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GREEK CIVILISATION ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 3500 BC TILL ANNEXATION BY ROMANS IN 150 AD  INTRODUCTION WARMING UP TO THE LAND AND GENERAL HISTORY OF THE GREEKS AND THE AEGEAN  What comes to your mind when you hear of the Greeks in terms g) Architectural character...

GREEK CIVILISATION ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 3500 BC TILL ANNEXATION BY ROMANS IN 150 AD  INTRODUCTION WARMING UP TO THE LAND AND GENERAL HISTORY OF THE GREEKS AND THE AEGEAN  What comes to your mind when you hear of the Greeks in terms g) Architectural character of: h) Examples of buildings a) Geography i) Plan, walls, roofs, openings, b) Geology columns, ornamentation c) Climate d) Religion e) Social & Political f) History PLAY THESE VIDEOS FIRST Video on overview of Greek history and civilization: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient- medieval/classical-greece/v/overview-of-ancient-greece TEXT NOTES ON THE GREEK POLIS https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient- medieval/classical-greece/a/the-greek-polis VIDEO ON ACROPOLIS https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient- medieval/classical-greece/v/golden-age-of-athens-pericles-and-greek- culture VIDEO ON GREEK PHILOSOPHERS https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient- medieval/classical-greece/v/socrates-plato-aristotle  Chronology of Greek history Greek history is generally divided into the following eras: Paleolithic (circa 400,000 – 13,000 BP) Mesolithic (circa 10,000 – 7000 BCE Neolithic (circa 7000 – 3000 BCE) ANCIENT Bronze Age (circa 3300 – 1150 BCE) AEGEAN; Cycladic (circa 3300 – 2000 BCE) Minoan (circa 2600 – 1200 BCE) BRONZE AGE Mycenaean or Late Helladic (circa 1600 – 1100 BCE) Dark Ages (circa 1100 – 700 BCE) Archaic (circa 700 – 480 BCE) Classical (480 – 323 BCE) Aristotle 384-322 BCE Alexander 356-323 BCE Hellenistic (323 – 30 BCE)  https://nsms6thgradesocialstudies.weebly.com/maps-of-ancient- greece.html History of Greece: Introduction Classical and Hellenistic eras of Greece are undoubtedly the most splendid. Contributed thru a host of ideas, concepts, & art. Provided the foundation of what is “western civilization”. Ancient Greek civilizations have survived either directly or through permutations to this day. The ancient Greek dialects are influential even to this day with much Greek vocabulary embedded in the Modern Greek and English languages. Art and architecture of ancient Greece is relevant and influential even to this day. The Renaissance was guided by the re-discovery of the ancient Greek ideas through text & art & architecture, which were hitherto suppressed by the belief in the absolute authority of the church. History of Greece: Introduction History is a discipline that was conceived first in Ancient Greece. Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) is considered the Father of History, as he was the first who attempted to record events & human actions for the sole purpose of preserving them for future generations. The very first lines of his Histories read: “Herodotus of Halicarnassus here displays his inquiry, so that human achievements may not become forgotten in time, and great and marvelous deeds – some displayed by Greeks, some by barbarians – may not be without their glory;” (Herodotus). He included in his Histories (written between 431 and 435 BCE), myths, legends, and outrageous tales, for which he had to face harsh criticism also. “I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time.” (Thucydides, 16) Thucydides (460 – 395 BCE) with his History of the Peloponnesian War, put his own stamp on the discipline of History by attempting to present history in an “objective” way, and to make correlations between human actions & events. Their approach and methods of recording historical events became the guiding light for succceding historians. Political BRONZE AGE: The Bronze Age, lasted roughly around three thousand years. 3 distinct civilizations, which overlap in time & coincide with the major geographic regions. Cycladic civilization developed in the islands of the Aegean & more specifically around the Cyclades. Minoans occupied the large island of Crete. Civilization of the Greek mainland is classified as “Helladic”. The Mycenaean era describes Helladic civilization towards the end of the 1100 BC & is also called “Age of Heroes” Source of mythological heroes & epics like Hercules, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Political DARK AGES (1100-700 BC): The Mycenaeans outlasted the people of Cyclades & the Minoas, and by the end of the 1000 BC expanded their influence over the Greek mainland, the islands of the Aegean & Ionian seas, Crete, & the coast of Asia Minor. After 