Grade 12 IT Unit 1: Information Systems and Their Application PDF

Unit 1 Information system and their application Overview Information Technology (IT) - is the use of any computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic data. Information Systems – are i...

Unit 1 Information system and their application Overview Information Technology (IT) - is the use of any computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic data. Information Systems – are interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making. New technologies give us capabilities that we did not have before, which in turn, create environments and situations that have not been specifically addressed in ethical terms. Users should be aware of the consequences and implications of information systems‟ use and access on the one hand and maintaining the rights of creators and innovators on the other. 1.1. Ethical, Legal, Social, Environmental and Health Issues in the Use of Information Systems The use of new technologies including information systems, has a significant impact on human behavior and our daily activities including how we live, work, and learn. 1.1.1 Ethical and Legal Issues in Information System Brainstorming 1.1  How could someone gain access to online banking account?  What would be the consequences of such access? Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. Many professionals including medical and education professionals, government officials, and business people have legal and ethical oversight to control how their professions function. Information systems, by contrast, lack standard that align with ethical concerns in the current frequently changing and dynamic technological ecosystem. The ethical and legal issues include privacy, security, information gathering and digital ownership related concerns. The following are some ethical and legal issues confronting the current digital world. Information Privacy: Most people have their data spread throughout the digital systems, and private information should be accessed using personal passwords. However, personal accounts such as email, social media, and private bank accounts, can be accessed by unauthorized sources which create both ethical and legal concerns. Digital Ownership: It is ability to access and/or use and protect data, information, 1 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu and knowledge about ourselves or things we own. The expansion of digital mediums has allowed information to flow more freely than before which makes content easily copied and pasted online. This makes digital ownership hard to control in the digital world. It is unethical to use somebody else‟s digital works without getting permission from the owner first since it ignores the right of the creator. Information Gathering: Many information system applications collect users‟ data and credentials as part of their operations. Such information gathering trends can lead to many ethical and legal issues depending on the purpose and level of information gathering approaches. Users need to understand and examine the intention of any information-gathering request by any service providers or third-party applications while they use the services. Information Security and Liability: Growing amounts of personal and financial information are being transferred and stored online as organizations and businesses depend more and more on electronic data and computer networks to carry out their daily operations. If and when a breach in information security happens, this might expose organizations and businesses to potential security liability. Such attempts might lead to identity theft, which happens when the personal details of innocent people to be harvested by a third party so that they can be used for malicious purposes. 1.1.2 Social Issues in Information System Brainstorming 1.2  What impacts do the internet and information systems have on our social lives? Social advantages including access, use of advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality in public which changes how peoples act and react , and widespread use of digital platforms , social medias and computer games for business and entertainment activities. The following are some negative social issues to consider while using technological services and Internet-based applications.  Socializations Gaps : It is become common to see friends who are out in a cafe and still staring at a touchscreen rather than talking to one another. Increase your digital well-being by allowing technology to improve your life and not become a distraction from your life and others.  Cyber Bullying- It is a practice of sending, posting, or disseminating unfavorable, hurtful, or malicious content about someone else online. 2 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu   Social Media and Gaming Addiction : being overly concerned about social media and computer games, driven by an uncontrollable urge to log on to or use social media, and devoting so much time and effort to social media that it impairs other important life areas.  Plagiarism –is presenting work or ideas from another source as your own, with or without consent of the original author, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.  Cybercrime -is use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, stealing identities, or violating privacy and intellectual property rights.  Job Opportunities and Challenges - The current trends in automation and emerging technologies like artificial intelligent machines, help to automate routine tasks which lead to improved quality of service. On the other hand, such expansion of automated systems leads to loss of jobs because some types of jobs like cashiers, data entry clerks, and factory workers can be managed by automated systems. So the future job market needs more skilled professionals. 