Grade 12 Information Technology - Web Authoring PDF

Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT WEB AUTHORING 4 Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, students will be able to: „„ Explain how to use an extensible markup language(XML) „„ Analyse an XML document „„ D...

Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT WEB AUTHORING 4 Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, students will be able to: „„ Explain how to use an extensible markup language(XML) „„ Analyse an XML document „„ Describe basic XML tags „„ Apply the syntax rules of XML documents „„ Create simple XML documents „„ Compare and contrast hypertext markup language(HTML) vs. XML „„ Understand how to publish a website Unit Overview HTML, which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, is the standard markup language for creating web pages. HTML consists of a series of elements that are used to describe the structure of a web page, such as , , , , , ,, etc. These elements tell the browser how to structure and display the content. This means, the HTML elements label pieces of content such as “My Heading”, “Paragraph starts here”, “Link to about page”, etc. You have learned the basics of HTML and web design in Web Authoring in Grade 11 IT subject. This unit introduces another widely applicable markup language called XML. The unit covers an overview of XML, its structure, and the differences between XML and HTML. Finally, website publishing is discussed. 100 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring 4.1. Introduction to XML Brainstorming 4.1 „„ What comes to your mind when you hear the term ‘markup language’? The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language like HTML. A markup language is a computer language that uses tags enclosed with less than () symbols to define elements within a document. When the file is processed by a suitable application, the tags are used to control the structure or presentation of the data contained in the file. Any text that appears within one of these tags is considered part of the markup language. Markup files contain standard words, rather than typical programming syntax. Activity 4.1 Describe one fact about XML. XML is a way of applying structure to a web page. XML provides a standard open format and mechanisms for structuring a document so that it can be exchanged and manipulated. XML complements your HTML knowledge by allowing you to structure your data by marking up the text and data to define the data content. XML is used for storing structured data, rather than formatting information on a page. While HTML documents use predefined tags (such as “ ”, “ ” ), XML files use custom tags to define elements. Microsoft Rich Text Format (RTF), Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), and HTML are types of markup languages that provide presentational markup. They are powerful solutions to the problem of displaying information. Their common limitation is that they describe how the data looks, but they do not give any information about what it is. Like HTML, XML uses tags to “mark-up” data content. Unlike HTML, in XML you define your own tags that meet the exact needs of your document. The custom 101 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring tags make your data easier to organize and more searchable. For example, a student might describe the book she reads on vacation time like this: An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies by Anders Moller, Michael Schwartzbach Programming Languages XML does not change the way your web pages looks; instead, it changes the way the documents are read and filed and stored. Therefore, XML is used to describe the structure of a document rather than the way it is presented. The two areas in which XML is useful are structuring data for storage, where a relational database (See Unit Three about database) is inappropriate, and the presentation of web pages. For example, a system is handling small quantities of data, or if the data lacks a relational structure, programmers usually prefer to create their own data formats, i.e. XML. Activity 4.2 1. What tags are used by XML? How are they different from tags used in HTML? 2. Can HTML replaces XML? Explain your reason. 3. Describe two areas where XML is important. 4.1.1 Elements of XML Documents XML document must contain one root element that is the parent of all other elements, for example “” in Figure 4.1). The best way to learn what makes up an XML document is by starting from a simple example. The following is a complete XML document that lists the names of two known athletes. 102 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML document structure Example of an XML document Haile Gebrselassie ]> Derartu Tulu Figure 4. 1 XML Document Structure (left) and Example (right) The above XML lets you name parts of the document such as the first names and the last names of two of our legendary athletes. You can name anything that is relevant to the document you want to produce. All that matters is that you follow the basic rules for creating tags. The above markup does not follow the basic rules (predefined tags), rather you define your tags. Figure 4.2 highlights the various elements of the sample document. 103 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Figure 4. 2 Various Elements of the XML document The numbers shown in Figure 4.2 are interpreted as follows: 1. XML declaration: describes the general characteristics of the document, such as XML document, the version of the XML, and the encoding character it uses. XML documents usually begin with the XML declaration statement called the processing instructions which provide information on how the XML file should be processed. E.g. The processing instruction statement uses the encoding property to specify the encoding scheme used to create the XML file. Encoding is the process of converting Unicode character into their binary equivalent representation depending on the type of encoding(‘UTF-8’ or ‘UTF-16’). 