1100 BC Mycenaean civilization ceased either through internal strife, or outside invasions (the Dorian invasions have been proposed as a possible explanation). The extensive damage done to the Mycenaean civilization took three hundred years to reverse. This period is called “the Dark Ages” partly because the people of Greece fell into a period of basic sustenance with no significant evidence of cultural development, and partly because the incomplete historical record renders our own view of the era rather incomplete. During the Dark Ages, all old major settlements were abandoned, and the population dropped dramatically in numbers. People lived in small groups that moved constantly in accordance with their new pastoral lifestyle & livestock needs, while they left no written record behind leading to the conclusion that they were illiterate. However, in retrospect we can identify one major benefit of the period. The deconstruction of the old Mycenaean economic & social structures with the strict class hierarchy & hereditary rule were forgotten, and eventually replaced with new socio-political institutions that eventually allowed for the rise of Democracy in 500 BC Athens. Notable events from this period include the occurrence of the first Olympics in 776, and the writing of the Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey. Political ARCHAIC PERIOD (700–480 BC): During this epoch Greek population recovered and organized politically in city-states (Polis) comprised of citizens, foreign residents, and slaves. This complex social organization required the development of an advanced legal structure that ensured the smooth coexistence of different classes and the equality of the citizens irrespective of their economic status. This was a required precursor for the Democratic principles that we see developed two hundred years later in Athens. Greek city-states of the Archaic epoch spread throughout the Mediterranean basin through vigorous colonization. As the major city-states grew in size they spawn a plethora of coastal towns in the Aegean, the Ionian, Anatolia (today’s Turkey), Phoenicia (the Middle East), Libya, Southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and as far as southern France, Spain, and the Black Sea. These states, settlements, & trading posts numbered in the hundreds, and became part of an extensive commercial network that involved all the advanced civilizations of the time. Greece came into contact and aided in the exchange of goods & ideas throughout ancient Africa, Asia, & Europe. Through domination of commerce in the Mediterranean, aggressive expansion abroad, and competition at home, several very strong city-states began emerging as dominant cultural centers, most notably Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, Miletus, Halicarnassus among other. MAP OF ARCHAIC GREECE  Political CLASSICAL PERIOD: During Geography LOCATION: Positioned at crossroads between Africa, Asia, & Europe. Hangs precariously southward from the end of the Balkan Peninsula, & slices towards the Mediterranean Sea. Dramatic peninsulas and thousands of large & small islands. Mountainous terrain, allowed for multiple easily defensible positions Surrounding sea offered safety from incursions Hence conducive to developing & sustaining an enduring culture. Communication & exchange of goods & ideas through lanes. Significant maritime power. Geography CLIMATE: Mediterranean climate. Mild & short winters Adequate rainfall generally in autumn, winter & spring. Hot & dry summers; clear air & intense sunshine Possible to appreciate finer detailing like carving & colour Interiors designed for relief from summers Ventilation thru courtyards surrounded by roofed porticoes. Geography LAND: Mountainous & earthquake prone. Mainland indented by long inlets of sea. Homelands divided by inlets of sea & mountain barriers. Size & importance of community depended on area of cultivable land. And ease of amalgamating into larger units. All significant city states of the Classical period were unifications of this type. Geography LAND: In about 750 BC, Greece's mountainous terrain led to the development of the polis (city-state). Mountains made it very difficult for people to travel or communicate. Therefore, each polis developed independently and, often, very differently from one another. Eventually, the polis became the The Acropolis played an integral role in Athenian life. This hilltop not only housed the structure by which people organized famous Parthenon, but it also included themselves. temples, theaters, and other public buildings Athens and Sparta are two good that enhanced Athenian culture. examples of city-states that contrasted greatly with each other.  