GROUP 2 (EDUC 101 F1) TRANSCRIPTS (2) PDF

EDUC 101- F1 GROUP 2 - AMOSCO, NIECO - BOLIGOL, ART DYLAN - CABATINGAN, NYLEH JAZZINE BEA - CABUSAO, IZZA FAITH Chapter 2-Biological Development Priming activity: Puzzle Game How to play: ○ The class will be divided into 4 groups...

EDUC 101- F1 GROUP 2 - AMOSCO, NIECO - BOLIGOL, ART DYLAN - CABATINGAN, NYLEH JAZZINE BEA - CABUSAO, IZZA FAITH Chapter 2-Biological Development Priming activity: Puzzle Game How to play: ○ The class will be divided into 4 groups ○ Each group will receive cut-out pieces of each picture. Each picture is related to the topic we’ll be discussing today. ○ The groups will have 3 minutes to complete their puzzle. Once the time is up, they will identify what their completed picture is. The first group to correctly identify their picture wins! Answers: Group 1 - Embryo, Group 2 - Pregnancy, Group 3 - Chromosomes, Group 4 - Fertilization Intended Learning Outcome: Determine the influence of genetic processes in the development of children. Lesson Agenda: A. Prenatal Development 1. The beginning of life 2. Stages of prenatal development 3. Factors Affecting Prenatal Development 4. Research Integration A. Prenatal Development (Nyleh) Encompasses the entire period from conception. (the union of the egg and the sperm cell). Where the beginning of development happens upon conception. Prenatal development is brought by the biological aspects of Genetic structures, Hormonal Activities, and the mother’s physical readiness for pregnancy. These are critical factors as they can result in physical deformities, developmental delays, severe medical illness or condition, and even death when little attention is provided.  The prenatal stage is considered to be one of the shortest periods of development, beginning from conception until birth, but can also be the most crucial of all the stages. 1) The Beginning of Life (Izza) “What do you guys think of when you hear this? (The beginning of life)” Conception Ovulation - a process where a mature egg cell is released once a month by one of the ovaries. - the signal of the readiness of a woman of becoming pregnant when a sperm cell has penetrated the ovulated egg cell. Fertilization - union of egg and sperm cells, which result in the formation of a new cell, and becomes a zygote Zygote formation Major activities: - Traveling to the uterus wall - Zygote forms a blastocyst - Primarily, its purpose is to become the protective membrane to the developing cell. Prenatal development Prenatal stages (germinal, embryonic, fetal) - The prenatal stage typically covers 40 weeks or 280 days including the additional two weeks to account for the last menstrual period and ovulation. Hence, the average human gestation is from 37-41 weeks. Preterm and post-term births ○ Preterm - Infants that are born earlier than 37 weeks ○ Post-term - Infants born 42 weeks or more ○ Both cases are threats to child's survival, although developments in the use of technology in medical science has drastically increased the rate of recent survival. Genetic Inheritance Chromosomes and genes ○ The zygote is a combination of the 23 chromosomes from each parent. These chromosomes contain genes that specifically carry characteristics of an individual. Natural selection ○ The process by which inherited traits are passed down to offspring, influenced by environmental factors. ○ It determines the inherited characteristic of the child such as:  physical attributes (color of the hair, eyes, height, complexion, muscular build) cognitive functioning (intelligence) personality characteristics (dispositional tendencies) health conditions (heritable illness and diseases) ○ These characteristics are particularly carried by genes. Genotype and phenotype Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual. Phenotype: The observable physical, cognitive, and behavioral traits. ○ In the natural selection process, not all genetic characteristics become observable. Instead, some of those characteristics may either come out later in the adulthood development (called maturation) or are not meant to come out at all. - Those characteristics that are not phenotypic remain genotype dormant characteristics until such generation that it will come out. Sex Determination Sex chromosomes ○ chromosomes that determine the sex of the zygote. ○ The egg chromosomes always have an XX combination which basically comes from the mother. ○ The sperm, however, can be either X or Y (XY combination) that comes from the father. How sex is determined ○ When the X of the mother is combined with Y of the father, it is expected that the sex of the child is male. ○ Following the same cycle, men do not lose the X chromosome which makes him, later on, capable of having the female child. 2) Stages of Prenatal Development (Nieco) Prenatal development the process of growth and maturation of an embryo and fetus from fertilization until birth. These stages have distinct activities most especially in the physical development of the organism. A. Germinal Stage (fertilization to 2 Weeks) begins with fertilization, where the sperm and egg combine to form a zygote. in approximately 3-4 days, the zygote travels along the fallopian tube and eventually implant itself to the zygote wall. the zygote undergoes rapid cell division, forming a blastocyst. Blastocyst. - the protective membrane to the developing cell.  - aside from the protective function it serves at this stage, it is also the source in the development of the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord. Amniotic sac - is a thin but tough membrane that surrounds and protects the developing fetus during pregnancy. Placenta - an organ that forms in the womb, also called the uterus, during pregnancy. connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall Umbilical cord. - connects the baby to the mother's placenta. During fetal development in the womb. - the umbilical cord is the lifeline to the baby supplying nutrients. After birth, the cord is clamped and cut. B. Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3 to 8) - The implanted blastocyst develops into an embryo. - the formation of Major organ systems and structures (like the heart, brain, and spinal cord) begin to form. - This stage is critical as the embryo is highly susceptible to teratogens , which can cause birth defects. C. Fetal Stage (Week 9 to Birth) -The embryo is now referred to as a fetus. ○ - The fetus undergoes rapid growth and further development of organs and body systems. ○ - By the end of the third month, the fetus can move its limbs, -by the fifth month, it develops senses like hearing. ○ - In the last trimester, the fetus gains weight and its systems continue to mature in preparation for birth. 3) Factors Affecting Prenatal Development (Art) “Before we proceed, what do you think about the factors affecting prenatal development” A. Threats to Prenatal Considering the delicate condition during pregnancy, there could be some threats to successful pregnancy. 1. Miscarriage happens when the baby is lost before the 20th week of gestation. stillbirth - beyond 20 weeks. the most common reason for such is the chromosomal abnormalities. - having an extra or a missing copy of chromosome (trisomy 16, three copies of chromosome 16 instead of the standard two) (Hafez & Fisher, 2023). 2. Ectopic Pregnancy implanted along the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside the uterus. - the uterus is the best place for a zygote to implant as it provides nutrients, protection, hormones, and a secure attachment (UCSF Health, n.d). - the American Pregnancy Association has identified four possible medical reasons for the implantation of zygote outside the uterus. 1. Infection or inflammation of the fallopian tube 2. Scar tissue from the previous infection or surgery 3. Previous surgery in the pelvic area 4. Abnormality in the tube's shape Without prior medical examination, this can happen without noticing it. 3. Complications Associated with Pregnancy upon gestation, rapid hormonal and biological changes can lead to medical complications that may result in pregnancy loss. - some are gestational diabetes (sudden imbalance of sugar level), preeclampsia (high blood pressure), and infections. When not treated medically, these can cause fatality. 4. Bleeding or Spotting this is a blood discharge while in gestation most especially during the first trimester. The amount and frequency of bleeding are important factors to consider. implantation bleeding is a common cause - the attachment and subsequent movement of the embryo in the uterine wall can break down small blood vessels and cause this bit of bleeding (Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health, n.d). But heavy bleeding should be reported to a doctor immediately as it may signal irregularities to the development of the baby. B. Factors Affecting Pregnancy There are a number of factors that affect comfortable or complicated pregnancy as well as on the development of the baby. Below are the factors that can contribute to the easiness or difficulty of the pregnancy and child's development. 1. Maternal Context The mother's biological readiness significantly impacts the quality of development, as the zygote relies on her for essential nutrients. It's crucial for the mother to be prepared to support stable development. Here are some factors that should be kept in mind. Nutritional Status - underweight mothers may have smaller babies. - a balanced diet is crucial to meet the zygote's nutritional needs. - maintaining a healthy weight is important to avoid complications. Vitamin and Nutrient Intake - ensure adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals.  - folic acid is essential for fetal development and helps prevent birth defects. (try to eat green leafy vegetables which contain folate (the natural form of folic acid) and take a folic acid supplement (NHS, n.d). Maternal Age - younger women may have higher risks of complications. - after the age of 35 both men and women have high risks also (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Physical Activity - excessive physical activity can increase risks of complications. - moderate physical activity is generally recommended. 