure that would prevent the recurrence of such horrors. Thus, the United Nations was born—a symbol of hope and a promise that nations could come together to resolve their differences through dialogue rather than war. Through this organization, notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights were clearly defined and made universal. But what exactly is the role of the united nations? How does the UN protect and promote human rights globally? And why is the UN receiving criticism for its shortcomings in the face of modern day conflicts? 2. Historical Background The United Nations was established with one main goal in mind: to prevent another war in the future. (pause) The UN sought to address the economic disparities that had fueled conflict and to promote social progress. It aimed to safeguard human rights and provide a platform for nations to collaborate on global issues. The lessons learned from the atrocities committed during the war, particularly the Holocaust, shaped its mission and vision. Moreover, it ignited a collective consciousness about the urgent need to safeguard human rights. As nations emerged from the shadows of devastation, they recognized that a shared commitment to fundamental rights was essential to prevent future horrors. In 1946, the United Nations General Assembly took a crucial step by establishing the Commission on Human Rights. Over the next two years, this body was tasked with the monumental responsibility of drafting a declaration that would articulate a universal standard of rights. At the helm of the Commission was Eleanor Roosevelt, taking a leading role in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. "We won the war," she said. "Now we need to work to win the peace." The adoption of the UDHR marked a transformative moment for humanity. It laid the foundation for a global commitment to human rights, inspiring countless international treaties and national laws. As the delegates left the assembly hall, they carried with them not just a document, but a shared hope for a future where every individual’s rights would be recognized and respected—a future that sought to prevent the atrocities of the past from ever happening again. 3. How the UN Promotes Human Rights Globally and UN’s Mechanisms for Human Rights Protection Since its inception in 1948, the United Nations has diligently protected and promoted human rights through legal instruments, offices, bodies, and on-the-ground activities. One of the UN offices is the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Headquartered in Geneva, with many regional offices, the OHCHR was established in 1993 to promote and protect human rights globally. The High Commissioner, accountable to the UN Secretary-General, is the principal human rights official of the United Nations. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) promotes and protects human rights globally by advocating against violations, providing technical assistance to governments, and supporting human rights defenders. It monitors human rights situations worldwide and integrates human rights into all UN activities6. The High Commissioner, currently Volker Türk, leads these efforts and advises the UN Secretary-General on human rights policies. Another key independent UN intergovernmental body responsible for protecting and promoting human rights is the Human Rights Council which was established by the UN General Assembly in 2006, replacing the former Commission on Human Rights. The Council was created to strengthen the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and to address situations of human rights violations. Composed of 47 member states, the Council addresses human rights violations and makes recommendations on them. It holds regular sessions to discuss thematic human rights issues and country-specific situations that require attention. The Council also conducts the Universal Periodic Review, which assesses the human rights records of all UN member states. Additionally, the Council appoints Special Procedures, independent experts who monitor and report on human rights issues. Next, are the human rights treaty bodies. These are committees of independent experts that monitor implementation of the core international human rights treaties. Each State party to a treaty has an obligation to take steps to ensure that everyone in the State can enjoy the rights set out in the treaty. For example, if your government signed an international treaty protecting people’s rights it means that they promised to uphold these rights. But governments don’t always keep their promises and it can be difficult for people to check up on their government. And that is where the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies comes in. They get information from many sources, such as the Government and also civil society organizations and individuals. Then, they question governments in detail about their human rights record, report their findings, and make recommendations for action. These bodies also address cases where individuals have suffered a miscarriage of justice. So hold your Government to account and make sure they’re doing their job. Lastly, are the special procedures of the Human Rights Council. These are independent human rights experts with mandates to report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective. They are non-paid and elected for 3-year mandates that can be reconducted for another three years. As of November 2023, there are 46 thematic and 14 country mandates. With the support of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), special procedures: * Undertake country visits * Act on individual cases of reported violations and concerns of a broader nature by sending communications to States and others * Contribute to the development of international human rights standards, and * Engage in advocacy, raise public awareness, and provide advice for technical cooperation. Aside from international offices and bodies, there are also legal instruments which help the UN protect human rights. These are Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. These three instruments form the so-called International Bill of Human Rights. Other legal instruments include Democracy and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 4. Impact of Technology Through its peacekeeping missions, charter bodies, treaty bodies, and legal instruments, the United Nations (UN) system continues to strive for a world where peace and human rights are upheld for all. Moreover, with the help of technology in today’s world, the UN can monitor, report, and respond to human rights violations more effectively than ever before. The UN utilizes social media to raise awareness, mobilize support, and gather firsthand accounts of human rights violations. Through analysis of data, the UN can track the spread of misinformation, identify emerging threats, and amplify the voices of those affected by human rights abuses. Furthermore, satellite imagery provides the UN with real-time, high-resolution images of remote and conflict-affected areas. This technology enables the UN to monitor situations on the ground, gather evidence of human rights abuses, and support humanitarian interventions. For instance, satellite images have been crucial in documenting the destruction of villages and displacement of populations in conflict zones. Through these technological advancements, the UN continues to enhance its ability to protect and promote human rights, ensuring that no violation goes unnoticed and unaddressed. 5. Current issues But wait, if these principles are so well-developed and well-known from all over the world, then why are human rights abused and ignored time and time again? Women’s rights are still violated, human-trafficking are done in secret, conflicts over territory causing violence and destruction. The problem in general is that it isn’t easy to universally enforce these rights or to punish transgressors. The UDHR itself, despite being highly authoritative and respected, is a declaration, not a hard law. So when individual countries violate it, the mechanisms to address those violations are weak. For example, the main bodies within the UN in charge of protecting human rights mostly monitor and investigate violations, but they cannot force states to, say, change a policy or compensate a victim. Therefore, critics say it is naive to consider human rights a given in a world where state interests wield so much power. (Pause) But others still defend universal human rights laws and emphasize the positive role they have on setting international standards and helping activists in their campaigns. They also point out that not all international human rights instruments are powerless. 6. Conclusion Even though the UN is the most important organization working for world peace today it also receives criticism for its imperfections in the face of present-day conflicts. For all of its acknowledged challenges, the UN system continues to be – in the words of former UN Assistant Secretary-General Gillian Martin Sorenson – “imperfect but indispensable.”  Group 5 What if achieving a sustainable future meant ensuring every person on this planet enjoys their basic human rights? Sustainable Development Goals—or SDGs—are the blueprint for a better and more sustainable world. But what if we told you they go hand in hand with something equally important which is human rights?” Sdg1: No Poverty SDG1 Is to End poverty in all its forms everywhere The target is to end poverty in all form everywhere by 2030, establish social safety measures and ensure equal access to economic resources for both men and women. Those in extreme poverty struggle to meet their most basic needs (health, education, access to water, and sanitation).Poverty exists in developed countries as well. Currently, 30 million children are growing up impoverishment even in the world's wealthiest countries. It has been one of most challenging problem to eradicate, even though the number of people living in extreme poverty decreased, too many people are still struggling to meet their most fundamental needs. A call for an increase in action and interventions is crucial, to ensure that everyone, especially the most vulnerable, has access to resources and opportunities to live a life that is free from poverty and making sure that no one is left behind. By eradicating poverty, we are fulfilling the right to dignity and ensuring access to basic needs for all. Sdg 2: Zero Hunger SDG 2 Zero Hunger," focuses on ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture by 2030. Hunger and malnutrition are impediments to sustainable development because hungry people are less productive, more vulnerable to disease, and unable to improve their livelihoods. A fundamental transformation of the global food and agriculture systems is required, because according to the latest report around 735 million people were suffering from hunger in 2022, a sharp increase of 122 million people compared to 2019, and this trend worsen during pandemic. Urgent coordinated action and policy solutions are needed to address entrenched inequities, restructure food systems, invest in sustainable farming techniques, and prevent and mitigate the impact of conflict and pandemics on global nutrition and food security, in order to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. The right to food is essential for human dignity as recognized in the Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) emphasize the right to appropriate sustenance. Ending hunger is synonymous with ensuring that everyone has access to nutritious food for their health and well-being. Moreover, SDG 2 promotes the right to health, as food insecurity and malnutrition have serious health repercussions, especially among vulnerable groups such as children. Hunger can cause stunting, malnutrition, and other long-term health problems. Hence the essence of SDG2 protects the right to physical and mental health by decreasing malnutrition and food insecurity. This goal also emphasizes the right to development by encouraging sustainable agricultural methods and ensuring that