1.1.3 Environmental issues caused by Information Systems Brainstorming 1.3  What is the impact of information systems on environmental pollution? Using technologies smartly and responsibly is essential in order not to create problems while utilizing the advantages. Because electronic devices contain hazardous materials that are unsafe for the environment. Most electronic devices contain non-biodegradable materials, heavy metals, and toxic materials like cadmium, lead, and mercury which can leak into the ground, where they can contaminate the water we drink, the plants we eat, and the animals that live around the area. So that minimizes negative environmental effects, we must use: e-waste management, green or clean technologies, and paperless communication.  E-waste management refers to a systematic procedure for gathering e-waste, recovering and recycling material in a safe manner, and disposing of e-waste in a way that minimizes negative environmental effects.  Green or clean technologies which refers to environmentally friendly technology, which monitor, and or reduce the negative impact of technology on the environment. Examples Solar Panel, Electric Vehicles. smart meters, natural gas, wind Turbines etc. 3 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu   Paperless communication like email and online portals and applications to reduce cutting down of trees for paper for a better environmental protection and management. 1.1.4 Health Issues caused by information systems Brainstorming 1.4  What are the potential impacts of using information systems on our health? Health information systems are essential for the rapid generation of high-quality data that will be used to inform all relevant stakeholders for program planning, review, and monitoring as well as generally ensuring and enhancing the quality of all components of the health system. We must also pay attention to health related challenges that caused by unmanaged use of information system services and products on users. Some of the challenges include, sleeping disorders and lack of productivity, loss of attention and stress. Users should be aware of the proper ways when using information systems and associated access devices to get the expected health information system benefits by minimizing the harm. 1.2. Intellectual Property Brainstorming 1.5  What comes to your mind when you hear the term Intellectual Property? “Intellectual property” means a legal right over a creative work of the human intellect. This includes patent, trademark, registration certificate and copyright”. There are essentially four types of intellectual property rights that are relevant to the software and information system industry. According to World intellectual property organization(WIPO) definitions: I. Trade secrets: “are Intellectual Property rights on confidential information which may be sold or licensed." Or trade secrets refers to specific, private information that is important to a business because it gives the business a competitive advantage in its marketplace Examples - customer lists, source code, recipes for certain food items and beverages including Pepsi, Coca- Cola, and Sprite), software processes, and more. II. Patent: “ is an exclusive right granted for an invention." There are defined set of application procedures to follow in order to apply for patent. Examples of patented products include software programs like Airbnb, Amazon, One- 4 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu  click, the page rank algorithm of Google, and other inventions including the light bulb, telephones, Bluetooth, and more. III. Copyrights: "a type of intellectual property protection that protects original works of authorship, which might include literary works, music, art, computer software and architecture." Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) can also be registered for copyright. Original works of authorship, such as books, articles, songs, photographs, sculptures, choreography, sound recordings, motion pictures… IV. Trademarks: “is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises”. Examples - „Meta‟, „RIDE‟ and „Microsoft‟ symbol 1.3. Digital Identity Management Brainstorming 1.6  What makes our digital or online identities different from our physical identities? A digital identity is all of information about an individual, organization, or electronic device that exists online. Management of a digital identity involves limiting the data that a person gives out, avoiding excessive use of storage, checking what data is stored about each individual, making corrections to incorrect personal data, avoiding redundant data, etc. Examples - Digital Identity Attendance controlling device using fingerprint, citizens‟ digital identity management( National ID) 1.4. Collaboration Through Digital Technologies Brainstorming 1.7  What is digital collaboration and how it can change the way we learn? Digital collaboration uses technology to improve workplace collaboration, communication, document management, content management, and information flow across the organization which in turn leads to improved employee productivity and efficiency. 1.4.1 Components of Digital Collaboration  People: People are at the heart of collaboration. Proper arrangement and communications is required while working on similar projects and assignments to 5 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu  remove unnecessary work or duplication of efforts in collaborative working environments.  