Group 5, 6, 7, 8-A Elements PDF

(GROUP 5-A) Nitrogen Group or Pnictogens NITROGEN or Mephitic Air, Azote “Without Life” NITROGEN or Mephitic Air, Azote “Without Life” - constitutes approximately 78% by volume of the atmosphere....

(GROUP 5-A) Nitrogen Group or Pnictogens NITROGEN or Mephitic Air, Azote “Without Life” NITROGEN or Mephitic Air, Azote “Without Life” - constitutes approximately 78% by volume of the atmosphere. Air Most Abundant Element 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, small amounts of other gases. Artificial Atmosphere: Nitrous Oxide "Laughing Gas", Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Carbon Dioxide Zyklon B (Hydrogen Cyanide- HCN) used in gas chambers at Nazi concentration camps (1941) to systematically murder = more than 1M victims compounds: other names: use: Nitrogen (N2) Inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable substances (very stable gas) ex: Crackers Liquid Nitrogen is use as a refrigerant (Ice cream shops) stored: Black container Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Nitrogen Monoxide, Laughing Gas Small concentration: Laughter High concentration: General/System Anesthetic stored: Blue container Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia Spirit of Hartshorn, Spirit of Sal Volatile Respiratory stimulant PHOSPHORUS or St. Elmo's Fire, Light Carrier “Light I bear’’ PHOSPHORUS or St. Elmo's Fire, Light Carrier “Light I bear’’ White phosphorus use: Antacid, Cathartic Manifestation: Garlic Odor Phosphine (PH3)- colorless poisonous gas with an odor of Rotten fish Antidote: Copper sulfate/Blue Vitriol forms: White phosphorus or Yellow phosphorus Old use: Strike anywhere match Allotropic Modification: - Poisonous, Making explosive tip: White phosphorus Scarlet Phosphorus- obtained by heating Phosphorus tribromide with Mercury at 240°C cause: Necrosis ex: Phossy Jaw Present use: Safety Match Violet Phosphorus- obtained by heating Phosphorus with Sodium at 200°C Red phosphorus tip: Phosphorus Sesquisulfide Metallic/Black Phosphorus- with Lead at 530°C - Non-toxic, Non-flammable found: Striker pads of Match bottom: Potassium Chlorate - oxidizing agent ARSENIC or Lewisite Metal "The dew of death" ARSENIC or Lewisite Metal "The dew of death" - choice of professional killers, colorless, odorless named by: Winford Lee Lewis Aqua Tofana - strong poison made by: Giulia Tofana - a Protoplasmic Poison, toxic to all organisms/living things Arsenic Trichloride + Acetylene = Lewisite Metal Arsenic + Lead + Belladonna Ag diethyldithiocarbamate: indicator used for the USP limit test Toxicity: Cells “tying up” effect on -SH (sulfhydryl) groups in tissue. ex: Glutathione are essential to normal oxidation-reduction in the tissues Reinsch test: Copper + HCl + As (heat) = Cu coated with Steel-gray deposit Manifestation: Mee's Line - white lines in nails Flatman Test: obsolete test for As Antidote: BAL or Dimercaprol (2,3-Dimercaptopropanol) Marsh test: Highly sensitive method in the detection of As. Gutzeit's Test: A modification of the Marsh test, Paul Erlich: Father of Chemotherapy, used As: treat syphilis Ar is detected by Silver nitrate or a Mercury (II) Salt Arsphenamine or Salvarsan, Compound 606 first effective treatment for syphilis (1910) Arsenic Trioxide (As2O3) varieties: Amorphous or Vitreous,Glassy Primary standard in the preparation of Ceric sulfate Crystalline or Porcelain Respiratory stimulant Arsenic Triodide (As2I3) Very poisonous, Alternative tonic (past use) Potassium Arsenite Solution Fowler’s solution boiled (KCOH3) + (As2O3) + Alcohol + Distilled water  ANTIMONY or Stibidium BISMUTH or Beautiful Meadow ‘TOMB PAC’ ULCER TX: Quadruple Therapy Triple Therapy Violet precipitate = Rhodamine-B + Sb in the presence of HCl use: Internal Protective for Ulcer, Astringent, Antiseptic Tetracycline PPI Ointment concentration: 30% or 0.3 Omeprazole Amoxicillin Metronidazole Clarithromycin Manifestation: Dark Stool, Blue Black Gums Bismuth Subsalicylate Antidote: BAL cause: Helicobacter pylori discovered by: Doctor Barry Marshall compounds: other names: use: compounds: other names: use: Antimony Potassium Tartrate Tartar Emetic, Brown Mixture Toxic, NOT used as Emetic Milk of Bismuth Bismuth Cream Internal Protective for Ulcer, K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2 Bismuth subnitrate + Bismuth hydroxide Antacid TX: SCHISTOSOMIASIS (GROUP 6-A) Chalcogens OXYGEN or Yne, Dephlogisticated Air, Empyreal Air Allotropes: SULFUR