Grammar PDF - Units 1-18

Unit 1 Present continuous (I am doing) A Study this example situation: Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work. She’s driving to work. (= She is driving …) This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is...

Unit 1 Present continuous (I am doing) A Study this example situation: Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work. She’s driving to work. (= She is driving …) This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished. am/is/are + -ing is the present continuous: I am (= I’m) driving he/she/it is (= he’s etc.) working we/you/they are (= we’re etc.) doing etc. B I am doing something = I started doing it and I haven’t finished; I’m in the middle of doing it. Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying to work. (not I try) ‘Where’s Mark?’ ‘He’s having a shower.’ (not He has a shower) Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. (not It doesn’t rain) How’s your new job? Are you enjoying it? What’s all that noise? What’s going on? or What’s happening? Sometimes the action is not happening at the time of speaking. For example: Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says: I’m reading a really good book at the moment. It’s about a man who … Steve says ‘I’m reading …’ but he is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started reading the book, but has not finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Some more examples: Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn’t learning Italian at the time of speaking) Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer. C You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now): A: You’re working hard today. (not You work hard today) B: Yes, I have a lot to do. The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year. D We use the present continuous when we talk about a change that has started to happen. We often use these verbs in this way: getting, becoming changing, improving starting, beginning increasing, rising, falling, growing Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better) The population of the world is increasing very fast. (not increases) At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m starting to enjoy it now. (not I start) 2 Present continuous and present simple ➜ Units 3–4 Present tenses for the future ➜ Unit 19 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 1 1.1 What’s happening in the pictures? Choose from these verbs: cross hide scratch take tie wave 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 She’s taking a picture. 4 his head. 2 He a shoelace. 5 behind a tree. 3 the road. 6 to somebody. 1.2 The sentences on the right follow those on the left. Which sentence goes with which? 1 Please don’t make so much noise. a I’m getting hungry. 1 f 2 We need to leave soon. b They’re lying. 2 3 I don’t have anywhere to live right now. c It’s starting to rain. 3 4 I need to eat something soon. d They’re trying to sell it. 4 5 They don’t need their car any more. e It’s getting late. 5 6 Things are not so good at work. f I’m trying to work. 6 7 It isn’t true what they say. g I’m staying with friends. 7 8 We’re going to get wet. h The company is losing money. 8 1.3 Write questions. Use the present continuous. 1 What’s all that noise? What’s happening? (what / happen?) 2 What’s the matter? Why are you crying? (why / you / cry?) 3 Where’s your mother? Is she working today? (she / work / today?) 4 I haven’t seen you for ages. What are you doing these days? (what / you / do / these days?) 5 Amy is a student. What is she studying? / What's she studying? (what / she / study?) 6 Who are those people? What are they doing? (what / they / do?) 7 I heard you started a new job. Are you enjoying it? (you / enjoy / it?) 8 We’re not in a hurry. Why are you walking so fast? (why / you / walk / so fast?) 1.4 Put the verb into the correct form, positive (I’m doing etc.) or negative (I’m not doing etc.). 1 Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying (I / try) to work. 2 Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining (it / rain) any more. 3 You can turn off the radio. I'm not listening (I / listen) to it. 4 Kate phoned last night. She’s on holiday with friends. She is having (She / have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back. 5 Andrew started evening classes recently. He is learning (He / learn) Japanese. 6 Paul and Sarah have had an argument and now they are not speaking (they / speak) to one another. 7 The situation is already very bad and now it is getting (it / get) worse. 8 Tim is not working (work) today. He’s taken the day off. 9 I'm looking (I / look) for Sophie. Do you know where she is? 10 The washing machine has been repaired. It is working (It / work) now. 11 They are building (They / build) a new hospital. It will be finished next year. 12 Ben is a student, but he’s not very happy. He is not enjoying (He / enjoy) his course. 13 The weather is changing (The weather / change). Look at those clouds. I think it’s going to rain. 14 Dan has been in the same job for a long time. He is starting (He / start) to get bored with it. facebook.com/LinguaLIB 3 vk.com/lingualib Unit 2 Present simple (I do) A Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.) but He drives a bus. He is a bus driver. drive(s), work(s), do(es) etc. is the present simple: I/we/you/they drive/work/do etc. he/she/it drives/works/does etc. B We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general: Nurses look after patients in hospitals. I usually go away at weekends. The earth goes round the sun. The cafe opens at 7.30 in the morning. We say: I work but he works you go but it goes they teach but my sister teaches I have but he has For spelling (-s or -es), see Appendix 6. C We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: work? work do I/we/you/they I/we/you/they don’t drive? drive does he/she/it he/she/it doesn’t do? do I come from Canada. Where do you come from? I don’t go away very often. What does this word mean? (not What means this word?) Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates. In the following examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn’t do etc.): ‘What do you do?’ ‘I work in a shop.’ He’s always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help. D We use the present simple to say how often we do things: I get up at 8 o’clock every morning. How often do you go to the dentist? Julie doesn’t drink tea very often. Robert usually goes away two or three times a year. E I promise / I apologise etc. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something, you can say ‘I promise … ’; when you suggest something, you can say ‘I suggest … ’: I promise I won’t be late. (not I’m promising) ‘What do you suggest I do?’ ‘I suggest that you …’ In the same way we say: I apologise … / I advise … / I insist … / I agree … / I refuse … etc. 4 Present simple and present continuous ➜ Units 3–4 Present tenses for the future ➜ Unit 19 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 2 2.1 Complete the sentences using the following verbs: cause(s) close(s) connect(s) go(es) live(s) speak(s) take(s) 1 Tanya speaks German very well. 5 My parents live in a very small 2 Ben and Jack go to the same flat. school. 