small-scale food producers have equal access to resources. These programs promote the right to participate in and profit from social and economic growth, hence creating a more equitable and inclusive society. SDG 2 aims to eradicate hunger and promote sustainable agriculture as part of a worldwide commitment to human dignity, health, and equitable development. Sdg 3: Good Health and Well-being SDG3 Ensure healthy living and encourage well-being for people of all ages. Progress toward this goal is strongly related to solving a wide variety of global health concerns, includes lowering maternal mortality, preventing child deaths, AIDS, universal health coverage, inexpensive essential medicines, sexual and reproductive health care, vaccine research, and medicine availability. Although, the disparities in health care access persist. The COVID-19 pandemic and other current issues have slowed progress toward Goal 3. Nevertheless, the Sustainable Development Goals made a significant pledge to tackle epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis and other communicable diseases by 2030. The goal is to attain universal health coverage and ensure that everyone has access to safe and cheap medications and vaccines. In this sense, increased investment in health systems is required to help countries recover and create resilience to future health risks, and to further overcome these hurdles and address long- standing health care inadequacies. This goal is intrinsically linked to the right to health, which is a fundamental human right as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and as well as outlined in Article 12 of the ICESCR. Access to healthcare, life-saving medications, and health services are basic human rights. Hence, SDG 3 aims to reduce health inequities and provide fair access to healthcare, particularly for marginalized people. By establishing health as a human right, SDG 3 ensures that individuals from all socioeconomic backgrounds may access the required resources and support to lead healthy, productive lives. SDG 4: Quality Education SDG 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Education is a key human right recognized under Article 26 of the UDHR. Ensuring inclusive and equitable education empowers individuals, reduces inequality, and promotes social and economic mobility. It is crucial for the development of human capital and individual freedom. Both SDG 4 and human rights urge for nondiscriminatory access to education. They seek to eliminate inequities in educational access for underserved populations such as girls, rural children, people with disabilities, and minorities. This is consistent with the human rights concept of equality before the law and the right to nondiscrimination. When people are educated, they are able to appreciate and advocate for their own and other’s human rights, as SDG4 emphasizes the premise that high-quality education leads to informed, active and empowered people and that is also the reason why education is considered to be the most powerful tool to claim our rights as human. To sum it all up, SDG 4 and human rights, both emphasize access to education as a right, with the goal of promoting equality, empowerment, and human dignity. By attaining SDG 4, societies may advance human rights and promote sustainable development. SDG 5: Gender Equality SDG 5 Ensure gender equality and empower women and girls. Goals include eliminating discrimination and violence against women and girls, recognizing unpaid care and domestic work, promoting women's full involvement, providing access to reproductive health care, and ensuring equitable access to economic resources. Gender equality is rooted in the UDHR's call for non-discrimination in the Article 2. SDG 5 is consistent with the fundamental human right to equal treatment regardless of gender. Achieving gender equality is essential for safeguarding the rights of women and girls, ensuring access to education, economic opportunities, and healthcare while combating violence and discrimination. In conclusion, SDG 5 and human rights share the core goal of achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls. Achieving SDG 5 contributes to the realization of women's rights in all aspects of life that included social, economic, and political, thereby creating a more just and equitable society. SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 6 Ensure sustainable management of water and sanitation for everyone. Goals include providing safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene for all, reducing pollution, boosting water-use efficiency, and encouraging participatory management of water and sanitation services. The right to water and sanitation is critical to human dignity and is recognized under human rights law. Access to clean water and sanitation is essential for health, survival, and maintaining an adequate standard of living. SDG 6 aims to avoid waterborne infections and promote cleanliness for all, thereby promoting the human right to the best possible health. Furthermore, SDG6 encourages equal access to water and sanitation, ensuring that everyone, especially those marginalized sectors such as people with disabilities, elderly, and living in the rural areas are not left behind. This is also consistent with human rights values of non-discrimination and equality, and that everyone has equal access to critical services regardless of their circumstances. To summarize, SDG 6 and human rights are linked by the recognition of water and sanitation as fundamental human rights that promote health, equality, and dignity for all, as this crucially safeguard these essential human rights while also promoting sustainable development. SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Our everyday life depends on reliable and affordable energy. And yet the consumption of energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60 percent of total global greenhouse gas emissions. From 2015 to 2021, the proportion of the global population with access to electricity has increased from 87 per cent