Dryers and Drying Process PDF

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRYERS AND DRYING PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WHAT IS DRYER? a machine or device fo...

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRYERS AND DRYING PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WHAT IS DRYER? a machine or device for drying something. INDUSTRIAL DRYER Industrial dryers are used to efficiently process large quantities of bulk materials that need reduced moisture levels.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TYPES OF DRYERS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TYPES OF DRYERS 1. Indirect Dryers 7. Microwave Dryers 2. Rotary Drying 8. Solar Drying 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers 9. Spouted Bed Drying 4. Drum Dryers 10. Flash Drying 5. Spray Dryers 11. Conveyor Dryers 6. Freeze Drying 12. Infrared Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 1. Indirect Dryers Indirect dryers, according to the definition given by Hall (1980), are dryers in which the heating medium (e.g., steam, hot gas, thermal fluids) does not come into contact with the product being dried. Types of Indirect Dryers Batch Tray Dryers Indirect-Contact Rotary Dryers Rotating Batch Vacuum Dryers Agitated Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Indirect Dryers Batch Tray Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Indirect Dryers Indirect Contact Rotary Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Indirect Dryers Rotating Batch Vacuum Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2. Rotary Drying Direct rotary dryer Direct rotary kiln Indirect steam-tube dryer Indirect rotary calciner Direct Roto-Louvre dryer  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers Used extensively for the drying of wet particulate and granular materials that can be fluidized, and even slurries, pastes, and suspensions that can be fluidized in beds of inert solids.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers A. Conventional Fluidized Bed Dryers B. Modified Fluidized Bed Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers A. Conventional Fluidized Bed Dryers Batch Fluidized Bed Dryers Semicontinuous Fluidized Bed Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers A. Conventional Fluidized Bed Dryers Well-Mixed, Continuous Plug Flow Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidized Bed Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers B. Modified Fluidized Bed Multistage Dryers and Multiprocess Hybrid Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidized Bed Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidized Bed Dryers with B. Modified Fluidized Immersed Heat Exchangers Bed Dryers Pulsating Fluidized Bed Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers B. Modified Fluidized Mechanically Bed Dryers Assisted Vibrated Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidization quality of fine and large particles can be enhanced by the assistance of external means such as vibration or agitation.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Agitated Fluidized Bed Dryers / 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers Swirl Fluidizers B. Modified Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidized Bed Dryers of Inert Particles  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers B. Modified Fluidized Bed Dryers Fluidized Bed Dryers with Internal Baffles  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers B. Modified Fluidized Superheated Steam Fluidized Bed Dryers Bed Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Fluidized Bed Dryers B. Modified Fluidized HeatDryers Bed Pump Fluidized Bed Dryer  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 4. Drum Dryers Drum dryers, also known as roller dryers, are used to dehydrate liquid feeds into powders, flakes, or granules. Different Types or Drum Single Drum Dryer Dryers Double Drum Dryer Twin Drum Dryer Vacuum Drum Dryer  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Single drum dryer with dip feed  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Single drum dryer with dip roller feed  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Single drum dryer with applicator roller feed  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Single drum dryer with splasher or sprayer feed.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Double drum dryer with nip feed  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Twin drum dryer with applicator roller feeds  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Twin drum dryer with dip feed  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Twin drum dryer with splasher or sprayer feed  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Drum Dryers Vacuum double drum dryer  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 5. Spray Dryers A spray dryer is an instrument used to dry a liquid feed, for example; solution, suspension, or paste, into dried particles by spraying the feed into a hot drying medium. Steps involve in Spray Dryer: Feed Preparation Atomization Dehydrating Collection System  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Steps involve in Spray Dryer: Feed Preparation Atomization Dehydrating Collection System  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2 Types of Nozzle Design:  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 6. Freeze Drying Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, involves freezing the material and then applying a vacuum to remove moisture. The freeze-drying process can be divided into three steps: Freezing Primary drying Secondary drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The freeze-drying process can be divided into three steps:  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The freeze-drying process can be divided into three steps: Freezing  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The freeze-drying process can be divided into three steps: Primary drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The freeze-drying process can be divided into three steps: Secondary drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Freeze Dryers Pilot freeze dryers are ideal for R&D, testing, and process optimization. They are smaller, more flexible, and less costly, making them suitable for small batches and new product development. Industrial freeze dryers are used for large-scale commercial production. They are built for high throughput, efficiency, and consistent quality, making them perfect for mass production but with higher capital investment.