6 The Olympic Games take place 3 Bad driving causes many accidents. every four years. 4 The museum closes at 4 o’clock on 7 The Panama Canal connects the Sundays. Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 2.2 Put the verb into the correct form. 1 Julia doesn’t drink (not / drink) tea very often. 2 What time do the banks close (the banks / close) here? 3 I have a car, but I don'tuse (not / use) it much. 4 Where does Maria come (Maria / come) from? Is she Spanish? 5 ‘What do you do (you / do)?’ ‘I’m an electrician.’ 6 Look at this sentence. What does this word mean (this word / mean)? 7 David isn’t very fit. He doesn't do (not / do) any sport. 8 It takes (take) me an hour to get to work in the morning. How long does it take (it / take) you? 2.3 Complete the sentences using these verbs. Sometimes you need the negative. believe eat flow go grow make rise tell translate 1 The earth goes round the sun. 7 An interpreter translates 2 Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates. from one language into another. 3 The sun rises in the east. 8 Liars are people who don't tell 4 Bees make honey. the truth. 5 Vegetarians don't eat meat. 9 The River Amazon flows 6 An atheist doesn't believe in God. into the Atlantic Ocean. 2.4 You ask Lisa questions about herself and her family. Write the questions. 1 You know that Lisa plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her. How often do you play tennis ? 2 Perhaps Lisa’s sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Lisa. Does your sister play tennis ? 3 You know that Lisa goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her. How often do you go to the cinema ? 4 You know that Lisa’s brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Lisa. What does your brother do ? 5 You’re not sure whether Lisa speaks Spanish. You want to know. Ask her. Do you speak Spanish ? 6 You don’t know where Lisa’s grandparents live. You want to know. Ask Lisa. Where do your grandparents live ? 2.5 Complete using the following: I agree I apologise I insist I promise I recommend I suggest 1 Mr Evans is not in the office today. I suggest you try calling him tomorrow. 2 I won’t tell anybody what you said.. 3 (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal.. 4 for what I said. I shouldn’t have said it. 5 The new restaurant in Baker Street is very good. it. 6 I think you’re absolutely right. with you. facebook.com/LinguaLIB 5 vk.com/lingualib Unit Present continuous and present simple 1 3 (I am doing and I do) A Compare: present continuous (I am doing) present simple (I do) We use the continuous for things happening at We use the simple for things in general or things or around the time of speaking. that happen repeatedly. The action is not complete. I am doing I do past now future past now future The water is boiling. Be careful. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Listen to those people. What language Excuse me, do you speak English? are they speaking? Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now. It doesn’t rain very much in summer. ‘I’m busy.’ ‘What are you doing?’ What do you usually do at weekends? I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat. I always get hungry in the afternoon. Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s Most people learn to swim when they learning Italian. are children. The population of the world is Every day the population of the world increasing very fast. increases by about 200,000 people. We use the continuous for temporary situations We use the simple for permanent situations (things that continue for a short time): (things that continue for a long time): I’m living with some friends until I find a My parents live in London. They have place of my own. lived there all their lives. A: You’re working hard today. Joe isn’t lazy. He works hard most of B: Yes, I have a lot to do. the time. See Unit 1 for more information. See Unit 2 for more information. B I always do and I’m always doing I always do something = I do it every time: I always go to work by car. (not I’m always going) I’m always doing something = I do it too often or more often than normal. For example: I’ve lost my keys again. I’m always losing them. I’m always losing them = I lose them too often, or more often than normal. Paul is never satisfied. He’s always complaining. (= he complains too much) You’re always looking at your phone. Don’t you have anything else to do? 6 How long Present have you and continuous (been) Unit … ? 2 ➜Unit simple 114 Present tenses for the future ➜ Unit 19 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 3 3.1 Are the underlined verbs OK? Correct them where necessary. 1 Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. OK 2 How often are you going to the cinema? do you go 3 Ben tries to find a job, but he hasn’t had any luck yet. is trying 4 Martina is phoning her mother every day. phones 5 The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days. Ok 6 Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? are they talking 7 What do you do in your spare time? Ok 8 Sarah is a vegetarian. She doesn’t eat meat. Ok 9 I must go now. It gets late. It is getting 10 ‘Come on! It’s time to leave.’ ‘OK, I come.’ l'm coming 11 Paul is never late. He’s always starting work on time. He always starts 12 They don’t get on well. They’re always arguing. Ok 3.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 a I usually get (I / usually / get) hungry in the afternoon. b I’m getting (I / get) hungry. Let’s go and eat something. 2 a ‘ Are you listening (you / listen) to the radio?’ ‘No, you can turn it off.’ b ‘ Do you listen (you / listen) to the radio a lot?’ ‘No, not very often.’ 3 a The River Nile flows (flow) into the Mediterranean. b The river is flowing (flow) very fast today – much faster than usual. 4 a I’m not very active. I don't do (I / not / do) any sport. b What do you usually do (you / usually / do) at weekends? 5 a Rachel is in New York right now. She is staying (She / stay) at the Park Hotel. b She always stays (She / always / stay) there when she’s in New York. 3.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Why are all these people here? What’s happening (What / happen)? 2 Julia is good at languages. She speaks (She / speak) four languages very well. 3 Are you ready yet? Everybody is waiting (Everybody / wait) for you. 4 I’ve never heard this word. How do you pronounce (you / pronounce) it? 5 Kate is not working (not / work) this week. She’s on holiday. 6 I think my English is improving (improve) slowly. It’s better than it was. 7 Nicola lives (live) in Manchester. She has never lived anywhere else. 8 Can we stop walking soon? l'm starting (I / start) to get tired. 9 Sam and Tina are in Madrid right now. They are visiting (They / visit) a friend of theirs. 10 ‘What does your father do (your father / do)?’ ‘He’s an architect.’ 11 It took me an hour to get to work this morning. Most days it doesn't take (it / not / take) so long. 12 I I'm learning (I / learn) to drive. My driving test is next month. My father is teaching (teach) me. 3.4 Finish B’s sentences. Use always -ing. 1 A: I’ve lost my keys again. B: Not again! You’re always losing your keys. 2 A: The car has broken down again. B: That car is useless. It. 3 A: Look! You’ve made the same mistake again. B: Oh no, not again! I. 4 A: Oh, I’ve left my phone at home again. B: Typical!. facebook.com/LinguaLIB 7 vk.com/lingualib Unit Present continuous and present simple 2 4 (I am doing and I do) A We use continuous forms (I’m waiting, it’s raining etc.) for actions and happenings that have started but not finished. Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this way. We don’t say ‘I am knowing’, ‘they are liking’. We say ‘I know’, ‘they like’. The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous: like want need prefer know realise understand recognise believe suppose remember mean belong fit contain consist seem I’m hungry. I want something to eat. (not I’m wanting) Do you understand what I mean? Anna doesn’t seem very happy right now. B think When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the continuous: I think Mary is Canadian, but I’m not sure. (not I’m thinking) What do you think of my idea? (= what is your opinion?) When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible: I’m thinking about what happened. I often think about it. Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it) C see hear smell taste look feel We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with see/hear/smell/taste: Do you see that man over there? (not are you seeing) The room smells. Let’s open a window. This soup doesn’t taste very good. You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: You look well today. or You’re looking well today. How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I’m usually feeling) D am/is/are being You can say he’s being … , you’re being … etc. to say how somebody is behaving now: I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. (being selfish = behaving selfishly now) ‘The path is icy. Don’t slip.’ ‘Don’t worry. I’m being very careful.’ Compare: He never thinks about other people. He’s very selfish. (= he is selfish generally, not only now) I don’t like to take risks. I’m a very careful person. We use am/is/are being to say how a person is behaving (= doing something they can control) now. It is not usually possible in other situations: Sam is ill. (not is being ill) Are you tired? (not are you being tired) 8 Present continuous and simple 1 ➜ Unit 3 have ➜ Unit 17 Present tenses for the future ➜ Unit 19 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 4 4.1 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Are you hungry? Do you want (you / want) something to eat? 2 Alan says he’s 90 years old, but nobody believes (believe) him. 3 She told me her name, but I do not remember (I / not / remember) it now. 4 Don’t put the dictionary away. I'm using (I / use) it. 5 Don’t put the dictionary away. I need (I / need) it. 6 Air consists (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. 7 Who is that man? What does he want (he / want)? 8 Who is that man? Why (he / look) at us? 9 Who is that man? (you / recognise) him? 10 (I / think) of selling my car. Would you be interested in buying it? 11 I can’t make up my mind. What (you / think) I should do? 12 Gary wasn’t well earlier, but (he / seem) OK now. 4.2 Use the words in brackets to make sentences. 1 2 Are you OK? You look worried. (you / not / seem / very happy today) You don’t seem very (I / think) happy today. 3 4 (this / smell / good) (who / this umbrella / belong to?) I’ve no idea. 5 6 (these gloves / not / fit / me) Excuse me. (anybody / sit / there?) No, it’s free. They’re too small. 4.3 Are the underlined verbs OK? Correct them where necessary. 1 Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. OK 2 It’s not true. I’m not believing it. I don’t believe it. 3 I’m feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat? OK (I feel is also correct) 4 I’ve never eaten that fruit. What is it tasting like? does it taste 5 I’m not sure what she does. I think she works in a shop. Ok 6 Look over there. What are you seeing? do you see 7 You’re very quiet. What are you thinking about? Ok 4.4 Complete the sentences. Use is/are being (continuous) or is/are (simple). 1 I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. 2 You’ll like Sophie when you meet her. She very nice. 3 Sarah very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. 4 They very happy. They’ve just got married. 5 You’re normally very patient, so why so unreasonable about waiting ten more minutes? 6 Would you like something to eat? hungry? facebook.com/LinguaLIB 9 vk.com/lingualib Unit 5 Past simple (I did) A Study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple B Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store. They invited us to their party, but we decided not to go. The police stopped me on my way home last night. Laura passed her exam because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write → wrote Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see → saw We saw Alice in town a few days ago. go → went I went to the cinema three times last week. shut → shut It was cold, so I shut the window. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. C In questions and negative sentences we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.): I enjoyed you enjoy? I enjoy she saw did she see? she didn’t see they went they go? they go I enjoyed the party a lot. Did you enjoy it? How many people did they invite to the wedding? I didn’t buy anything because I didn’t have any money. ‘Did you go out?’ ‘No, I didn’t.’ Sometimes do is the main verb in the sentence (did you do?, I didn’t do): What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?) I didn’t do anything. (not I didn’t anything) D The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were: I/he/she/it was/wasn’t was I/he/she/it? we/you/they were/weren’t were we/you/they? I was annoyed because they were late. Was the weather good when you were on holiday? They weren’t able to come because they were so busy. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything. Did you go out last night or were you too tired? 10 Past simple and past continuous ➜ Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect ➜ Units 12–14 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 5 5.1 Read what Laura says about a typical working day: I usually get up at 7 o’clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o’clock. I’m always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don’t usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o’clock, and I always sleep well. LAURA Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday. 1 She got up at 7 o’clock. 7 at 5 o’clock. 2 She a big breakfast. 