Research Writing PDF

BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 RESEARCH WRITING PRESENTED BY GROUP 1  00 BELIEVE IN THE PR...

BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 RESEARCH WRITING PRESENTED BY GROUP 1  00 BELIEVE IN THE PROCESS WE BELIEVE THAT THOROUGH RESEARCH LEADS TO TRANSFORMATIVE RESULTS BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  00 GROUP 1 Rafflynn Uy Tingson LEADER Alian Baylon Carl Walawala Chas Morato Rhea Tabasa Angelyka Esmores Jared Bigsat BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 THE 01 Title 02 Introduction PRESENTATION 03 04 05 Objectives Types of Research Conceptual Framework TOPICS 06 07 08 Theoretical Framework Hypothesis Significance 09 Scope and Delimitation 10 Abstract 00 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 RESEARCH Research is defined as a careful, systematic study in a field of knowledge that is undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles (Webster, 1984) “ careful, critical, discipline inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution of the problem” (Good, The systematic study of trend or event which involves careful collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of qualitative data or facts that relates man's thinking with reality (Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis) 00 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 THE TITLE  01 Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It may be revised and refined later if there is a need. GUIDELINES IN The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locate of the study, the population involved and the period when the data were gathered or will be WRITING THE TITLE gathered. It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the subject matter studied. Hence, the title indicates what is expected to be found inside the thesis report. It must be as brief and concise as possible. Avoid using the terms “ An Analysis of” , A Study of,” “ An Investigation of,” and like. All these things are understood to have been done or to be done when a research is conducted. If the title contains more than one line, it must be written like an inverted pyramid, all words in capital letters. BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  1.2 EXAMPLE OF THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE HIGH SCHOOL OF PROVINCE A AS PERCEIVED BY THE SCIENCE TEACHERS AND COMPLETE TITLE: STUDENTS DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR 1989- 1990 The contents as required by Guideline No. 2 are: Subject matter: The teaching of science; Locale of the study: High schools of Province A Population involved: The science teachers and students; and Period of the study: School year 1989-1990 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 INTRODUCTION The introduction, which begins Chapter 1 of a research paper, is a strong and impactful paragraph that should signify the importance of the paper, supported by references from important researches. ADANZA, E. G. BERMUDO, P-J. U. RASONABE, M. B. METHODS OF RESEARCH: A PRIMER. 02 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 INTRODUCTION Guidelines: (Should contain one, or all of the following) 1. Presentation of the problem 2. The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, There is no other period in a felt problem that needs a solution. history when science has been The teaching of science in the high schools of making its greatest impact upon Province A has been observed to be weak as shown by the results of the survey. The causes humankind than it is today. must be found so that remedial measures may be instituted. CALDERON, J. F. GONZALES, E. C. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITING. 2.1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 INTRODUCTION Guidelines: (Should contain one, or all of the following) 3. Rationale of the study 4. Historical background of the problem. One of the thrusts of the Department of Since the sending into space by Russia of Education, Culture and Sports and of the the first satellite that orbited the earth, government for that matter is to strengthen educational systems all over the world including that of the Philippines have been the teaching of science. It is necsessary to trying hard to improve their science conduct this inquiry to find out how to curricula and instruction. strengthen the instruction of science in the province. CALDERON, J. F. GONZALES, E. C. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITING. 2.2 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 INTRODUCTION Guidelines: (Should contain one, or all of the following) 5. A desire to have a deeper and clearer 6. A desire to find a better way of doing understanding of a situation, circumstance, something or of improving a product. or phenomenon (In this case, the researcher explains (In this part, the researcher must explain his desire to find a better way of teaching science in the high schools of his earnest desire to have a deeper and Province A to improve the outcome of clear understanding of the situation so that instruction.) he will be in a better position to initiate remedial measures) CALDERON, J. F. GONZALES, E. C. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITING. 2.3 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 INTRODUCTION Guidelines: (Should contain one, or all of the following) 7. A desire to discover something. 8. Geographical conditions of the study locale. (The researcher may have the desire (This guideline is necessary in anthropological to discover what is wrong with the and economic studies.) instruction and a desire to discover E.g. If the subject of investigation is rice production, then the terrain, soil, climate, better ways of teaching the subject. rainfall, etc. of the study locale have to be Here, he may discuss his desire to described. discover such things) CALDERON, J. F. GONZALES, E. C. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITING. 2.4 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 OBJECTIVES Objectives - specify what the researcher wants to do and find out - give focus to the study and specify the variables that are going to be measured Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners 03 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Research Objectives are statements of what the researcher intends to do. OBJECTIVES The objectives flow logically from the problem. They communicate what the researcher plans to do. Structurally, the objectives are seen as small particles which constitute the problem. Example : "Students' Extent of Exposure to Mass Media," "exposure to mass media" is a broad concept. Are usually stated in declarative form and start with infinitives like: "to determine," "to find out," "to describe," "to compare," or "to test.” Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners 3.1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 OBJECTIVES TYPES OF OBJECTIVES 1. Immediate /general objectives 2. Specific objectives 3.2 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Immediate/general objectives OBJECTIVES relate directly to the research problem and states clearly what the researcher will do and expects to find out. Is preferably stated in behavioral terms -who or what will be studied -who will do it -when it will be done (optional) -where it will be done - specifies the activity/ties that will take place and the variables that will be examined. - The way the immediate is formulated suggests the type of research that will be undertaken and the methodology that will be adopted. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners 3.3 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Example of Immediate/General Objectives of a Descriptive Study OBJECTIVES Research Title: “ A Study on the Extent of Participation in School Activities of High School Students in City A” Objective: A survey will be conducted to determine the extent of participation in school activities of high school students in City A during School Year 2001-2002. What will be done? A survey will be conducted For what purpose? to determine the extent of participation in school activities Who will be studied? High school students Where? In City A When? School Year 2001-2002 3.4 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Example of Immediate/General Objectives of a Correlation/Relational Study OBJECTIVES Research Title: “ Exposure to Advertising and Expenditure Patterns of Young Professional in Iloilo City” Objective: This study will be conducted to determine whether there is a significant relationship between exposure to advertising and expenditure patterns of young professionals in Iloilo City What will be done? A study will be conducted For what purpose? to determine whether there is a significant relationship between exposure to advertising and expenditure patterns Who will be studied? Young professionals Where? Iloilo City When? (Not specified) 3.5 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Example of Objectives of an Intervention/Experimental Study OBJECTIVES Research Title: “ A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Classroom-Based and Field-Based Training Programs in Improving the Performance of Volunteer Workers in Community X ” Objective: This experimental study will be conducted to determine and compare the effectiveness of classroom-based and field-based training programs in improving the performance of volunteer workers. What will be done? This experimental study will be conducted Why? For what purpose? To determine and compare the effectiveness of classroom-based and field-based training programs in improving the performance Who will be studied? community volunteer workers Where? Community X When? (Not specified) Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners 3.6 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Specific Objectives OBJECTIVES Specific objectives may be viewed as sub-objectives or small particles of the general objective. Specific variables examined in the study are identified in the specific objectives. The variables are expressed in measurable terms. The specific objectives suggest the type of analysis to be done. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners 3.7 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Exmaples of Specific Objectives Research Title: “Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinants of Health-Seeking OBJECTIVES Behavior of the Elderly in Southern Mindanao” General Objectives: This study will be conducted to identify demographic and socioeconomic determinants of the health seeking behavior of the elderly in Southern Mindanao” Specifically, the study aims to: 1. determine whether there is a significant relationship between demographic factors, such as age, sex, and civil status of the elderly and their health-seeking behavior. 2. determine whether there is a significant relationship between selected socio- economic characteristics of the elderly, particularly, educational attainment, community involvement, occupation and income, and their health-seeking behavior. 3.8 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Some Tips in Formulating Research Objectives OBJECTIVES - Use simple language. - Focus attention on the specific actions that will be performed, - State exactly, what will be done and what variables will be measured, and - Write objectives in behavioral terms, like, “to determine...,” “to describe…” “to compare …,” and like. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners 3.9  04 DESCRIPTIVE TYPES EXPLANATORY OR OF RESEARCH CORRELATION INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH The descriptive type of study finds answer to the questions who, what, when, where and how. This type of research describes a situation or a given state of affairs in terms of specified aspects or factors. What may be described are characteristics of individuals or groups or physical environments, or conditions 4.1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH 4.1  4.2 An explanatory study goes beyond description of the problem or situation. It attempts to explain the possible factors related to a problem which have been observed in a descriptive study. This type of study answers the questions why and how? The factors related to the problem, however, need not be viewed as real "causes" of the problem, but factors which are associated with or may contribute to the occurrence of the problem. EXPLANATORY OR The explanatory type of study is also called correlation research, in which the research investigates relationships between factors or variables. Certain factors are "assumed" to explain or contribute to the existence of a problem or a certain condition or the variation in a CORRELATION given situation. RESEARCH The researcher usually uses a theory or a hypothesis to account for or explain the forces that are "assumed to have caused" the problem. BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  4.2 EXPLANATORY CORRELATION RESEARCH BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH The intervention or experimental type of research evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular intervention or treatment. It studies the "cause and effect" relationship between certain factors on a certain phenomenon under controlled conditions. The subjects of the study are randomly assigned to the experimental group and to the control group and both groups are exposed to similar conditions except for the intervention/treatment. 