2. Document Type Declaration (DTD): describes the structure of the document in terms of which elements it may contain, along with any restrictions it may have. In other words, it describes the root. The above example is about people. The document ‘people’ is described with five elements. These are described below. E.g. 3. Internal DTD subset: a DTD is internal if the elements are declared within the same XML file. In the following example, internal declarations that are local to the XML document are used. 104 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Notes „„ PCDATA – stands for Parsed Character DATA. Character data is a text that is found between the start tag and the end tag of an XML element. E.g. Abebech in Figure 4.2. 4. XML information set or Content: this represents the XML document’s content—the information that the document conveys. Content refers to the information that is represented by the elements of an XML document. See the example in Figure 4.3. Abebech Kebede We can see the whole hierarchy of the above markup in an upside-down tree struc- ture, as shown in Figure 4.4. 106 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Figure 4. 4 Tree Structure of Person XML document Although XML is designed so that people can read it, it is not intended to create a finished document. In other words, you can not open up just any XML-tagged document in a browser and expect it to be formatted well. XML is meant to hold content so that when the document is combined with other resources, such as a style sheet which renders a web page, it becomes a finished product. Activity 4.3 1. Describe elements of XML documents and their purposes. 2. Write XML that describes a food menu. Each type of food has a description which contains the name of the food and its price. Save it as test.xml. Hint: root – food_menu, DTD – it is about food, content – food description (name and price). 4.1.2 Creating XML Documents There are a few ways of opening an XML file directly. You can open and edit XML files with any text editor, view them with any web browser, or use a website that lets you view, edit, and even convert them to other formats. You can also use 107 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring applications such as “oxygen” or “XML Notepad” to see your files’ structures. In this section, we use “XML Notepad” for our demonstration. For example, after saving the XML code given above as an example with the *.xml extension in any text editor, when you open the file with XML Notepad, it looks as shown in Figure 4.5. It just does nothing because XML is just information wrapped in tags. A piece of program should be written to send, receive, store, or display it. When you view your XML document in a browser, most browsers display an XML document with color-coded elements (See Figure 4.5 below comparing the document Mozilla and Internet Explorer browsers). Often a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to the left of the elements can be clicked to expand or collapse the element structure. To view XML source code, try to select “View Page Source” or “View Source” from the browser menu you use. XML document on Mozilla XML document on Internet Explorer browser browser Figure 4. 5 XML Document on Browsers – Mozilla and Internet Explorer Figure 4.6 below demonstrates a view of an XML document using XML Notepad editor. 108 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML document viewed on XML Notepad – Tree View Tree View on XML Note- pad XML documents viewed on XML Notepad – XSL Output view XSL Output on XML Notepad Figure 4. 6 XML document view on XML Notepad Notes „„ XSL is a style sheet for XML as CSS is a style sheet for HTML. XSL transform and render XML document (See Figure 4.6 above). 109 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Activity 4.4 1. Write the above XML on any text editor and save it as test.xml. Then open the test.xml using at least two browsers and note what you have observed. 2. Use the file created in Activity 4.3 Question 2 and open the test.xml using XML Notepad editor and see the result – in Tree View and XSL Output. Hint: Don’t forget to add XML declaration statement at the beginning. 110 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring 6. XML does not truncate multiple white-spaces. In HTML, multiple white-spaces are truncated to a single white-space. XML HTML Hello           AbebechGobena Hello AbebechGobena 7. Entity References: In XML, some characters have special meaning. For example, a character like “Addis Alemayehu Published by &publisher; When the parser subsequently encounters an ampersand symbol (i.e. &) and semicolon (i.e. ;) which identify a general entity reference, the parser looks up that name in an entity declaration table (See Figure 4.9). In our case, the reference, &publisher; is replaced by the content that it represents. Using the following (left column) XML, expanding the entity reference, and replacing the &publisher; with the “Berhanena Selam Printing” content gives the following expanded XML. XML document with internal DTD Addis Alemayehu Published by &publisher; 114 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Output on browser Figure 4. 