Chronology of Greek history Greek history is generally divided into the following eras: Paleolithic (circa 400,000 – 13,000 BP) Mesolithic (circa 10,000 – 7000 BCE Neolithic (circa 7000 – 3000 BCE) ANCIENT Bronze Age (circa 3300 – 1150 BCE) AEGEAN; Cycladic (circa 3300 – 2000 BCE) Minoan (circa 2600 – 1200 BCE) BRONZE AGE Mycenaean or Late Helladic (circa 1600 – 1100 BCE) Dark Ages (circa 1100 – 700 BCE) Archaic (circa 700 – 480 BCE) Classical (480 – 323 BCE) Aristotle 384-322 BCE Alexander 356-323 BCE Hellenistic (323 – 30 BCE) MINOAN 2600-1200 BC MINOAN 2600-1200 BC MINOAN 2600-1200 BC The Bronze Age culture of Crete, Called Minoan after King MINOS of Crete The island has snow covered mountain tops, lush agricultural plains, sandy beaches and dramatic gorges, Crete is exceptional for its natural richness and variety. The Bronze Age history of the island is one of development, increasing influence, and eventual destruction of a culture centered around sites that have traditionally been called palaces (the most famous and largest one of which was Knossos). MINOAN 2600-1200 BC The Bronze Age history of the island is one of development, increasing influence, and eventual destruction of a culture centered around sites that have traditionally been called palaces (the most famous and largest one of which was Knossos) Within these historical periods there are more specific designations, largely deriving from pottery studies, which use the terms Early, Middle, and Late Minoan. KNOSSOS https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/knossos MINOAN CIVILISATION 3000-1000 BC ancient Cretan culture representing a stage in the development of the Aegean civilization. Named after legendary King Minos of Crete by Sir Arthur Evans, the English archaeologist who conducted excavations there in the early 20th cent Evans divided the culture into three periods that include the whole of the Bronze Age: Early Minoan (c.3000 b.c.–2200 b.c.), Middle Minoan (c.2200 b.c.–1500 b.c.), and Late Minoan (c.1500 b.c.–1000 b.c.). Early Minoan: gradual rise from Neolithic to importation of metals, the tentative use of bronze, the appearance of a hieroglyphic writing. Middle Minoan: great palaces appeared at Knossos and Phaistos; a pictographic script was used; ceramics, ivory carving, and metalworking reached their peak; and Minoan maritime power extended across the Mediterranean. Toward the end an earthquake, or an invasion, destroyed Knossos, but the palace was rebuilt. During this period there is evidence of a new script (at Knossos, an early form of the Greek language that argues the presence of Mycenaean Greeks. Other luxurious palaces existed at this time at Gournia, Cydonia (now Khaniá), and elsewhere. Knossos was again destroyed in 1500 b.c. , probably as a result of an earthquake and subsequent invasion from the Mycenaean mainland. Late Minoan: Knossos was finally destroyed c.1400 b.c., and the Late Minoan period faded out in poverty and obscurity. After the final destruction of Knossos, the cultural center of the Aegean passed to the Greek mainland (see Mycenaean civilization). MINOANS _CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Skilled at the art stone masonary construction techniques that enabled the Minoans to build such massive structures The Minoans were skilled at cutting and shaping stones to fit together tightly, and they used these techniques to create walls that could support heavy roofs and withstand earthquakes. Another important factor was the availability of high-quality building materials. The Minoans had access to a variety of materials, including limestone, sandstone, and granite, which they quarried from nearby mountains. They also used timber from local forests to construct roofs and other wooden elements of their buildings. the Minoans were also well-organized and efficient builders. They employed large teams of laborers who worked together to move heavy blocks of stone and timber. They also used ramps and sledges to transport materials up steep inclines, and they built temporary structures to provide shelter for workers during the construction process.  Teach from this link KNOSSOS https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/knossos https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/cou rses/greekpast/4796.html#:~:text=The%20structure%20was%20 made%20of,27m%20x%2049m%20at%20Knossos. Mycenaean 1750 – 1000 BC  Chronology of Greek history Greek history is generally divided into the following eras: Paleolithic (circa 400,000 – 13,000 BP) Mesolithic (circa 10,000 – 7000 BCE Neolithic (circa 7000 – 3000 BCE) ANCIENT Bronze Age (circa 3300 – 1150 BCE) AEGEAN; Cycladic (circa 3300 – 2000 BCE) Minoan (circa 2600 – 1200 BCE) BRONZE AGE Mycenaean or Late Helladic (1600 – 1100 BCE) Dark Ages (circa 1100 – 700 BCE) Archaic (circa 700 – 480 BCE) Classical (480 – 323 BCE) Aristotle 