or Azufre, Brimstone, Shulbari, Sufra “Yellow” ↑ ↑ ↑ Ozone O3 “to smell’’ uses: Lavoisier Joseph Priestly Carl William Scheele Oxygen O2 derived: sanskrit word “Shulbari”- shulba: copper, ari: enemy Depilatory agent - remove hair Earth Most Abundant Element recovered in crude furnance: Calcarone Fumigant, Cathartic means: Acid-former or Acid producer Commercial Manufacture: synthesized: FRASCH PROCESS Miscellaneous skin diseases “Oxys” - Sharp or Sour LINDE PROCESS - Fractional distillation of Liquefied air varieties: “Gene” - one that produces/generates BOUSSINGAULT-BRIN BROTHERS’ PROCESS - Obsolete Plastic Sulfur - Insoluble in carbon disulfide, resembles rubber. stored: Green container MARECHAL PROCESS - Thessie du Motay Amorphous Sulfur - Soluble in carbon disulfide, hard and brittle. Electrolysis of water forms: Allotropes: TX: Asphyxia or Hypoxia (low level of oxygen in the lungs) Sublimed sulfur or Flowers of Sulfur = TX: seborrhea, psoriasis, acne Rhombic Sulfur or α-Sulfur Precipitated sulfur or Milk of Sulfur = TX: scabies, Sulfur ointment Monoclinic Sulfur or β-Sulfur Washed Sulfur Liquid Sulfur - heating at 160°C Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Agua oxygenada 3% H2O2 = 10 volume SELENIUM TELLURIUM POLONIUM - essential trace element - Promotes absorption of Vit E. use: Anti Diaphoretic - suppresses night sweats named after Poland use: Production of Red glass, Rubber industry derived: “tellus”- Earth discovered by: Marie Curie derived: “selene”- Moon discovered by: Berzelius Selenium Disulfide SeS2 Selsun Blue Antidandruff 2.5% or 0.025 (brand name) (GROUP 7-A) Halogens or Salt-forming “the producer of sea salt’’ false Pseudohalogens: CN, CNO, SCN, N3; Cyanide, Cyanate, Thiocyanate, Azide FLUORINE CHLORINE or Dephlogisticated Muriatic Acid Most Electronegative Element Toxicity: Fluorosis Most Abundant Extracellular Anion Superhalogen named by: Linus Pauling Manifestation: Mottled enamel, Abnormal bone growth Chloros: Greenish-Yellow Gas Cryolite: Al + Na + F Precipitated with Silver Nitrate ex: Halazone use: Water disinfectant Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 Freon Refrigerant Hypochlorite (ClO) Bleaching agent, Oxidizing agent Sodium Monofluorophosphate Na2FPO2 Anticariogenic Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Muriatic Acid 36.5-38% w/w Parietal Cell produce HCl (gastric juice) and Intrinsic factor TX: Achlorhydria important absorption Vit B12 Pernicious anemia Stannous Fluoride SnF Anticariogenic 8% ASTATINE Rarest Element Half-life: 8.1 hours Only metallic and synthetic halogen resembling Iodine Sodium Fluoride NaF Anticariogenic 2% Only Radioactive halogen BROMINE “Stench” IODINE or Iodous “Violet colored” - Dark Reddish-Brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor use: Sedative/Depressant Most Metallic Halogen - Quickly attacks the skin to cause a Burn = TX: Ammonia Water Toxicity: Bromism use: Oldest germicide still used, Expectorant Deficiency: Goiter Manifestation: Skin Eruption, Psychosis, Antibacterial, Anti-fungal Toxicity: Iodism Weakness, Headache (1:5000 or 0.02%) same strength as KMnO Antidote: Corn starch, Sodium thiosulfate Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl greater antibacterial activity than Cl and Br Bromine 10th N solution Koppeschaar’s solution Assay of phenols and related compounds preparation: Iodine solution - 2% iodine in water + NaI (solubilizing agent) Strong Iodine Solution or Lugol's Solution - 5% iodine with KI in water Iodine Tincture - Disinfectant (2% iodine: 50% alcohol with NaI) Phenolic Iodine Solution or Balton's - Antibacterial and Irritant Povidone Iodine or Betadine - polyvinylpyrrolidone a surfactant (GROUP 8-A) Noble Gases or Group O - unreactive, inert gas, stable gas HELIUM or Helios “Sun” NEON or Neos “New” ARGON “Lazy or Inactive” 2nd Lightest Gas Toxicity: Donald-duck like sound Most Abundant Noble Gas use: advertising Substitute of Nitrogen in providing inert atmosphere stored: Brown container Component of artificial gas: 20% O2 80% He By-product of fractionalization of liquid air use: Carrier/diluents of medically important gases Component of artificial gas KRYPTON “Hidden” XENON “Stranger” RADON or Niton Least Abundant Noble Gas Synthetic Noble gas tx: Cervical CANCER Ramsay and Travers isolated Kr in liquid residues from Ar. Recovered from the radioactive decay of Radium have inhalation anesthetic activity have inhalation anesthetic activity causes: Lung cancer when inhaled