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 7. Microwave Dryers The drying method is based on microwaves penetrating the moist material, where the microwaves are converted into heat. The moisture turns into vapour and is transported from the building using a fan. The microwaves are produced by a magnetron inside the drying machine.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 7. Microwave Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 8. Solar Drying Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially food. 2 Types of Solar Drying Direct Solar Drying Indirect Solar Drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Solar Drying Direct Solar Drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Types of Solar Drying Indirect Solar Drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9. Spouted Bed Drying Transforms liquid or pasty organic wastes, into little dry spherical granules, like mineral fertilizers.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 10. Flash Drying Flash Drying  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 11. Conveyor Dryers Single Pass/Single-Stage Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 11. Conveyor Dryers Single Pass/Multiple-Stage Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 11. Conveyor Dryers Multiple Pass Dryer  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12. Infrared Dryers  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FACTORS AFFECTING DRYING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRYER PROPERTIES & PRODUCT PROPERTIES  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRYER PROPERTIES  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TYPE OF DRYER The type of dryer used determines how heat and air are applied to the material. Different dryers are suitable for different types of products and scales of production.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT AIR TEMPERATURE Higher air temperatures generally speed up drying by increasing the rate of evaporation. However, too high a temperature can damage the product, leading to quality issues like burnt or scorched material.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TIME SPENT IN DRYER The length of time a product spends in the dryer affects the moisture content and overall quality of the dried product.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY If the relative humidity of the initial air is high before it is heated, then the water content of the air will be high. This means that when heated, the ability of the air to remove water will not be as great as if the air had a lower initial water content.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT VOLUMETRIC AIR FLOWRATE The amount of air flowing over the product affects how quickly moisture is carried away from the surface. A higher air flowrate increases the rate of evaporation by continuously replacing moist air with dry air.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LINEAR AIR VELOCITY Linear air velocity refers to how fast the air moves over the surface of the product. Faster- moving air increases the rate of moisture removal. A hand-held anemometer for measuring air velocities  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT AIR FLOW PATTERNS & UNIFORMITY Uniform air flow throughout the drying chamber ensures that all parts of the product dry evenly. Uneven air flow can cause some sections to dry faster than others, leading to inconsistent product quality.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PRODUCT PROPERTIES  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SHAPE OF MATERIAL Spheres dry based on their radius. Cylinders have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which speeds up drying. Flat plates or slabs provide the most surface area, leading to the fastest drying.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT A carrot as a cylinder, spheres, and flat slabs  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SIZE OR THICKNESS OF MATERIAL Smaller or thinner pieces dry more quickly because moisture has a shorter distance to travel from the core to the surface. Conversely, thicker materials dry slower due to the increased distance for moisture migration.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE & POROSITY The internal structure of the product affects how easily moisture can migrate to the surface. Materials with more porous structures allow water to pass through quickly, whereas dense or less porous materials slow down the drying process.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT The actual amount of water present in a given material will influence how fast it may be dried to a desired final moisture level.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT IMPORTANCE OF DRYERS AND DRYING PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MOISTURE REMOVAL Removes excess moisture from raw materials, semi-finished goods, or final products.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENHANCING PRODUCT QUALITY AND CONSISTENCY Uniform drying ensures that moisture content across a batch is consistent.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY Dry materials are lighter and more compact, reducing storage space and transportation costs.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INCREASING SHELF LIFE Removing moisture helps increase the shelf life of products, making them more durable and suitable for long-term storage.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENSURING REGULATORY COMPLIANCE The drying process helps ensure compliance with these regulations, guaranteeing that products meet safety, quality, and legal requirements.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CEMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WHAT IS CEMENT? Cement is a finely ground, powdery substance that acts as a binding agent in which it is used to bind various construction materials. It hardens when mixed with water that binds aggregates like sand, gravel, or crushed rocks to form concrete or mortar.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WHAT CEMENT IS MADE FROM? Cement is manufactured from materials heated together at high temperatures to form a rock-like substance that is ground into a fine powder. Main Ingredients: Calcium Silicon Aluminum Iron  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WHERE IS CEMENT USED? A basic material for all types of constructions of infrastructure, residential, and commercial buildings, road, bridges, dams, as well as housing, schools, hospitals, and ports.