Collaborative tools: There are many tools and systems available that foster collaboration, but not every solution will be a good fit due to its features, prices, usage polices and ease of use. Digital Collaboration tools includes many types including the following with their examples:  Communication tools: include options for integrated messaging, co-working services, Privacy and access settings, Conference calling, Video chats with screen sharing etc. Examples- Microsoft Teams, Skype, Google Meet, Zoom, Cisco WebEx, Slack, Microsoft Yammer…  Documentation and file sharing tools: This tools includes features like Support for different file types, Comments, and notes attached to files, track changes and versioning, editing permissions and access control, folder sharing... Examples- Google Drive, Google Docs, Dropbox, MS SharePoint, Media Fire, and more.  Project Management tools: It has underlying project and task management capabilities at their core. Examples- Trello, Asena, ClickUp …  Data Visualization tools: These tools should support a range of visual styles, be easy and quick to use, and be able to handle a significant amount of data. Examples- Google Charts, Tableau, Power BI, Grafana, Chartist, Fusion Charts, Data wrapper, Info gram …  Notetaking tools: These tools help to quickly capture and organize your notes, ideas, web page content and more. Examples- Evernote, Microsoft OneNote and Google Keep …  Device: are also key players. Devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops are often an afterthought, but they are important components of digital collaboration. They are the physical media we use to connect. 1.5. Engaging in Citizenship through Digital Technologies Brainstorming 1.7  How can you apply digital technologies to develop citizenship engagement? Digital citizenship refers to the responsible use of technology by anyone who uses computers, the Internet, and digital devices to engage with society on any level. 6 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu Digital citizenship require the ability to engage positively, critically, and competently in the digital environment to practice forms of social participation that are respectful of human rights and dignity through responsible use of technology. Digital citizenship should be about the do‟s that include:  Using technology to make their community better.  Engaging respectfully online with people who have different beliefs.  Using technology to make their voice heard by public leaders and the global community.  Determining the validity of online sources of information. Digital citizenship is being active citizens who see possibilities instead of problems, and opportunities instead of risks Example – In 2021 G.C Ethiopians united for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD),“#It_is_my_dam” social media Hashtag movements using Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn to express their full support for our national grand project and to create awareness about the purpose and intention of the project for the global community during the process of dam filling. Review Questions Part I: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect. 1. The concern and questions of ethics and legality are essential in many industries including education. 2. Most people have their data spread throughout the digital world which can be accessed by unintended sources. 3. Since information technology becomes increasingly influential, ethical and legal considerations are non-relevant and less important. 4. In the current digital world, security issues have been resolved by locking a door only. 5. To fulfill the objectives of environmental management, technological advancements require systems that can make proper and ethical of information systems and telecommunication infrastructures. 6. Most people have complex online lives, and they may not even realized how their personal information is being collected and used. Part II: Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives. 1. Which one of the following is NOT among four pressing ethical and legal issues confronting the industry today. 7 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu A) Data Creation B) Privacy C) Data gathering D) Digital ownership 2. What types of data can be collected from customers‟ purchase behavior by companies even without their consent in some cases? A) Purchasing patterns, B) Personal preferences, C) Professional/social affiliations D) None 3. Which type of information system structure is seen in the environment in which people collaborate to deal with environmental problems? A) Environmental Information systems B) Health Information System C) Agricultural Information System D) Enterprise Resource Planning System 4.Health-related negative effects of information system include all except _______. A) Adaptability to use technology B) Loss of attention and stress C) Sleeping disorders D) Internet addiction 5. Which one used to protecting inventions, discoveries, expressions of ideas, and creations, like art and writing? A) Patent B) Trademark C) Trade secret D) Copyright Part III: Discussion Questions. 1. What will be the possible legal consequences of violating ethical issues in our information systems use? 2. Discuss the emerging health issues associated with the current digital devices use and systems applications in our day-to-day life. 3. What are the 3 common components of a digital collaborations? Discuses each component meaning and roles for effective digital collaboration engagements. 4. What is the role of technology in enhancing digital citizenship? 8 Grade 12 IT Unit 1 summary note from student text book Saden Adea Secondary school, Bishoftu