8 tired when home. 3 She. 9 a meal yesterday evening. 4 It to get to work. 10 out yesterday evening. 5 at 8.45. 11 at 11 o’clock. 6 lunch. 12 well last night. 5.2 Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form: buy catch cost fall hurt sell spend teach throw write 1 Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. 2 ‘How did you learn to drive?’ ‘My father me.’ 3 We couldn’t afford to keep our car, so we it. 4 Dave down the stairs this morning and his leg. 5 Joe the ball to Sue, who it. 6 Kate a lot of money yesterday. She a dress which £100. 5.3 You ask James about his holiday in the US. Write your questions. 1 YOU: Where did you go ? JAMES: To the US. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver. 2 YOU: How ? By car? JAMES: Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco. 3 YOU: It’s a long way to drive. How long ? JAMES: Two weeks. We stopped at a lot of places along the way. 4 YOU: Where ? In hotels? JAMES: Yes, small hotels or motels. 5 YOU: good? JAMES: Yes, but it was very hot – sometimes too hot. 6 YOU: the Grand Canyon? JAMES: Of course. It was wonderful. 5.4 Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 It was warm, so I took off my coat. (take) 2 The film wasn’t very good. I didn’t enjoy it much. (enjoy) 3 I knew Sarah was busy, so I didn't disturb her. (disturb) 4 We were very tired, so we left the party early. (leave) 5 It was hard carrying the bags. They were really heavy. (be) 6 The bed was very uncomfortable. I didn't sleep well. (sleep) 7 This watch wasn’t expensive. It didn't cost much. (cost) 8 The window was open and a bird into the room. (fly) 9 I was in a hurry, so I time to call you. (have) 10 I didn’t like the hotel. The room very clean. (be) facebook.com/LinguaLIB 11 vk.com/lingualib Unit 6 Past continuous (I was doing) A Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Joe played tennis. They started at 10 o’clock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. they were playing = they were in the middle of playing, they had not finished was/were + -ing is the past continuous: he/she/it was playing doing we/you/they were working etc. B I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing it at a certain time. The action or situation started before this time, but had not finished: I started doing I was doing I finished doing past past now This time last year I was living in Hong Kong. What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night? I waved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking. C Compare I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple): I was doing (= in the middle of an action) I did (= complete action) We were walking home when I met We walked home after the party last Dan. (in the middle of walking home) night. (= all the way, completely) Kate was watching TV when we Kate watched TV a lot when she was ill arrived. last year. D You can say that something happened (past simple) in the middle of something else (past continuous): Matt phoned while we were having dinner. It was raining when I got up. I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. I hurt my back while I was working in the garden. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: I was walking along the road when I saw Dan. So I stopped, and we talked for a while. Compare: When Karen arrived, we were having When Karen arrived, we had dinner. dinner. (= we had already started before (= Karen arrived, and then we had she arrived) dinner) E Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in continuous forms (is + -ing, was + -ing etc.). See Unit 4A for a list of these verbs. We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not we were knowing) I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting) 12 Past simple (I did) ➜ Unit 5 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 6 6.1 Complete the sentences. Choose from: was looking was wearing wasn’t listening weren’t looking was snowing was working were sitting were you going 1 Today Helen is wearing a skirt. Yesterday she was wearing trousers. 2 ‘What did he say?’ ‘I don’t know. I wasn't listening.’ 3 We were sitting at the back of the theatre. We couldn’t hear very well. 4 This time last year Steve was working on a farm. 5 They didn’t see me. They weren't looking in my direction. 6 The weather was bad. It was very cold and it was snowing. 7 I saw you in your car. Where were you going ? 8 I saw Kate a few minutes ago. She was looking for you. 6.2 Which goes with which? 1 When I got to the cafe a when she was living in Rome. 1 f 2 We fell asleep b she was working in a clothes shop. 2 3 Amy learnt Italian c when I was driving home. 3 4 Tom didn’t come out with us d but nobody was watching it. 4 5 The car began to make a strange noise e while we were watching a film. 5 6 The TV was on f my friends were waiting for me. 6 7 When I first met Jessica g because he wasn’t feeling well. 7 6.3 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1 2 SUE I saw (see) Sue in town yesterday, but I (cycle) home yesterday she (not/see) me. when a man (step) out into the She (look) the other way. road in front of me. I (go) quite fast, but luckily I (manage) to stop in time, and I (not/hit) him. 6.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1 Jenny was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive). 2 ‘What were you doing (you / do) at this time yesterday?’ ‘I was asleep.’ 3 ‘ Did you go (you / go) out last night?’ ‘No, I was too tired.’ 4 How fast were you driving (you / drive) when the accident happened (happen)? 5 Sam took (take) a picture of me while I wasn't looking (not / look). 6 We were in a very difficult position. We didn't know (not / know) what to do, so we did (do) nothing. 7 I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last saw (see) him, he was trying (try) to find a job. 8 I (walk) along the street when suddenly I (hear) something behind me. Somebody (follow) me. I was scared and I (start) to run. 9 When I was young, I (want) to be a pilot. Later I (change) my mind. 10 Last night I (drop) a plate when I (do) the washing up. Fortunately it (not / break). ➜ Additional exercise 1 (page 302) facebook.com/LinguaLIB 13 vk.com/lingualib Unit 7 Present perfect 1 (I have done) A Study this example situation: I’ve lost my key. Tom can’t find his key. He’s lost his key. (= He has lost …) he has lost his key = he lost it and he doesn’t have it now have lost / has lost is the present perfect simple: finished I/we/they/you have (= I’ve etc.) lost done he/she/it has (= he’s etc.) been etc. The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many verbs are irregular (lost/done/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. B When we say ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information: Ow! I’ve cut my finger. The road is closed. There’s been an accident. (= There has been …) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now: Tom has lost his key. (= he doesn’t have it now) He told me his name, but I’ve forgotten it. (= I can’t remember it now) Sally is still here. She hasn’t gone out. (= she is here now) I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (= do you know where it is now?) Compare gone (to) and been (to): James is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) Amy is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back) C You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. Just = a short time ago: ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘No, I’ve just had lunch.’ Hello. Have you just arrived? Already = sooner than expected: ‘Don’t forget to pay the bill.’ ‘I’ve already paid it.’ ‘What time is Mark leaving?’ ‘He’s already left.’ Yet = until now. We use yet to show that we are expecting something to happen. We use yet in questions and negative sentences: Has it stopped raining yet? I’ve written the email, but I haven’t sent it yet. D You can also use the past simple (did, went, had etc.) in the examples on this page. So you can say: Ben isn’t here. He’s gone out. or He went out. ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘No, I’ve just had lunch.’ or ‘No, I just had lunch.’ Present perfect ➜ Units 8, 11 been to ➜ Units 8A, 126A Present perfect continuous ➜ Units 9–10 14 Present perfect and past ➜ Units 12–14 yet and already ➜ Unit 111 American English ➜ Appendix 7 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 7 7.1 Read the situations and complete the sentences using the present perfect. Choose from these verbs: break disappear go up grow improve lose shrink stop 1 Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. Tom has lost his key. 2 Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English 3 My bag was here, but it isn’t here any more. My bag 4 Lisa can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. Lisa 5 Last week the bus fare was £1.80. Now it is £2. The bus fare 6 Dan didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard. Dan 7 It was raining ten minutes ago. It isn’t raining now. It 8 I washed my sweater, and now it’s too small for me. My sweater 7.2 Put in been or gone. 1 My parents are on holiday. They’ve gone to Italy. 2 Hello! I’ve just been to the shops. I’ve bought lots of things. 3 Tom has just gone out. He’ll be back in about an hour. 4 Alice isn’t here at the moment. I don’t know where she’s gone. 5 You’re very late. Where have you been ? 7.3 Complete the sentences using the present perfect. 1 Sally is still here. She hasn’t gone (she / not / go) out. 2 I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it (you / see / it) anywhere? 3 I can’t log on to the website. I have forgotten (I / forget) my password. 4 I sent Joe an email this morning, but he hasn't replied (he / not / reply). 5 Is the meeting still going on, or has it finished (it / finish)? 6 The weather has changed (the weather / change). It’s colder now. 7 You haven't signed (you / not / sign) the form. Could you sign it now, please? 8 Are your friends still here, or have they gone (they / go) home? 9 Paul doesn’t know what he’s going to do. (he / not / decide / yet). 10 ‘Do you know where Julia is?’ ‘Yes, (I / just / see / her).’ 11 ‘When is David going away?’ ‘ (he / already / go).’ 12 A: (your course / start / yet)? B: Not yet. It starts next week. 7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?’ You say: No thank you. I’ve just had lunch. (have lunch) 2 Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Joe?’ You say: I’m afraid. (go out) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute!. (not / finish) 4 You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says, ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table?’ You say: No,. (do it) 5 You know that Lisa is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. You ask her: ? (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you going for your holiday?’ You say:. (not / decide) 7 Laura went out, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is Laura still out?’ You say: No,. (come back) facebook.com/LinguaLIB 15 vk.com/lingualib Unit 8 Present perfect 2 (I have done) A Study this example conversation: DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, I’ve been to lots of places. Jane’s life DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? (a period until now) JANE: Yes, I’ve been to China twice. DAVE: What about India? past now JANE: No, I haven’t been to India. When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life, which is a period that continues until now. In the same way we say: Have you ever eaten caviar? We’ve never had a car. I don’t know what the film is about. I haven’t seen it. Susan really loves that book. She’s read it three times. (She’s = She has) It’s a really boring movie. It’s the most boring movie I’ve ever seen. been (to) = visited: I’ve never been to Canada. Have you been there? B In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently, in the last few days, so far, since I arrived etc.): Have you heard anything from Ben recently? recently I’ve met a lot of people in the last few days. Everything is going well. There haven’t been any in the last few days problems so far. since I arrived The weather is bad here. It’s (= It has) rained every past now day since I arrived. (= from when I arrived until now) It’s good to see you again. We haven’t seen each other for a long time. In the same way we use the present perfect with today, this evening, this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking: I’ve drunk four cups of coffee today. today Have you had a holiday this year? I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you? past now C We say ‘It’s the (first) time something has happened’. For example: Don is having a driving lesson. It’s his first lesson. We can say: This is the first time I’ve driven a car. It’s the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) or He hasn’t driven a car before. or He has never driven a car before. In the same way we say: Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens) Andy is phoning his girlfriend again. It’s the third time he’s phoned her this evening. 16 Present perfect 1 ➜ Unit 7 perfect + for/since ➜ Units 11–12 Presentfacebook.com/LinguaLIB Present perfect and past ➜ Units 12–14 vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 8 8.1 You ask people about things they have done. Write questions with ever. 1 (ride / horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse? 2 (be / California?) Have you ever been to California? 3 (run / marathon?) Have you ever run a marathon? 4 (speak / famous person?) Have you ever spoken to a famous person? 5 (most beautiful place / visit?) What’s the most beautiful place you've ever visited? 8.2 Complete B’s answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use these verbs: be be eat happen have have meet play read see try A B 1 What’s Mark’s sister like? I’ve never met her. I’ve no idea. 2 Is everything going well? Yes, we haven’t had any problems so far. 3 Are you hungry? Yes. I haven't eaten much today. 