2. Medical-related Concern The kinds of medication the mother has taken before and during pregnancy can possibly cause deformities, delayed development, and fatality. Antidepressants - long-term usage of this can alter the brain's ability to adapt and change, (neural plasticity) which can have negative effects - neurobiological activity disruption such as difficulty with memory, attention, or problem-solving (Andrade & Rao, 2010). - some antidepressants can cause sedation, which can lead to decreased respiratory effort (Bruno, 2022). Cancer and Leprosy drugs - may lead to miscarriage. (teratogenic effect - able to disturb the growth and development of an embryo or fetus) (Davis, 2021) Alcohol - mental retardation, birth defects, central nervous system disorders, learning disabilities. Cigarettes (nicotine) - increased miscarriage and stillbirth risk, mental retardation, neurological and cognitive disorders, reproductive problems (especially in boys). Caffeine, marijuana, cocaine - can affect a baby's development. (caffeine in the womb may affect brain development in a way that puts children at a greater risk for future obesity) (Levy, 2023) 3. Environmental Factors The amount of social support provided by the immediate environment can affect the quality of pregnancy experienced by the mother. This environmental support strongly stimulates the release of hormones responsible for positive emotion. - For example, a pregnant lady's mother shares stories of her own pregnancies and assures the lady that everything will be okay. The positive energy and support she receives from her mother help to alleviate her anxiety and stress. (ask classmates with their own example/experience about this)  4. Other Factors Equally important is the quality of sperm that comes from the father. The genetic make-up that is shared by the father may result in deteriorated physical and cognitive functioning of the child. Color blindness, for instance, is inherited exclusively from the genetic make-up of the father and is common among male. This condition is associated with the Y chromosome. Genetic counseling, carrier testing, and prenatal genetic testing can help identify and address potential risks. A healthy lifestyle and regular prenatal care are also important. ACTIVITY Charades Instructions: ➔ The class will be divided into two groups ➔ Each team will select 10 representatives ➔ The groups will be given only 3 minutes ➔ Each representative will take turns picking a word from a hat and describing it to their group mates for them to guess ➔ The first group to correctly guess all 10 words will be declared the winner! ➔ If both groups are unable to guess all 10 words, the group with the most correct guesses will be the winner. Research Integration (Nyleh and Izza) This research aims to clarify the role of genes in behavior by reviewing multiple studies and finding consistent patterns. It highlights the roles of both genetic and environmental factors and how they interact and its impact on behavior. It presents ten major findings that have consistently been replicated, showing their importance for understanding psychological traits. Research Gap The study by Plomin et al. (2016) is the ongoing debate about the relative influence of genes and environment on behavior. While there is a clear link between genetic and biological processes and behavior, the extent of their contribution has been a longstanding question. Methods Used The authors employed a variety of genetically sensitive research designs, primarily focusing on twin studies and adoption studies. These methods allow researchers to disentangle the effects of genetics from those of the environment by comparing similarities between identical twins (who share nearly all their genes) and fraternal twins (who share about half). Additionally, Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) was utilized to estimate genetic contributions based on DNA differences across large samples. This  combination of methods strengthens the validity of their findings by confirming results through different approaches. Significant Findings Research in behavioral genetics has revealed several key findings about the role of genetics and environment in shaping psychological traits. First, all psychological traits, including cognitive abilities, personality, and psychopathology, show significant genetic influence, as evidenced by twin studies - comparing the similarities between identical twins (who share nearly all their genes) and fraternal twins (who share about half).. However, no traits are entirely heritable, with genetic contributions typically ranging between 30% and 50%, highlighting the role of environmental factors. The genetic basis for these traits is polygenic, with many genes contributing small effects, and shared genetic influences often explain correlations between different psychological traits. Additionally, the heritability of intelligence increases with age, and the stability of psychological traits over time is largely driven by genetic factors. Environmental measures, such as parenting styles, also show genetic influence, indicating that individuals shape their environments based on genetic predispositions. Moreover, environmental effects tend to be unique to each individual, rather than shared among siblings. Finally, common psychological disorders are seen as extremes of normal behavioral variation, influenced by the same genetic factors, suggesting a continuum between normal behavior and psychological disorders. Implications in Teaching and Learning Development Recognizing the genetic influences on learning helps educators appreciate the diverse innate abilities of students, promoting personalized teaching strategies that cater to different learning styles. While genetic factors are important, environmental influences also play a crucial role in development, reminding educators to