to 91 per cent. In 2021, developing countries installed a record-breaking 268 watts per capita of renewable energy-generating capacity. And yet, in 2021 there were still 675 million people around the world with no access to electricity. Ensuring universal access to affordable electricity by 2030 means investing in clean energy sources such as solar, wind and thermal. Expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean energy in all developing countries is a crucial goal that can both encourage growth and help the environment. In essence, SDG 7 promotes human rights by fostering conditions that enable people to live healthier, more dignified, and prosperous lives through access to sustainable energy. SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Multiple crises are placing the global economy under serious threat. Global real GDP per capita growth is forecast to slow down in 2023 and with ever increasing challenging economic conditions, more workers are turning to informal employment. Globally, labour productivity has increased and the unemployment rate has decreased. However, more progress is needed to increase employment opportunities, especially for young people, reduce informal employment and labour market inequality. SDG 8 aims to create more opportunities for employment, particularly for young people and vulnerable populations, while improving labor rights and eliminating forced labor, human trafficking, and child labor. It also highlights the need for sustainable practices, encouraging innovation, diversification of economies, and resource efficiency to achieve long-term growth without harming the environment. By promoting decent work, fair wages, and economic inclusion, SDG 8 contributes to the fulfillment of fundamental human rights, ensuring that economic progress translates into better living conditions, dignity, and equality for all. As recognized in Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure The manufacturing industry’s recovery from COVID-19 is incomplete and uneven. Global manufacturing growth slowed down to 3.3 per cent in 2022, from 7.4 per cent in 2021.The share of manufacturing in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) remains low, posing a serious challenge to the target of doubling industry’s share of GDP by 2030. However, medium-high and high- technology industries demonstrated robust growth rates.As of 2022, 95 per cent of the world’s population was within reach of a mobile broadband network, but some areas remain underserved. Ultimately, SDG 9 seeks to create sustainable economic growth, reduce inequalities between countries, and enhance the quality of life for all by ensuring resilient infrastructure, industrial progress, and technological advancement. In summary, SDG 9 advances human rights by promoting equitable access to infrastructure, creating opportunities for decent work, fostering innovation, and ensuring that development is both inclusive and sustainable. SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities The incomes of the poorest 40 per cent of the population had been growing faster than the national average in most countries. But emerging yet inconclusive evidence suggests that COVID-19 may have put a dent in this positive trend of falling within-country inequality. The pandemic has caused the largest rise in between-country inequality in three decades. SDG 10 targets reducing income inequality, improving the economic inclusion of marginalized groups, and eliminating discriminatory laws and practices. It also emphasizes the need for fair and safe migration policies and aims to enhance the voice and representation of developing countries in global decision-making. The goal promotes social, economic, and political equality, focusing on bridging the gap between the rich and poor, addressing inequalities based on age, gender, ethnicity, disability, or socio-economic status, and ensuring that globalization benefits everyone equitably. In essence, SDG 10’s goal of reducing inequality is rooted in the human rights principle that all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances, deserve equal opportunities, protection from discrimination, and access to resources necessary for a dignified life. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Community In the developing world, the rapid growth of cities, along with the increasing rural to urban migration, has led to a boom in mega-cities. In 1990, there were ten mega-cities with 10 million inhabitants or more. In 2014, there are 28 mega-cities, home to a total of 453 million people. This rapid urbanization outpaces the development of housing, infrastructure and services, which led to a rise in slums or slum-like conditions. It recognizes the challenges of rapid urbanization, such as overcrowding, pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters. SDG 11 focuses on improving urban planning and management to ensure affordable housing, accessible transportation, green spaces, and basic services for all. It also emphasizes reducing the environmental impact of cities, particularly in terms of air quality and waste management, and enhancing resilience to natural disasters. Overall, SDG 11 is essential for creating urban environments that respect and promote human rights, ensuring that everyone can live in dignity, safety, and sustainability. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Focuses on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. It aims to reduce waste, promote the efficient use of natural resources, minimize environmental impacts from consumption and production processes, and encourage the adoption of sustainable practices by governments, businesses, and consumers. The goal emphasizes the importance of reducing food waste and managing chemical waste in an environmentally sound manner promoting recycling and the efficient use of resources to foster a more sustainable future. SDG 12 supports human rights by fostering practices that protect health, ensure access to resources, and promote equality in the use and distribution of natural assets. SDG 13: Climate Action Climate change is not a future threat but a present reality. It is already happening today. Its impacts are already being felt globally, from rising sea levels and extreme weather events like El Niño and La Niña to changes in agricultural yields and ecosystem disruptions due to the amount of typhoons that had passed and are still coming. This goal emphasizes the need for immediate action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its consequences. To do this, reducing greenhouse gas emissions like the CFCs is crucial, SDG 13 also emphasizes building resilience to climate change. This involves adapting to the changing climate, developing climate-smart infrastructure, and implementing early warning systems for extreme weather events. For this to be addressed, it requires global cooperation. This involves sharing knowledge and technologies, supporting developing countries in their efforts, and promoting international agreements. Every individual can also contribute to climate change action. Simple changes in lifestyle, such as reducing energy consumption, choosing sustainable transportation, and reducing waste, can collectively make a significant difference. SDG 14: Life Below Water This goal focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. Oceans are vital for life on Earth. They regulate climate, provide food and livelihoods, and support a vast array of biodiversity. This sustainable development goal aims to: Reduce marine pollution. This involves minimizing plastic pollution, reducing nutrient runoff from agriculture, and managing hazardous substances properly. It also aims to Protect marine ecosystems. This includes safeguarding coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds, and managing fisheries sustainably. This also aims to educate people that their actions directly affect the oceans. If our oceans are well taken care of we will have an abundance in resources. SDG 15: Life on Land This goal focuses on protecting, restoring, and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, and halting and reversing land degradation and halting biodiversity loss. This SDG target to address Land degradation and biodiversity loss, forest conservation, sustainable agriculture, and Desertification. Human activities, such as deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization, are leading to land degradation and biodiversity loss. This goal aims to protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems, ensuring their sustainable use for future generations. Forests play a vital role in regulating climate, providing clean water, and supporting biodiversity. SDG 15 emphasizes the importance of sustainable forest management, reforestation, and reducing deforestation. Agriculture is a major driver of land degradation and biodiversity loss. This goal promotes sustainable agricultural practices that minimize environmental impacts, conserve soil health, and enhance biodiversity. Desertification is the process of land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions. SDG 15 aims to combat desertification through sustainable land management practices, such as afforestation, water conservation, and soil restoration. SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institution This goal focuses on promoting peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, providing access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. This SDG aims to address peace and security, rule of law and good governance, human rights and equality, and reducing inequality. Conflict and violence are major obstacles to sustainable development. This goal aims to promote peaceful and inclusive societies, reduce violence and conflict, and ensure access to justice for all. Strong institutions, the rule of law, and good governance are essential for sustainable development. This goal promotes transparency, accountability, and participation in decision-making processes. SDG 16 recognizes the importance of human rights and equality for all. It aims to reduce discrimination, promote gender equality, and ensure equal access to justice and opportunities. Inequality is a major driver of conflict and instability. This goal aims to reduce inequality within and among countries, ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to thrive. This SDG promotes the right to peace, the right to justice, and the right to participate in government, all these are essential for a just and sustainable society. SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals Achieving the SDGs requires global cooperation and collaboration. This goal emphasizes the importance of partnerships between governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals. Sustainable development also requires significant financial resources. SDG 17 promotes increased official development assistance, private investment, and sustainable finance mechanisms for this to be successful. SDG 17 also promotes Technology Transfer and Capacity Building. Sharing knowledge and technologies, particularly with developing countries like the Philippines is crucial for achieving the SDGs. They need the advancement of technology that the first world countries are using to cope up with the global changes. In implementing these SDGs, Effective monitoring and evaluation are essential for tracking progress towards the SDGs. This goal promotes the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data related to sustainable development to assess the effectiveness and flaws if there may be. Conclusion: Achieving the SDGs is a complex and challenging task, but it is essential for creating a more sustainable and equitable future for all. Achieving sustainable development also requires a commitment to upholding human rights and ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to live a dignified and fulfilling life. By working together, we can build a world where everyone has the opportunity to thrive, while respecting the limits of our planet and creating a more just, equitable, and sustainable world for all.