4 Can you play chess? Yes, but I haven't played for ages. 5 Are you enjoying your holiday? Yes, it’s the best holiday I have had for a long time. 6 What’s that book about? I don’t know. I haven't read it. 7 Is Brussels an interesting place? I’ve no idea. I haven't been there. 8 I hear your car broke down again Yes, it’s the second time it's happened yesterday. this month. 9 Do you like caviar? I don’t know. I haven't tried it. 10 Mike was late for work again today. Again? He has been late every day this week. 11 Who’s that woman by the door? I don’t know. I haven't seen her before. 8.3 Write four sentences about yourself. Use I haven’t and choose from the boxes. used a computer travelled by bus eaten any fruit been to the cinema read a book lost anything today this week 1 I haven’t used a computer today. recently 2 for ages 3 since … 4 this year 5 8.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 Jack is driving a car for the first time. He’s very nervous and not sure what to do. It’s the first time he’s driven a car. 2 Some children at the zoo are looking at a giraffe. They’ve never seen one before. It’s the first time a giraffe. 3 Sue is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable. She before. 4 Joe and Lisa are on holiday in Japan. They’ve been to Japan once before. This is the second time. 5 Emily is staying at the Prince Hotel. She stayed there a few years ago. It’s not the first this hotel. 6 Ben is playing tennis for the first time. He’s a complete beginner. before. facebook.com/LinguaLIB 17 vk.com/lingualib Unit 9 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) A It’s been raining. Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. It’s been raining. (= It has been …) have/has been + -ing is the present perfect continuous: doing I/we/they/you have (= I’ve etc.) been working he/she/it has (= he’s etc.) learning etc. We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped: Why are you out of breath? Have you been running? Paul is very tired. He’s been working hard. have/has been + -ing Why are you so tired? What have you been doing? present perfect continuous I’ve been talking to Amanda and she agrees with me. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you. now B It’s been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. How long has it been raining? It’s been raining for two hours. (= It has been …) We use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for … and since …. The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. How long have you been learning English? (= you’re still learning English) Ben is watching TV. He’s been watching TV all day. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour. Chris hasn’t been feeling well recently. You can use the present perfect continuous for repeated actions: Silvia is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was eight. Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They’ve been going there for years. C Compare I am doing and I have been doing: I am doing I have been doing present continuous present perfect continuous now now Don’t disturb me now. I’m working. I’ve been working hard. Now I’m going to have a break. We need an umbrella. It’s raining. The ground is wet. It’s been raining. Hurry up! We’re waiting. We’ve been waiting for an hour. 18 Present perfect continuous and simple ➜ Units 10–11 Present perfect + for/since ➜ Units 11–12 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 9 9.1 What have these people been doing or what has been happening? 1 earlier 2 earlier 3 earlier 4 earlier now now now now It’s been raining. She They He 9.2 Write a question for each situation. 1 You meet Kate as she is leaving the swimming pool. You say: Hi, Kate. (you / swim?) Have you been swimming? 2 You have arrived a little late to meet Ben who is waiting for you. You say: I’m sorry I’m late, Ben. (you / wait / long?) 3 Jane’s little boy comes into the house with a very dirty face and dirty hands. His mother says: Why are you so dirty? (what / you / do?) 4 You are in a shop and see Anna. You didn’t know she worked there. You say: Hi, Anna. (how long / you / work / here?) 5 A friend tells you about his job – he sells phones. You say: You sell phones? (how long / you / do / that?) 9.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 It’s raining. The rain started two hours ago. It ’s been raining for two hours. 2 We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago. We have been waiting for 20 minutes. 3 I’m learning Japanese. I started classes in December. I have been learning Japanese since December. 4 Jessica is working in a hotel. She started working there on 18 January. since 18 January. 5 Our friends always go to Italy for their holidays. The first time was years ago. for years. 9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (am/is/are + -ing) or present perfect continuous (have/has been + -ing). 1 Maria has been learning (Maria / learn) English for two years. 2 Hi, Tom. I have been looking (I / look) for you. I need to ask you something. 3 Why are you looking (you / look) at me like that? Stop it! 4 Rachel is a teacher. She has been teaching (she / teach) for ten years. 5 I have been thinking (I / think) about what you said and I’ve decided to take your advice. 6 ‘Is Paul on holiday this week?’ ‘No, (he / work).’ 7 Sarah is very tired. (she / work) very hard recently. 8 It’s dangerous to use your phone when (you / drive). 9 Laura (travel) in South America for the last three months. facebook.com/LinguaLIB 19 vk.com/lingualib Unit Present perfect continuous and simple 10 (I have been doing and I have done) A Compare these two situations: I’ve been painting my bedroom. I’ve painted my bedroom. There is paint on Kate’s clothes. The bedroom was green. Now it is yellow. She has been painting her bedroom. She has painted her bedroom. has been painting is the present perfect has painted is the present perfect simple. continuous. Here, the important thing is that something has We are thinking of the activity. It does not matter been finished. ‘She has painted’ is a completed whether it has been finished or not. In this action. We are thinking about the result of example, the activity (painting the bedroom) has the activity (the painted bedroom), not the not been finished. activity itself. B Compare these examples: My hands are very dirty. I’ve been My bike is OK again now. I’ve repaired repairing my bike. it. (= I’ve finished repairing it) Joe has been eating too much recently. Somebody has eaten all the chocolates. He should eat less. The box is empty. It’s nice to see you again. What have you Where’s the book I gave you? What have been doing since we last met? you done with it? Where have you been? Have you been Have you ever played tennis? playing tennis? C We use the continuous to say how long (for We use the simple to say how much, how many something that is still happening): or how many times (for completed actions): How long have you been reading that How many pages of that book have book? you read? Amy is writing emails. She’s been writing Amy has sent lots of emails this morning. emails all morning. They’ve been playing