create supportive and enriching environments to enhance academic and social outcomes. Additionally, understanding that individual experiences shape students uniquely encourages tailored educational approaches. Educators can focus on fostering strengths rather than addressing deficits, emphasizing resilience and inclusivity. By encouraging active learning environments, students can better explore their interests, leading to more effective and engaging education. ACTIVITY Mini Debate Topic: Nature vs. Nurture Debate format:  1. Speakers 1 will begin with an opening statement supporting their sides. (2 minutes) 2. Speakers 2 will have an opportunity to rebut the arguments presented by the opposing side. (3 rounds, 45 seconds each round) 3. Speakers 3 will present their concluding statements, summarizing their main points. (2 minutes) Group 1 (G1) Speaker 1 (S1) - opening statement Group 2 (G2) Speaker 1 (S1) - opening statement G1 S2 - rebut G2 S2 - rebut G1 (any) - rebut G2 (any) - rebut G1 (any) - rebut G2 (any) - rebut G1 S3 - concluding statement G2 S3 - concluding statement QUIZ: 1. What is the term for the union of an egg and sperm cell? A. Ovulation B. Fertilization C. Zygote formation D. Prenatal development 2. Which of the following is NOT a prenatal stage? A. Germinal B. Embryonic C. Feta D. Ovulation 3. What is the primary function of the blastocyst? A. To become the zygote B. To determine the sex of the baby C. To provide protection to the developing embryo D. To regulate the release of hormones 4. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? A. Genotype is the physical appearance, while phenotype is the genetic makeup. B. Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the physical appearance. C. Both are the same thing. D. Neither is related to genetics. 5. How is the sex of a baby determined? A. By the mother's egg chromosomes B. By the father's sperm chromosomes C. By a combination of both parent's chromosomes D. By environmental factors 6. What is the primary function of the amniotic sac during the embryonic stage? A. To provide nutrients to the fetus B. To protect the fetus from external shocks C. To regulate the fetus's temperature D. All of the above 7. During which prenatal stage do the major organs and systems of the fetus begin to form? A. Germinal B. Embryonic C. Fetal D. All of the above 8. Preterm birth is defined as: A. Birth earlier than 42 weeks of gestation. B. Birth before 37 weeks of gestation. C. Birth at exactly 40 weeks of gestation. D. Birth between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation. 9. Which prenatal stage is characterized by rapid fetus growth and the development of sensory functions? A. Germinal B. Embryonic C. Fetal D. All of the above 10. What is the approximate duration of the fetal stage of prenatal development? A. Fertilization - 2 weeks B. 2 weeks - 8 weeks C. 9 weeks - birth D. 5 years 11. Which of the following is NOT a threat to prenatal development? A. Miscarriage B. Ectopic Pregnancy C. Gestational Diabetes D. Healthy Diet 12. Which of the following factors is primarily related to the mother's environment? A. Social Support B. Maternal Age C. Physical Activity D. Genetic Factors 13. Which of the following substances is known to have harmful effects on fetal development? A. Alcohol B. Vitamin C C. Folic Acid D. Calcium 14. What is the most common reason for miscarriage? A. Chromosomal Abnormalities B. Maternal Age C. Infections D. Environmental Factors 15. A pregnant woman is experiencing frequent bleeding and spotting during her first trimester. She has a history of smoking and occasional alcohol consumption. Which of the following factors is most likely contributing to her bleeding? A. Substance abuse B. Hormonal imbalance C. Genetic abnormalities D. Uterine infection  REFERENCES Andrade & Rao (2010). How antidepressant drugs act: A primer on neuroplasticity as the eventual mediator of antidepressant efficacy. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/yhnerfrd Bruno (2022). Sedation: A Common Side Effect of Antidepressants. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/22rwam5n Davis (2021). DEFINITION OF TERATOGENIC. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/57btdmpt Hafer & Fisher (2023). Can genetic testing explain the cause of recurrent miscarriages?. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/5yap3nuh Levy (2023). Moms’ Caffeine Consumption May Affect Babies’ Brains. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3ec79xue Mayo Clinic (2022). Pregnancy after 35: Healthy pregnancies, healthy babies. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/46hrb3rr NHS (n.d). Vitamins, supplements and nutrition in pregnancy. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mr7e5d2j Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health (n.d). Implantation Bleeding or Your Period? How to Spot the Difference. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/cabx8u7y Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2016). Top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615617439 Rungduin, T. & Rungduin D. (2019). Child and Adolescent: Learners and Learning Principles. (pp. 34-39). Quezon City : Adriana Publishing Co., Inc. UCSF Health (n.d). Conception: How it Works. Retrieved from https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/conception-how-it-works