384-322 BCE Alexander 356-323 BCE Hellenistic (323 – 30 BCE) Mycenaean civilization 1750 – 1000 BC 1 VIDEO https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/v/mycenae-palace Mycenaean civilization 1750 – 1000 BC 1 the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece represents the first advanced and distinctively Greek civilization in mainland Greece palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system most prominent site was Mycenae, Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace-centered states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social, and economic systems. Mycenaean civilization 1750 – 1000 BC 2 Although the Mycenaeans had certain innovations of their own, they drew much of their cultural inspiration from the Minoans. The great Mycenaean cities—Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Orchomenos—were noted for their heavy, complex fortifications, walls, tombs and gates and the massive quality of their masonry, while Minoan cities were totally unfortified. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/an cient-art-civilizations/aegean- art1/mycenaean/v/mycenae-lion-gate Mycenaean civilization 3 The walls of Mycenae are constructed both of large ashlar masonry (shaped stone blocks) and cyclopean masonry (huge unshaped limestone boulders), and are thought to have been constructed first in the 14th century and subsequently expanded to wall in important nearby areas. The Lion Gate, so called for the stone relief of rearing lions that fills the reliving triangle (an engineering innovation used to reduce the weight carried in a post-and-lintel opening) above the lintel block, is among the earliest examples of large-scale stone sculpture known. https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/greekpast/4797.html#:~:text=The%2 0walls%20of%20Mycenae%20are,wall%20in%20important%20nearby%20areas. DARK AGES (1100-700 BC): The Mycenaeans outlasted the people of Cyclades & the Minoas, and by the end of the 1000 BC expanded their influence over the Greek mainland, the islands of the Aegean & Ionian seas, Crete, & the coast of Asia Minor. After 1100 BC Mycenaean civilization ceased either through internal strife, or outside invasions (the Dorian invasions have been proposed as a possible explanation). The extensive damage done to the Mycenaean civilization took three hundred years to reverse. This period is called “the Dark Ages” partly because the people of Greece fell into a period of basic sustenance with no significant evidence of cultural development, and partly because the incomplete historical record renders our own view of the era rather incomplete. During the Dark Ages, all old major settlements were abandoned, and the population dropped dramatically in numbers. (BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE) People lived in small groups that moved constantly in accordance with their new pastoral lifestyle & livestock needs, while they left no written record behind leading to the conclusion that they were illiterate. However, in retrospect we can identify one major benefit of the period. The deconstruction of the old Mycenaean economic & social structures with the strict class hierarchy & hereditary rule were forgotten, and eventually replaced with new socio-political institutions that eventually allowed for the rise of Democracy in 500 BC Athens. Notable events from this period include the occurrence of the first Olympics in 776, and the writing of the Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey. 6th FEB 2024 Chronology of Greek history Greek history is generally divided into the following eras: Paleolithic (circa 400,000 – 13,000 BP) Mesolithic (circa 10,000 – 7000 BCE Neolithic (circa 7000 – 3000 BCE) Bronze Age (circa 3300 – 1150 BCE) ANCIENT Cycladic (circa 3300 – 2000 BCE) Minoan (circa 2600 – 1200 BCE) AEGEAN; Mycenaean or Late Helladic (circa 1600 – 1100 BCE) BRONZE AGE Dark Ages (circa 1100 – 700 BCE) Archaic (circa 700 – 480 BCE) Classical (480 – 323 BCE) Pericles 495-429 BC; Aristotle 384-322 BCE Alexander 356-323 BCE Hellenistic (323 – 30 BCE) After the death of Alexander 700-323 BC_ ARCHAIC & CLASSICAL GREECE (till death of Alexander) During this epoch Greek population recovered and organized politically in city-states (Polis) comprised of citizens, foreign residents, and slaves. This complex social organization required the development of an advanced legal structure that ensured the smooth coexistence of different classes and the equality of the citizens irrespective of their economic status. This was a required precursor for the Democratic principles that we see developed two hundred years later in Athens. Greek city-states of the Archaic epoch spread throughout the Mediterranean basin through vigorous colonization. 