tennis since 2 o’clock. They’ve played tennis three times this week. I’m learning Arabic, but I haven’t been I’m learning Arabic, but I haven’t learnt learning it very long. very much yet. D Some verbs (for example, know) are not normally used in continuous forms (be + -ing): I’ve known about the problem for a long time. (not I’ve been knowing) How long have you had that camera? (not have you been having) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have, see Unit 17. But note that you can use want and mean in the present perfect continuous (have/has been + -ing): I’ve been meaning to phone Anna, but I keep forgetting. Present perfect simple ➜ Units 7–8 Present perfect continuous ➜ Unit 9 20 Present perfect + for/since ➜ Units 11–12 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 10 10.1 Read the situation and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets. 1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. He has been reading for two hours. (read) He has read 53 pages so far. (read) 2 Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe. She began her trip three months ago. She has been travelling for three months. (travel) six countries so far. (visit) 3 Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was 10 years old. This year he won the national championship again – for the fourth time. He has won the national championship four times. (win) since he was ten. (play) 4 When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make films. They films since they left college. (make) five films since they left college. (make) 10.2 Ask questions using the words in brackets. Use the present perfect simple (have/has done) or continuous (have/has been doing). 1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic? 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (wait / long?) Have 3 You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (catch / any fish?) 4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people / invite?) 5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long / teach?) 6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (how many books / write?) (how long / write / books?) 7 A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask: (how long / save?) (how much money / save?) 10.3 Put the verb into the present perfect simple or continuous. 1 Where have you been? Have you been playing (you / play) tennis? 2 Look! (somebody / break) that window. 3 You look tired. (you / work) hard? 4 ‘ (you / ever / work) in a factory?’ ‘No, never.’ 5 Where’s Lisa? Where (she / go)? 6 This is a very old book. (I / have) it since I was a child. 7 ‘Have you been busy?’ ‘No, (I / watch) TV.’ 8 My brother is an actor. (he / appear) in several films. 9 ‘Sorry I’m late.’ ‘That’s all right. (I / not / wait) long.’ 10 Are you OK? You look as if (you / cry). 11 ‘Is it still raining?’ ‘No, (it / stop).’ 12 The children are tired now. (they / play) in the garden. 13 (I / lose) my phone. (you / see) it? 14 (I / read) the book you lent me, but (I / not / finish) it yet. It’s really interesting. 15 (I / read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now. facebook.com/LinguaLIB 21 vk.com/lingualib Unit 11 how long have you (been) … ? A Study this example situation: Dan and Kate are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary. They have been married for 20 years. We say: They are married. (present) but How long have they been married? (not How long are they married?) They have been married for 20 years. (present perfect) (not They are married for 20 years) We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still present continues now. he is Compare the present and present perfect: we know Paul is in hospital. do they have but He’s been in hospital since Monday. (= He has been …) she is waiting (not Paul is in hospital since Monday) We know each other very well. present perfect but We’ve known each other for a long time. he has been (not We know) we have known Do they have a car? have they had but How long have they had their car? she has been waiting She’s waiting for somebody. but She hasn’t been waiting very long. past now B I’ve known / I’ve had / I’ve lived etc. is the present perfect simple. I’ve been learning / I’ve been waiting etc. is the present perfect continuous. When we ask or say ‘how long’, the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10): I’ve been learning English since January. It’s been raining all morning. Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years. ‘How long have you been driving?’ ‘Since I was 17.’ Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous: How long have you known Jane? (not have you been knowing) I’ve had these shoes for ages. (not I’ve been having) See also Units 4A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17. C You can use either the continuous or simple with live and work: Julia has been living in this house for a long time. or Julia has lived … How long have you been working here? or How long have you worked here? But we use the simple (have lived etc.) with always: I’ve always lived in the country. (not always been living) D We say ‘I haven’t (done something) since/for …’ ( present perfect simple): I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him) Sarah hasn’t phoned for ages. (= the last time she phoned was ages ago) 22 I haven’t … since/for ➜ Unit 8B facebook.com/LinguaLIB Present perfect continuous ➜ Units 9–10 for and since ➜ Unit 12A vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 11 11.1 Which is right? 1 Ben is a friend of mine. I know / I’ve known him very well. (I know is correct) 2 I like your house. How long do you live / have you lived here? 3 You’ll need an umbrella if you go out now. It’s raining / It’s been raining. 4 The weather is / has been awful since I arrived here. 5 I’m sorry I’m late. Are you waiting / Have you been waiting long? 6 We’ve moved. We’re living / We’ve been living in New Street now. 7 I met Maria only recently. I don’t know / I haven’t known her very long. 8 Lisa is in Germany. She’s / She’s been there on a business trip. 9 That’s a very old bike. How long do you have / have you had it? 10 I’m not feeling good. I’m feeling / I’ve been feeling ill all day. 11.2 Read the situations and write questions using the words in brackets. 1 A friend tells you that Paul is in hospital. You ask him: (how long / Paul / hospital?) How long has Paul been in hospital? 2 You know that Jane is a good friend of Katherine’s. You ask Jane: (how long / you / know / Katherine?) 3 Your friend’s sister went to Australia some time ago and she’s still there. You ask your friend: (how long / sister / in Australia?) 4 You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: (how long / you / teach / English?) 5 Tom always wears the same jacket. It’s very old. You ask him: (how long / you / have / that jacket?) 6 You are talking to a friend about Joe, who now works at the airport. You ask your friend: (how long / Joe / work / airport?) 7 You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask her: (you / always / live / in Chicago?) 