Diabetes PDF

DIABETES  WHAT IS DIABETES? -Diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood sugars are high, people develop Diabetes because pancreas produce little or no insulin or the cells in the muscles, liver and fat do not use insulin properly. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF DIABETES?...

DIABETES  WHAT IS DIABETES? -Diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood sugars are high, people develop Diabetes because pancreas produce little or no insulin or the cells in the muscles, liver and fat do not use insulin properly. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF DIABETES? Unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics being overweight or obese, especially with excess weight around the waist a low level of physical activity Lifestyle being over 55 years of age WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES? You may be diagnosed with diabetes after you go to your doctor because: The 3P’s Polyuria: frequent urination having cuts that heal slowly Polydipsia: excessive thirst Blurred Vision Polyphagia: excessive hunger Weight loss Weakness Fatigue Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIABETES?  Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin- Type dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition. In this condition, the 1 pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy -Type 2 diabetes develops when the body does not use insulin efficiently and gradually loses the ability to make enough insulin. Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of glucose in the blood. Insulin helps glucose produced by the digestion of carbohydrates move from the blood into the body’s cells where it can be used for energy. -In type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This is known as insulin resistance. it causes glucose to stay in the blood, leading to a higher than normal level of glucose in the blood (known as hyperglycaemia). Type 2  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, typically diagnosed between the Gestational 24th and 28th weeks. It occurs when the body cannot Diabetes effectively use insulin due to hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. HOW CAN DIABETES BE DIAGNOSED? fasting blood glucose test — fasting is required for at least 8 hours, which may mean not eating or drinking (except water) overnight oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) — after fasting for 8 hours, you have a blood glucose test, then you drink a sugary drink and then have another blood test done 1 and then 2 hours later HbA1c — this blood test shows your average blood glucose levels over a period of time — it does not involve fasting beforehand HOW CAN DIABETES BE MANAGED? Lifestyle Changes Carbohydrate counting Physical Activity; Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week. Activities can include walking, swimming, or cycling Blood Sugar Monitoring Regular check ups  WHAT SHOULD BE YOUR IDEAL BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL? For Non-Diabetic Individuals Fasting (upon waking): 4.0 to 5.4 mmol/L (70 to 115 mg/dL) For Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Fasting: 5.0 to 7.0 mmol/L (90 to 130 mg/dL) Before meals: 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L (72 to 130 mg/dL) At least 90 minutes after meals: 5.0 to 9.0 mmol/L (90 to 162 mg/dL) For Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Fasting: 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L (72 to 130 mg/dL) Before meals: Under 8.5 mmol/L (153 mg/dL) At least 90 minutes after meals: Under 8.5 mmol/L (153 mg/dL) For Gestational Diabetes Before meals: Less than 95 mg/dL 1 hour after meals: Less than 140 mg/dL 2 hours after meals: Less than 120 mg/dL KEY POINTS: Type 1 (T1D): The pancreas does NOT produce insulin. Type 2 (T2D) The pancreas does not produce ENOUGH insulin and/or the body RESISTS the action of insulin.  WHAT ARE THE MEDICATION? Type 1 Diabetes Insulin Therapy:Rapid-acting insulin Long-acting insulin Gestational Diabetes Diet and Exercise Type 2 Diabetes Oral Medications:Metformin Medications:Metformin Sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, Insulin Therapy (if necessary) glyburide) DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin) SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin) Insulin Therapy (if needed) EAT LESS SUGAR. YOU’RE SWEET ALREADY. THANK YOU!