700-323 BC_ ARCHAIC & CLASSICAL GREECE (till death of Alexander) As the major city-states grew in size they spawn a plethora of coastal towns in the Aegean, the Ionian, Anatolia (today’s Turkey), Phoenicia (the Middle East), Libya, Southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and as far as southern France, Spain, and the Black Sea. These states, settlements, & trading posts numbered in the hundreds, and became part of an extensive commercial network that involved all the advanced civilizations of the time. Greece came into contact and aided in the exchange of goods & ideas throughout ancient Africa, Asia, & Europe. Through domination of commerce in the Mediterranean, aggressive expansion abroad, and competition at home, several very strong city-states began emerging as dominant cultural centers, most notably Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, Miletus, Halicarnassus among other.  Independent cities Ancient Greece was comprised of hundreds of essentially independent city-states, partly due to the geography of Greece. Communities were separated by mountains, hills, and water, rather than a unified nation. Ancient Greece was more like a network of communities with a shared religion and language that sometimes led to a sense of common belonging because of being in close proximity with each other. Independent cities Even as Greeks colonized the Mediterranean and Black seas, new colonies, while recognizing a “mother” city- state, were largely independent. Even after Philip II of Macedon brought mainland Greece under his League of Corinth, the individual city-states still retained much of their essential independence. CLASSICAL GREEK SOCIETY Greek society was comprised of independent city-states that shared similar culture and religion. Ancient Greeks were unified by traditions like the PanHellenic games. Greek architecture was designed to facilitate religious ceremonies and common civic spaces. Shared culture and religion Ancient Greeks were unified by traditions like the panhellenic games and other athletic competitions. These competitions also had religious significance and were often tied to Greek mythology. The most significant of these games were the Olympic Games. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/olympic-games  Shared culture and religion Ancient Greeks were unified by traditions like the panhellenic games and other athletic competitions. These competitions also had religious significance and were often tied to Greek mythology. The most significant of these games were the Olympic Games. Olympic games The ancient Olympic Games were a sporting event held every four years at the sacred site of Olympia in honor of Zeus, the supreme god of Greek religion. Involving participants and spectators from all over Greece and beyond, the Olympic Games were the most important cultural event in ancient Greece and were held from 776 BCE to 393 CE, a run of 293 consecutive Olympiads. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/olympic-games Culture and religion Religion was present in all arenas of life. It revolved around myths which explained the origins of mankind and gave the gods a human face. Temples dominated the urban landscape and city festivals and national sporting and artistic competitions were frequent, in turn gave rise to other architectural manifestations of the socio-cultural needs in the form of temple sanctuaries, stadiums, gymnasiums, theatres, amphi-theatres…….  The Greek religion was in the main a worship of natural phenomena (nature-worship, major and minor), of which the gods were personifications. There are, however, numerous traces of ancestor-worship, and other primitive forms of religion. Greek cults were always local, each region or city-state having its own divinities, ceremonies, and traditions.  The territory of Greece is mountainous; as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions, each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. Regionalism and regional conflicts were a prominent feature of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains or on coastal plains and dominated the countryside around them. Homer Mycanea Troy Trojan War, Illiad, Odyssey Without a powerful, centralized state, smaller governing bodies created political order. One such type of governing body was the city-state or polis. Initially, the term polis referred to a fortified area or citadel which offered protection during times of war.  