11.3 Complete B’s answers to A’s questions. A B 1 Paul is in hospital, isn’t he? Yes, he has been in hospital since Monday. 2 Do you see Lisa very often? No, I haven’t seen her for three months. 3 Is Paul married? Yes, he married for ten years. 4 Is Amy married? Yes, she married to a German guy. 5 Do you still play tennis? No, I tennis for years. 6 Are you waiting for the bus? Yes, I for about 20 minutes. 7 You know Mel, don’t you? Yes, we each other a long time. 8 Jack is never ill, is he? No, he ill since I’ve known him. 9 Martin lives in Italy, doesn’t he? Yes, he in Milan. 10 Sue lives in Berlin, doesn’t she? Yes, she in Berlin for many years. 11 Is Joe watching TV? Yes, he TV all evening. 12 Do you watch TV a lot? No, I TV since last weekend. 13 Do you have a headache? Yes, I a headache all morning. 14 Do you go to the cinema a lot? No, I to the cinema for ages. 15 Would you like to go to New York Yes, I to go to New York. one day? (use always / want) facebook.com/LinguaLIB 23 vk.com/lingualib Unit 12 for and since when … ? and how long … ? A We use for and since to say how long something has been happening. We use for + a period of time: We use since + the start of a period: We’ve been waiting for two hours. We’ve been waiting since 8 o’clock. for two hours since 8 o’clock two hours ago now 8 o’clock now for since two hours a long time a week 8 o’clock April lunchtime 20 minutes six months ages Monday 2001 we arrived five days 50 years years 12 May Christmas I got up Sally has been working here for six Sally has been working here since months. (not since six months) April. (= from April until now) I haven’t seen Tom for three days. I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. B We often leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): They’ve been married for ten years. or They’ve been married ten years. They haven’t had a holiday for ten years. (you need for) You can use in instead of for in negative sentences (I haven’t … etc.): They haven’t had a holiday in ten years. (= for ten years) We do not use for + all … (all day / all my life etc.): I’ve lived here all my life. (not for all my life) C Compare when … ? (+ past simple) and how long … ? (+ present perfect): A: When did it start raining? B: It started raining an hour ago / at 1 o’clock. A: How long has it been raining? B: It’s been raining for an hour / since 1 o’clock. A: When did Joe and Kate first meet? ⎧ a long time ago. B: They first met ⎨ ⎩ when they were at school. A: How long have they known each other? ⎧ B: They’ve known each other ⎨ for a long time. ⎩ since they were at school. D We say: it’s (= it is) a long time since something happened or it’s been (= it has been) six months (etc.) It’s two years since I last saw Joe. or It’s been two years since … (= I haven’t seen Joe for two years) It’s ages since we went to the cinema. or It’s been ages since … (= We haven’t been to the cinema for ages) How long is it since Mrs Hill died? or How long has it been since … (= when did she die?) 24 How long have you (been) … ? ➜ Unit 11 facebook.com/LinguaLIB vk.com/lingualib  Unit Exercises 12 12.1 Write for or since. 1 It’s been raining since lunchtime. 2 Paul has lived in Brazil for ten years. 3 I’m tired of waiting. We’ve been sitting here for an hour. 4 Kevin has been looking for a job since he left school. 5 I haven’t been to a party for ages. 6 I wonder where Joe is. I haven’t seen him since last week. 7 Jane is away on holiday. She’s been away since Friday. 8 The weather is dry. It hasn’t rained for a few weeks. 12.2 Look at each answer and choose the right question. 1 How long have they been married ? Ten years ago. When did they get married? (When did they get married? is correct) 2 How long have you had this car? About five years. When did you buy this car? 3 How long have you been waiting? Only a few minutes. When did you get here? 4 How long have you been doing your course? September. When did your course start? 5 How long has Anna been in London? Last week. When did Anna arrive in London? 6 How long have you known each other? A long time. When did you first meet each other? 12.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 It’s raining. It’s been raining since lunchtime. It started raining at lunchtime. 2 Ann and Jess are friends. They first met years ago. They’ve known each other for years. 3 Mark is unwell. He became ill on Sunday. He has Sunday. 4 Sarah is married. She’s been married for a year. She got. 5 You have a headache. It started when you woke up. I’ve I woke up. 6 Sue is in a meeting at work. It’s been going on since 9 o’clock. The meeting at 9 o’clock. 7 You’re working in a hotel. You started working there six months ago. I’ve been. 8 Kate is learning Japanese. She’s been doing this for a long time. Kate started. 12.4 Complete B’s sentences. A B 1 Do you often go on holiday? No, I haven’t had a holiday for five years. 2 Have you seen Lisa recently? No, I about a month. 3 Do you still go swimming regularly? No, I a long time. 4 Do you still ride a bike these days? No, I ages. Now write B’s answers again. This time use It’s... since.... 5 (1) No, it’s five years since I last had a holiday. 6 (2) No, it’s 7 (3) No, 8 (4) facebook.com/LinguaLIB 25 vk.com/lingualib Unit 13 Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did) A Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. (present perfect) This means that he doesn’t have his key now. Ten minutes later: Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Has he lost his key? No, he has found it. Did he lose his key? Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect) The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It tells us about the situation now. ‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his key now (see Unit 7). The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says ‘Tom lost his key’, we don’t know whether he has the key now or not. We know only that he lost it at some time in the past. Compare present perfect and past simple: They’ve gone away. They’ll be back on Friday. (they are away now) They went away, but I think they’re back at home now. (not They’ve gone away) It has stopped raining now, so we don’t need the umbrella. (it isn’t raining now) It stopped raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (not It has stopped) B You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings: I’ve repaired the washing machine. It’s working OK now. ‘Hannah has had a baby! It’s a boy.’ ‘That’s great news.’ Usually, you can also use the past simple: I repaired the washing machine. It’s working OK now. Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new: Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music. (not has been … has written) My mother grew up in Italy. (not has grown) Compare: Somebody has invented a new type of washing machine. Who invented the telephone? (not has invented) C We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple: A: Ow! I’ve burnt myself. B: How did you do that? (not have you done) A