Group 1 (History) Handout.docx

**The Story behind Llanera\'s Skull and Crossbones Flag** Mariano Llanera, a Filipino revolutionary general, is known for his distinctive black flag featuring a white \"K\" and a skull and crossbones emblem. This flag, often referred to as \"Llanera\'s Skull,\" was a symbol of his fierce and uncomp...

**The Story behind Llanera\'s Skull and Crossbones Flag** Mariano Llanera, a Filipino revolutionary general, is known for his distinctive black flag featuring a white \"K\" and a skull and crossbones emblem. This flag, often referred to as \"Llanera\'s Skull,\" was a symbol of his fierce and uncompromising approach to fighting for Philippine independence. **The Origins of Llanera\'s Flag** Llanera\'s flag was inspired by the secret initiation rites of the Katipunan, a revolutionary society that played a crucial role in the Philippine Revolution. The black color of the flag represented the hood worn by Katipuneros during these rites, symbolizing secrecy and their commitment to fighting for freedom. The skull and crossbones, a symbol of death, was a common motif used by pirates in the Caribbean. Llanera\'s adoption of this symbol reflected his determination to fight to the death for Philippine independence. He was known for his bold and reckless fighting style, earning him a reputation as a brave and fearless l  **The American and Commonwealth period (1898-1919)** saw the use of the Philippine flag during the Spanish-American War. The flag featured thirteen horizontal stripes of seven red alternating and six white, with white stars on a blue field. The Philippine Commission\'s Flag Law of 1907 prohibited the display of Katipunan flags in American-controlled Philippines islands. The flag used during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was adopted on June 12, 1898, by the first Philippine republic, the Malolos Republic. It features a horizontal bicolor blue and red with a white equilateral triangle. **The Republic of Biak-na-Bato**. A short-lived government established in August 1896 by Andres Bonifacio and the katipunan during the Philippine revolution. But when Andres Bonifacio died. Emilio Aguinaldo take the place to lead the biak-na-bato. **A Red Sun and Eight Rays: The Design and Symbolism** The Biak-na-Bato flag was a red field with a white sun bearing a face at its center.The sun had eight rays, representing the eight provinces which are Manila, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac, Cavite and Batangas that Spain had placed under martial law during the revolution. A revolutionary society that spearheaded the fight against Spanish colonial rule/ However, the republic\'s existence was short-lived, lasting only a month. The flag, though flown for a brief period, It served as a symbol of the revolutionaries\' aspirations for independence and their determination to create a new government free from Spanish control. It basically symbolize aspiration of freedom The flag differs significantly from the current Philippine flag, it shares some common elements. Both flags feature a sun with eight rays although the current flag has no face but the use of a sun with eight rays in both flags highlights the enduring significance of this symbol in Philippine history, representing unity, freedom, and the nation\'s progress. The Biak-na-Bato flag stands as a testament to the Filipinos\' unwavering commitment to self-determination and their pursuit of a nation free from foreign rule. Its history, though brief. serves as a valuable reminder of the sacrifices made and the struggles endured to pursuit the Philippine independence.  **Flag of General Gregorio del Pilar** It was the first tricolor in Filipino history and a significant representation of the Philippine Revolution. Its design resembles the current American flag, with a BLUE TRIANGLE symbolizing solidarity with Cuba, a lower BLACK BAND modeled after General Llanera\'s flag, and a RED represented as Katipunan band. When General Gregorio del Pilar made his final stand against the Americans on December 2, 1899, in an attempt to protect General Emilio Aguinaldo's leaving army, the flag saw action for the last time at Tirad Pass, in the province of Ilocos Sur, during the Philippine-American War. **BANDILA NG TAGUMPAY (Flag Of the Triumphants)** - A filipino genral and leader during the phillipines revolution - The tanjeros convention was a meeting of the katipunan a secret society led by emilio aguinaldo. - During the convention - According to the internet heto daw yung mga dugo ng mga filipino na nag sacrifice at naki pag laban sa san juan del monte against spanish colonial rule - Pío del Pilar (born Pío Isidro y Castañeda; July 11, 1860 -- June 21, 1931) was a Filipino revolutionary general. He was one of the lead figures in the Philippine Revolution, and fought major battles in Manila and Cavite.  **The Philippine Flag in 1985-1986** - In 1985, the philippine government made a significant change to the national flag. - During the Marcos administration, debates arose about the correct shade of blue. President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No. 1010 in 1985, which officially changedthe shade of blue on the Philippine flag from navy blue to light blue (sky blue). **Reason for Change** The change was driven by historical research suggesting that the original flag, designed by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution of 1898, used a lighter blue. The intention was to return the flag to what was believed to be its original color. **Symbolism of Light Blue** **Peace** - Light blue continued to symbolize peace. **Truth** - It represented clarity and honesty. **Justice** - The color was associated with fairness and justice. **Brief Period of Use:** The change to light blue was relatively brief. While it was intended to align the flag with its supposed original design, it lasted only a short time. **Reversion in 1986** In February 1986, the People Power Revolution led to the end of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency and brought Corazon Aquino to power. After the revolution, the flag's design, including the color blue, became a topic of discussion. There was a movement to revert to the navy blue color used before the 1985 change. The flag's navy blue color was officially restored in 1998 under Republic Act No. 8491, which standardized the color and design as part of the celebration of the centennial of Philippine independence. The change from navy blue to light blue in 1985 was a symbolic gesture to reconnect with the revolutionary past. Although short-lived, it reflected an effort to honor the original design. The return to navy blue in 1998 reinforced a more established tradition, aligning with the flag's representation during the Commonwealth period and beyond. **The Present Flag** The flag retained the dimensions of the aguinaldo\'s flag as well as the Mythological sun, but without a face. Historians believe that the original flag used the red and blue colors of the Cuban flag and was changed to the American colors since the American colors where the only cloth colors available during the era. In 1936, the Philippines became a Commonwealth of the United States of the America. By executive order, Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon specified the dimensions of the flag which became the standardized specification of the flag followed up to the present time. **Debates Rages On** The color blue on the flag is one of the topics being debated by historians. The list of blues includes the Cuban blue, dark blue, sky blue, navy blue (American blue), and the Yale blue. The American blue was the shade used for most of the flag\'s lifetirme as a national symbol and was changed during the Marcos era into sky blue, but was reverted back to the American blue during the Aquino administration. As a resolution to the moot point, the Philippine Centennial Commission officially changed the shade to Royal Blue in 1998. The religious sector debates the sun as being a Christian symbol. Many believe that a Crescent Moon should be added to symbolize the Muslims and a Budong Cane as well to represent the native Cordillers people. Recent addition to the debate is the proposal to add a 9th ray to the sun to represent the Muslim nation and the native Cordillera people who fought for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Also, the late statesman Blas Ople, serving as Foreign Affairs Secretary, called on historians and constitutionalist to include Quezon Province as one of the provinces represented in the rays of the sun. He cited the historical battle of the Confradia de San Jose a group organized by Apolinario \"Hermano Pule\" de la Cruz who won a battle against Spanish authorities on October 23, 1841.  **The 1898 Philippine Flag** The Philippine flag was created by the revolutionary junta in Hong Kong and was first raised in battle on May 28, 1898. Its formal unveiling took place during the declaration of Philippine independence by President Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898. The flag's design included the mythical sun with a face, symbolizing progress, and eight rays representing the provinces that revolted against Spain in 1896. The white triangle symbolized the Katipunan, while the blue and red stripes were inspired by the Cuban flag, with the blue stripe initially placed on top. During the Philippine-American War in 1899, the red stripe was flown on top to signify the state of war. The original flag\'s design had notable differences from today's version. The sun's rays and the position of the stars varied, and the blue shade has been a subject of debate. Historians like Ambeth Ocampo and E. Aguilar Cruz have examined the shade, noting shifts from light blue to navy blue, but no conclusive documentation has resolved this. The original flag also lacked an equilateral triangle, and its dimensions followed the Spanish flag's