10 XML Document with DTD and Output on Browser Document Type Definition (DTD) A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the structure attributes of a document and the legal elements of an XML document. It can be used by an application to verify that XML data is valid. A DTD declared inside the XML file must be wrapped inside the definition. See Figure 4.11 below. Example of an XML document with internal DTD ]> Ali Birra Ammalele 2012 Oromiffa 115 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring The interpretation of the above DTD is: !DOCTYPE album - defines the root element of the document album !ELEMENT album - defines the album element which must contain four elements: “singer, name, release, language” !ELEMENT singer - defines singer element type “#PCDATA” !ELEMENT name - defines name element type “#PCDATA” !ELEMENT release - defines release element type “#PCDATA” !ELEMENT language - defines language element type “#PCDATA” PCDATA - means parsed character data. Think of character data as the text that is found between the start tag and the end tag of an XML element. Figure 4. 11 Document Type Definition Activity 4.6 Write DTD for the following XML and test the output on a browser. &author;&copyright; 4.2. HTML vs. XML Brainstorming 4.2 „„ Compare the features of HTML and XML. HTML is the markup language that helps you to create and design web content. It has a variety of tags and attributes for defining the layout and structure of the web document. It is designed to display data in a formatted manner. An HTML document has the extension.htm or.html. 116 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML is a markup language that is designed to store data. It is popularly used for the transfer of data. It is case sensitive. XML offers you the ability to define markup elements and generate customized markup language. The basic unit in XML is known as an element, and the extension of an XML file is.xml Table 4.2 Compares common features of HTML and XML. Parameter XML HTML Type of language XML is a framework for HTML is a predefined specifying markup languages. markup language. Structural details They are provided. They are not provided. Purpose Transfer of data. Display / Presentation of data Nesting It Should be done appropriately. It does not have any effect on the code. Driven by XML is content driven. HTML is format driven. Size Documents are mostly lengthy The syntax is very brief in size, especially when an ele- and yields formatted text. ment-centric approach is used in formatting. Learning curve It is very hard as you need to learn It is a simple technology technologies like XPath, XML stack that is familiar to Schema, DOM, etc. developers. Coding Errors No coding errors are allowed. Small errors are ignored. Extension.xml.html or.htm E.G. Page1.xml E.G. Page1.html Whitespace White spaces can be used in your White spaces cannot be code. used in your code. Output Motherland Motherland Ethiopia Ethiopia Motherland Ethiopia Motherland Ethiopia 117 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Parameter XML HTML Language type It is case sensitive. It is case insensitive. Lucy Lucy Tag Tags are defined as per the need It has its own predefined of the programmer. tags. E.G. E.G. End of tags The closing tag is essential in a The closing tag is not well-formed XML document. always required. Your This is name paragraph Quotes Quotation marks are required Quotation marks are not around XML attribute values. required for the values of attributes. 101 Department> This is paragraph Activity 4.7 Discuss the similarities and differences between HTML and XML. 118 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring 4.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of XML Some of the advantages and disadvantages of XML are listed below. Table 4. 3 The Advantages and the Disadvantages of XML Advantages of using XML Disadvantages of using XML XML makes documents XML requires a processing transportable across systems application and applications. With The XML syntax is very the help of XML, you can similar to other alternative exchange data quickly ‘text-based’ data transmission between different platforms. formats which are sometimes It separates the data from confusing HTML. No intrinsic data type support It simplifies the platform The XML syntax is redundant exchange process. It does not allow users to create their tags. Activity 4.8 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of XML with a partner. 4.3. Publishing Website Brainstorming 4.3 „„ What do you know about website publishing? You have learned that the purpose of XML is for storing structured data, not formatting or styling a document. That is why you see on top of the browser “This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it” when you open your XML document (See Figure 4.5 above). 119 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML is just information wrapped in tags. So it is now time to write a piece of program to display our XML document. In the following discussion, you will learn how you put all of the XML document, web designing, and publishing concepts that you have learnt in Grade 11 together to develop further skills in website publishing. Step-by-Step design of XML document and publishing So far, it has been discussed that HTML tags are not understood by XML coding. If that is the case, we can have our own customized tag names for the specific environment rather than predefined HTML tags. Let us take a ‘college’ environment and organize the contents of the college documents using an XML structure. To start your coding, you should write an XML declaration statement at the beginning to indicate that it is an XML language by using , as shown in the example below. Instead of , we can start our root to be. This shows that the initial data or root for our XML is going to be college: XML document Code XML document view on XML Notepad Figure 4. 12 XML with custom tags Save the above document with your name.xml (such as yourname.xml) and keep updating the data and save your document after each step. The next step is to organize the data of the college. Different colleges can have different structures or organizations for their data. Here we organize the college in terms of departments. The college can have several departments; in our case, it has three departments. We create again an element named as a sub-element of the. The information may be organized as follows (See Figure 4.13). 