4.3 INTERVENTION EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 4.3 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH "A INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH THAT WAS ALSO CONDUCTED IN ILOILO CITY" 4.3  05 RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS Both theoretical and conceptual frameworks are creations of the author, upon which the study's problem is based. Through these frameworks, one can easily discern what the study is about. (ADANZA, ET AL. METHODS OF RESEARCH: A PRIMER.) A CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE THAT EXPLAINS THE EXISTENCE OF A PROBLEM It connects a specific theory or set of theories to the problem being studied BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  05 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK It presents a theory that explains why a problem under study exists (Mercado, 1994) and explains the connection between certain factors and the problem. Depends on the number and nature of variables and their relationships. Requires knowledge of various theories (behavior, education, communication, sociology, economics, anthropology). Uses abstract concepts BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  05 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Its functions in Research: Provides the general framework which can guide data analysis. Identifies the variables measured. Explains why one variable can possibly affect another or why the independent variable can possibly influence the dependent variable. It limits the scope of data relevant to the framework by focusing in specific variables It stipulates the specific frame of mind or viewpoint that the researcher will take in analyzing and interpreting the data. 05 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IT IS A MORE SPECIFIC AND CONCRETE REPRESENTATION OF THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Explains the variables and their relationships in detail. Anchors the research by connecting the variables to the theoretical framework. Predicts the expected associations or causal relationships between variables. Supports arguments with related literature and findings. Identifies the key variables and their connections in a visual paradigm or diagram. 06 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Length of service Extent of participation on Sex Attendance in gender Sensitivity training decision making 06  07 HYPOTHESIS Researchers make educated guesses to tentatively answer the research questions. Usually they make many tentative answer to the research questions. From these they select the more logical and theoretically sound guesses. These tentative answers to the research question/s are called hypotheses. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners BAYLON, BAYLON, BIGSAT, BIGSAT, ESMORES, ESMORES, MORATO, MORATO, TABASA, TABASA, TINGSON, TINGSON, WALAWALA WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Defined as an educated guess or a tentative answer to a question. Statement about an expected relationship between two or more variables that can be empirically tested. Hypotheses are usually tested in intervention or evaluation studies and in correlation/relational studies. Hypotheses suggests the type of analysis that must be done in order to measure the relationship. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 PURPOSES, FUNCTIONS, AND IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS OR SPECIFIC QUESTIONS They help the researcher in designing his study: what methods, research instruments, sampling design, and statistical treatments to use, what data to gather, etc. They serve as bases for determining assumptions. They serve as bases for determining the relevance of data. They serve as bases for the explanation or discussion about the data gathered. They help or guide the researcher in consolidating his findings and formulating his conclusions. Generally, findings and conclusions are answers to the hypotheses or specific questions raised at the start of the investigation. BAYLON, BAYLON, BIGSAT, BIGSAT, ESMORES, ESMORES, MORATO, MORATO, TABASA, TABASA, TINGSON, TINGSON, WALAWALA WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES Null Hypothesis or Alternative Hypothesis Directional Hypothesis or Non-directional Hypothesis BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 NULL HYPOTHESIS VS. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS A null hypothesis is a negative statement which indicates the absence of a relationship/correlation between two variables, an absence of a significant difference between the proportions of two groups of people or objects possessing a particular characteristic or more groups with respect to a particular variable, such as, “mean age of males and mean age of females,” and “ mean score in math of students who attended tutorial classes and the mean score of those who did not attend tutorial classes.” Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 NULL HYPOTHESIS VS. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Examples of Null hypothesis “There is no significant difference between the mean age of male faculty members and the mean age of female faculty members.” “There is no significant difference between the proportion of health care providers who are smoking and the proportion of those who are not smoking.” BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 NULL HYPOTHESIS VS. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS An alternative hypothesis, also called the research hypothesis is the positive form of the null hypothesis It may state the presence of a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables, or the presence of a significant difference between two means or two proportions. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 NULL HYPOTHESIS VS. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Examples of Alternative hypothesis “There is a significant difference between the mean age of male faculty members and the mean age of female faculty members.” “There is a significant difference between the proportion of health care providers who are smoking and the proportion of those who are not smoking.” BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 DIRECTIONAL VS. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Directional hypothesis states whether the relationship between two variables is direct or inverse or positive or negative A positive or direct relationship is present when the value of one variable increases with the increase in the value of another. The relationship is negative when the value of one variable increases as the value of another decreases. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 DIRECTIONAL VS. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Examples of Directional hypothesis “The higher the level of exposure of farmers to mass media the more favourable their attitude towards land reform” (positive) “The more time employees spend in meetings, the less productive they are.” (negative) BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 DIRECTIONAL VS. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Non-directional hypothesis does not specify the direction of a relationship between variables. It merely states the presence or absence of a relationship between two variables or that one variable influences another, or there is a significant difference in the mean values of the two variables. Fely L. David, Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 DIRECTIONAL VS. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Examples of Non-directional hypothesis “The women’s educational attainment is significantly associated with their extent of participation in decision-making at home” “Taking vitamins regularly tends to improve a worker’s total health status” BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  07 HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS In writing hypotheses, one must remember the following: Hypotheses must be written in simple understandable language. Hypotheses must focus on the variables. One must keep in mind the distinction between independent and dependent variables. BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  08 SIGNIFICANCE The significance of the study is crucial in research papers, thesis, and projects, especially for financial assistance. It can be presented inductively or deductively, focusing on target beneficiaries, researchers, and the community. The study should contribute to solving problems, bridging knowledge gaps, improving social, economic, and health conditions, enriching research methods, and supporting government initiatives. In developing countries like the Philippines, research with return of investment (ROI) is prioritized. BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1  Guidelines : 1. Make your research problem your starting point. 2. Describe how your research will add to the existing body of knowledge in the field. SIGNIFICANCE 3. Describe how your research will help society 4. Mention the specific people or organizations who will benefit from your research 5. Indicate how your research will aid future studies in the field. BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 SCOPE & DELIMITATION Pertains to the extent of the study, or a discussion of what it will not do, but will be confined only to the topics referred to in the study. Scope clearly defines the where, what, when, and who of the study, and will not go beyond that. ADANZA, E. G. BERMUDO, P-J. U. RASONABE, M. B. METHODS OF RESEARCH: A PRIMER. 09 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Guidelines: 1. A brief statement of the general purpose of the study SCOPE & 2. The subject matter and topics studied and discussed 3. The locale of the study, where the data were gathered DELIMITATION or the entity to which the data belong 4. The population or universe from which the respondents were selected. This must be large enough to make generalizations significant. 5. The period of the study. This is the time, either months or years, during which the data were gathered. CALDERON, J. F. GONZALES, E. C. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITING. 9.1 09 BAYLON, BIGSAT, ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 Example: SCOPE & This investigation was conducted to determine the status of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A DELIMITATION as perceived by the teachers and students in science classes during the school year 1989-1990. The aspects looked into were the qualifications of teachers, their methods and strategies, facilities, forms of supervisory assistance, problems, and proposed solutions to problems. CALDERON, J. F. GONZALES, E. C. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITING. 9.2 09  BAYLON, BIGSAT,PROPOSAL BUSINESS ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 ABSTRACT A summary or synopsis of the full research paper. Simple, direct, specific, functional, clear, unbiased, honest, concise, precise, self-sufficient, complete, comprehensive, scholarly, balanced, and should not be misleading. The readers will go through the full paper only if they find the abstract interesting and relevant to their practice hence the abstract needs to highlight the selling point of the paper to succeed in attracting the reader to read the complete paper. Constructed using keywords or key terms found in the paper, which will help readers to remember the key points of the study TULLU M. S. (2019). WRITING THE TITLE AND ABSTRACT FOR A RESEARCH PAPER: BEING CONCISE, PRECISE, AND METICULOUS IS THE KEY. 10 BAYLON, BIGSAT,PROPOSAL BUSINESS ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 ABSTRACT 10 BAYLON, BIGSAT,PROPOSAL BUSINESS ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA GROUP 1 ABSTRACT 10  07 REFERENCES Calderon, J. F. Gonzales, E. C. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Adanza, E. G. Bermudo, P-J. U. Rasonabe, M. B. Methods of Research: A Primer. Laurentina Paler-Calmorin and Melchor A. Calmorin Research Methods and Thesis Writing (2nd Edition) David, F. L. Understanding and Doing Research: Handbook for Beginners Tullu M. S. (2019). Writing the title and abstract for a research paper: Being concise, precise, and meticulous is the key. Saudi journal of anaesthesia, 13(Suppl 1), S12– S17. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_685_18 BAYLON, BIGSAT, PROPOSAL BUSINESS ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA EDITIONGROUP 2022 1  BUSINESS BAYLON, BIGSAT, PROPOSAL ESMORES, MORATO, TABASA, TINGSON, WALAWALA EDITIONGROUP 2022 1 THANK YOU 15