proportions. Despite changes and controversies, the flag became a powerful symbol during the Philippine-American war and was banned under the Sedition Act of 1907. It wasn't until 1919 that the law was repealed, allowing the flag to be flown again. General Aguinaldo, in his later years, affirmed the significance of the flag raised in Cavite, which was used in battles and eventually hidden in the mountains during the conflict. **Bonifacio\'s Flag (1892)** \"Who is the father of katipunan? \". Andres Bonifacio. \" He is known as the first president of the Philippines, however he is not recognize as the official president. Moreover, he\'s one of the patriot and revolutionary that you can see in the new five peso coin. In addition to that, he is Andres Bonifacio Y De Castro who also known as one ofthe \"\" Bayani ng Pilipinas \"\". Andres Bonifacio had a personal flag which represents a white sun with an indefinite number of rays on a field of Κ.Κ.Κ. red. Below the sun are three white Ks arranged horizontally. This flag was created by the \" miyembro na kababaihan ng Katipunan \", on revolution era. The sun symbolizes \" kalayaan\" (Freedom) and the K. K. K is also known as \"Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan\". \"When was the first shown to this flag?\" This flag was first shown on August 23, 1896 during the Cry of Pugad Lawin. \"Where the Katipuneros gather tore their cedulas (poll tax certificates) in rebelliousness of Spanish authority.\" -The flag was used later during the Battle of San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896. \"This was also used by the war camp of Bonifacio, the \"Great Plebeian\" (\"Dakilang Anak Pawis\").\"  **EARLY KATIPUNAN ONE-K FLAG** The early Katipunan flag, known as the \"Katipunan One-K\" flag was used by the Katipunan, a Filipino revolutionary society that fought for independence from Spanish rule. Base from his name the early katipunan flag or also known as The Katipunan one-K flag is the 3rd flag during the spanish colonization in 1892 The \"K\" on the early Katipunan flag stands for \"Katipunan,\" which was the name of the revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio. The term \"Katipunan\" means \"association\" or \"society,\" reflecting the group\'s mission to unite and fight for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial -The term katipunan means \"association or society\" or in tagalo is assosasyon or lipunan\" -The \"K\" in early katipunan flag is the short term for the \"KKK\" (Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga Anak ng Bayan) **DESIGN**- the flag featured a distinctive design: a red background with a large, white letter \"K\" in the center. This letter \"K\" symbolized the Katipunan, and the red color represented the group\'s revolutionary spirit **CREATION**- the early Katipunan one-K flag was created by the Katipunan\'s members, particularly by Andres Bonifacio around 1892 the year the katipunan was founded by Andres Bonifacio. **Magdiwang (faction)** A division of the Katipunan, a revolutionary group in the Philippines started by Filipino insurgents seeking independence from Spanish in Manila in 1892. The Magdiwang Council was recognized as \"the supreme organ responsible for the successful campaigns against the enemy\" in Cavite. Mariano Álvarez founded the Magdiwang chapter, marital relationship to Andrés Bonifacio, the head of the Katipunan. The Magdalo and the Magdiwang, both commanded by Emilio Aguinaldo\'s cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo was the two principal Cavite Katipunan factions, with the Magdiwang\'s authority over a greater quantity of towns and local governments. As tensions between the two groups increased, Bonifacio was invited to serve as a mediator, but he was soon entangled with talks with the Magdalo, who wanted a rebel government to take the place of the Katipunan.Well The Magdiwang first supported Bonifacio\'s claim that the Katipunan was already their government; but, at the Tejeros Convention, Aguinaldo united both groups into a single government body. **MAGDIWANG LEADERS**Mariano Alvarez -- President Lorenzo Fenoy - Vice President for BatangasPascual Álvarez - Minister of the Interior Ariston Villanueva - Minister of WarAnanias Diokno - Vice Minister of War of Batangas Mariano Trías - Minister of Welfare and Justice Emiliano Riego de Dios - Minister of Economic Development Diego Mojica - Minister of FinanceSantiago V. Álvarez - Captain General Artemio Ricarte - Assistant Captain GeneralMiguel Malvar - Assistant Captain General for Batangas Mariano Riego de Dios - General, Cavite DivisionPaciano Rizal - General, Batangas Division**MAGDIWANG MUNICIPALITIES**Cavite City (capital) NoveletaSan Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias) Rosario (locally referred to as Salinas)Sta. Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) Magallanes Bailen (now General Emilio Aguinaldo) Indang Nasugbu, Batangas Looc, Batangas