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Different Types of Cement  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 13 Types of Cement Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) High Alumina Cement White Cement Rapid Hardening Cement Colored Cement Quick Setting Cement Air Entertaining Cement Low Heat Cement Expansive Cement Sulfates Resisting Cement Hydrographic Cement Blast Furnace Slag Cement  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Most widely used type of cement Suitable for general concrete construction Most commonly produced Annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with portland cement Produced by adding pozzolana with addition of gypsum or calcium sulfate High resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete Used in marine structures, sewage works, and for concrete works underwater  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3. Rapid Hardening Cement Attains high strength in the early days Used for formworks that are removed at an early stage High lime content and higher C3S 3 RHC = 7 OPC  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 4. Quick Setting Cement The rate of gain of strength is similar to OPC Used for formworks that are removed at an early stage Used where concreting in static or running water  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 5. Low Heat Cement Produced by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by increasing the proportion of C2S Suitable for mass concrete construction like gravity dams Increased power against sulphates and less reactive  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 6. Sulfates Resisting Cement Used to reduce the risk of sulfate attack Used in construction of foundations Has reduced content of C3A and C4AF  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement Obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles the properties of Portland cement. Used for works where economic considerations are predominant  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 8. High Alumina Cement Obtained by melting a mixture of bauxite and lime and grinding with the clinker A rapid hardening cement with initial and final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours, respectively Compressive strength of this cement is very high and more workable Used in works under high temperatures, frost, and acidic action.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9. White Cement Raw materials are free from iron oxide Costlier and is used for architectural purposes  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 10. Colored Cement Produced by mixing 5-10% mineral pigment with ordinary cement Widely used for decorative works on floors  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 11. Air Entraining Cement Produced by adding indigenous air-entertaining agents such as resins, glues, and sodium salts sulfates during the grinding of clinker Improved workability to improve frost resistance of concrete  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12. Expansive Cement Expands slightly with time and does not shrink during and after the time of hardening Used for grouting anchor bolts and prestressed concrete ducts  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 13. Hydrographic Cement Prepared by mixing water-repelling chemicals and has high workability and strength Mainly used for the construction of water structures such as dams, water tanks, and spillways  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT QUARRYING RAW MATERIAL  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Argillaceous and Calcareous materials Cement manufacturers quarry raw materials including limestone, clay, sand, and iron ore.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT RAW MATERIALS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CRUSHING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CRUSHER  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT RESULT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PROPORTIONING AND GRINDING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PROPORTIONING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GRINDING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRY PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT RAW MEALS LIMESTONE IRON ORE SAND CLAY  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WET PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT RAW MEAL SLURRY  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT BLENDING AND MIXING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRY PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WET PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ROTARY KILN  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DRY PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WET PROCESS  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CLINKER COOLER AND STORAGE  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FORMING CLINKER Clinker leaves the kiln as grey balls about the size of marbles.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT COOLING The clinker comes out of the kiln red-hot with a consistency like a lava flow.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CLINKER GRINDING  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The clinker keeps cooling and a ball mill grinds it with gypsum or other ingredients into fine cement—about 150 billion grains per pound.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FINE CEMENT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PACKING AND DISPATCH  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The cement is now ready for use in long-lasting concrete structures and pavements.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Cement production is responsible for 8% of global CO2 emissions. Besides CO2, cement production releases harmful pollutants like NOx, SO2, and particulate matter.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WIDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES Cement contributes to the urban heat island effect, raising temperatures in cities and increasing energy consumption.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT IMPORTANCE OF CEMENT Cement can be produced in large volumes in controlled condition, packed and transported. Cement is a several times stronger binding material than lime and clay. It can be mixed and used at will with locally available materials at site. When stored properly in ordinary atmosphere it does not deteriorate for reasonably longer time. When mixed with water, starts setting and gain sufficient strength in a day or two, where as other binding materials require much longer time. It can withstand compressive stresses well.  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT THANK YOU