Because of the relative safety these structures afforded, people flocked to them and set up communities and commercial centers. Over time, poleis—the plural of polis—became urban centers whose power and influence extended to the surrounding agricultural regions, which provided resources and paid taxes. By 800 BCE, there were many poleis which functioned independently, in response to their own specific contexts. Each city-state created a different form of governance, monarchies, oligarchies to militaristic societies and proto-democracies. Some of the most important city-states were Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and Delphi. Of these, Athens and Sparta were the two most powerful city-states. Athens was a democracy and Sparta had two kings and an oligarchic system, but both were important in the development of Greek society and culture. 13 FEB 2024 GREEK ARCHITECTURE  Architecture is easy to take for granted. It's everywhere in our daily lives— sometimes elegant, other times shabby, but generally ubiquitous. How often do we stop to examine and contemplate its form and style? Stopping for that contemplation offers not only the opportunity to understand one’s daily surroundings but also to appreciate the connection that exists between architectural forms in our own time and those from the past. Architectural tradition and design have the ability to link disparate cultures together over time and space—and this is certainly true of the legacy of architectural forms created by the ancient Greeks.  Greek architecture refers to the architecture of the Greek-speaking peoples who inhabited the Greek mainland and the Peloponnese, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the Greek colonies in Ionia (coastal Asia Minor), and Magna Graecia (Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily).  Greek architecture stretches from c. 900 B.C.E. to the first century C.E., with the earliest extant stone architecture dating to the seventh century B.C.E. Greek architecture influenced Roman architecture and architects in profound ways, such that Roman Imperial architecture adopts and incorporates many Greek elements into its own practice. The formal vocabulary of Ancient Greek architecture, the division of architectural style into Doric, Ionic and Corinthian Order, had profound effect on Western architecture of later periods. The architecture of Ancient Rome grew out of that of Greece and maintained its influence in Italy unbroken until the present day.  From the Renaissance, revivals of Classicism have kept alive not only the precise forms and ordered details of Greek architecture, but also its concept of architectural beauty based on balance and proportion. The successive styles of Neoclassical architecture and Greek Revival architecture followed and adapted Ancient Greek styles closely. An overview of basic building typologies demonstrates the range and diversity of Greek architecture. https://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-greek-architecture/ https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek- art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture  An architectural order describes a style of building. Classical architecture, order is identifiable by means of its proportions, profiles, aesthetic details. The style of column employed serves as a useful index of the style itself, so identifying the order of the column will then, in turn, situate the order employed in the structure as a whole. The classical orders—Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—do not merely serve as descriptors for the remains of ancient buildings, but as an index to the architectural and aesthetic development of Greek architecture itself. VIDEO: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek- art/beginners-guide-greece/v/the-classical-orders NOTES: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek- art/beginners-guide-greece/a/greek-architectural-orders  an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. There is ample evidence of a Bronze Age Mycenaean palace or megaron on the hill, with a defensive Cyclopean 3.5 to 6 m thick massive 10 m high circuit wall around the whole mound, whose remains still exist. it was Pericles (c. 495–429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the buildings whose present remains are the site's most important ones, including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike. A temple to Athena Polias, the tutelary deity of the city, was erected between 570 and 550 BC. This Doric limestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundred–footed")  Around 500 BC the Hekatompedon was dismantled to make place for a new grander building, the Older Parthenon (often referred to as the Pre-Parthenon or Early Parthenon). To accommodate the temple, the south part of the summit was cleared, made level by adding some 8,000 two- ton blocks of limestone, a foundation 11 m (36 ft) deep at some points, and the rest was filled with soil kept in place by the retaining wall. However, after the victorious Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the plan was revised and marble was used instead. The limestone phase of the building is referred to as Pre-Parthenon I and the marble phase as Pre-Parthenon II. The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians invaded and sacked the city in 480 BC. After the Persian crisis had subsided, the Athenians incorporated many architectural parts of the unfinished temple (unfluted column drums, triglyphs, metopes, etc.) into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis, where they served as a prominent "war memorial" and can still be seen today. The devastated site was cleared of debris. Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings, and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the Classical Parthenon. This "Persian debris" was the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/classical-greece/a/the- greek-polis  The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway termed the Propylaea. To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). East of the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum. South of the platform that forms the top of the Acropolis there are also the remains of the ancient, though often remodelled, Theatre of Dionysus. A few hundred metres away, there is the now partially reconstructed Odeon of Herodes Atticus. All the valuable ancient artifacts are situated in the Acropolis Museum, which resides on the southern slope of the same rock, 280 metres from the Parthenon. SANCTUARY OF APOLLO at Delphi https://smarthistory.org/sanctuary-of-apollo-at-delphi/ Epidaurus theater Treasuries of various city states clamouring for space, attention, showing off their wealth, architectural splendour …… https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek- art/beginners-guide-greece/a/greek-sanctuaries-as-artistic-hubs 20 FEB 2024 GREEK BUILDINGS In addition to temples, the Greeks built a number of other kinds of structures. Their public spaces included monumental tombs; agoras, or public meeting places; stoas, or colonnaded shelters; stadiums; palaestrae, or gymnasiums (Olympic games) for athletic training; propylaea, or entrance gateways to cities; and amphitheaters. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/olympic-games  At first, sacred sites were merely a simple altar in a designated area, but over time massive temples were built in honor of particular gods. These temples usually housed a cult statue of the deity being honored; two famous examples are the huge statue of Athena in the Parthenon of Athens and the statue of Zeus at Olympia. Athletic Games and competitions in music and theatre—both tragedy and comedy—were held during festivals honoring particular gods, such as the City Dionysia of Athens and the Panhellenic games at the sacred sites of Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Isthmia. SANCTUARIES These events were attended by visitors from all over Greece, and the experience was perhaps more akin to a pilgrimage rather than a modern sports event. Warfare was prohibited during these sacred events and pilgrims were guaranteed free passage across Greece. TEMPLES https://smarthistory.org/ancient-greek-temples-at-paestum/ https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek- art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture https://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/greektemple/greek_temple.ht m AGORA https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient- mediterranean-ap/greece-etruria-rome/v/athenian-agora SAMPLE QUESTIONS Explain architectural features and planning of Greek Acropolis choosing one typical example. Compare and contrast the Greek architectural orders. Describe the structural principles devised and used and their limitations in the architecture of the Greeks. The architecture of human settlements is a determinant of both natural phenomena and human creativity. Present a critical overview of the above statement in the context of the Greek civilization. Write short illustrated notes on the following Classical Orders evolved by the Greeks for use in various built-form types : (a) Doric (b) Ionic. What according to you were the various influences on the architectural character of the various bronze age or iron age civilisations? Explain by taking the example of Greeks or the Romans. CONTEXT IN WORLD HISTORY https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/x7e914f5b:a-beginner-s-guide/x7e914f5b:ancient- mediterranean-in-a-global-context/v/tiny-timelines-ancient-egypt- and-mesopotamia-in-a-global-context-5th-3rd-millennia-bce https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/x7e914f5b:a-beginner-s-guide/x7e914f5b:ancient- mediterranean-in-a-global-context/v/tiny-timelines-ancient-egypt- and-mesopotamia-in-a-global-context-2nd-1st-millennia-bce NOT SURE