120 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML document Code XML document view on XML Notepad Figure 4.13 College structure with Departments The departments in the college can have detail information. This may include the department name and the department number (See Figure 4.14). Before proceeding to other sub-elements of the department, we can fill in the content for the department name and number. For further processing, you can attach data type to your elements. If you see the first department as an example, the attribute or data type for the department number is an integer value. Therefore, you have to think about your values. 121 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML document Code XML document view on XML Notepad ICT 101 Physics 102 Biology 103 Figure 4.14 College structure with Data Type Added Not only the name and number of departments can be added but also details of students, teachers, and courses. Each of these can also be created as sub-elements of the department as shown below in Figure 4.15. 122 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML document view on XML Notepad 123 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring XML document Department Name: ICT Department Number: 101 Web Design ICT1012 4 Abebe Programing ICT1212 4 Ayele ICT/2323/13 Department Name: chemistry Department Number: 102 Organic Chemistry CHEM1212 4 Inorganic Chemistry CHEM2121 4 Figure 4. 15 College Structure with Teachers’ and Students’ Data Added 124 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Also, you can add teachers and students’ data by creating sub-elements such as name, sex, age, etc. Once you have designed your website, the next step is to publish it. Until this point, you have learnt website design. Once you have completed the design of your website, the next step involves publishing the website so that the website is accessible worldwide by anyone. Website publishing is the process of publishing the website’s original content onto the Internet, or specifically onto a remote server. The term sometimes refers to the whole process of website design and publishing. This includes building and uploading websites, updating the webpages, and posting content to these webpages online. Web publishing includes personal, business, and community websites. The content meant for web publishing can include text, videos, digital images, artwork, and other forms of media such as music. The most common thing about any website is that it is represented by a root di- rectory. A root directory contains folders to organize images(.jpg,.gif), style files(. css), and script files(.js) that are used in the website, and its index file (See Figure 4.16 below). 1. root: this is the top level or root folder that represents the website itself. It contains all other files and folders of the website. For example, moe.gov.et. 2. index.html: contains the main homepages of the site which are written in HTML. Web servers are by default set up to return to the index.html file if no file name is specified. For example, if you write moe.gov.et, it returns to moe.gov.et/index.html. 3. pages folder: this subfolder contains web pages of the site. For example: about, contact us, etc. The name could be anything related to the site. 4. images folder: this is the subfolder that contains all the images that are used on the site. 5. CSS folder: CSS code used to style the site resides in this folder. It includes, for example setting text and background colors. 125 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring 6. scripts folder: this subfolder contains all the JavaScript code used to add interactive functionality to the site (e.g. buttons that load data when clicked). Figure 4. 16 Sample website - directory and files organization A website is published by uploading website content or files onto the remote server which is provided by the hosting company or web host. Hosting companies provide web hosting services, which means providing online space for the storage of websites. A website is made available via World Wide Web (WWW). Web hosts must possess a web server. The web server is the actual location where your website resides. A web server may host single or multiple sites depending on what hosting service you have paid for. The process of publishing a website also involves registering a domain name. A domain name is the part of your internet address that comes after “www”. For example, in http://www.moe.gov.et/, the domain name is moe.gov. A domain name becomes your online business address, so care should be taken when selecting a domain name. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type. It must be unique. If the one you want to use is taken or not available, domain registration fails, and you need to find another one. A domain extension is made up of three letter (for example,.gov in the above URL) at the end of the internet address which is known as a top-level domain names. The most common domain extensions include: 126 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring.com for commercial sites..edu for educational institution..gov for government institutions..org for a non-profit organization..mil for military..net for network Security options To keep your site safe and secure, a secure URL is needed. Particularly, if the site visitors are providing their private information, HTTPS is required, not HTTP. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a protocol that is used to provide security over the Internet. To enable HTTPS, your website needs an SSL. SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer which provides a secure online connection, and your website needs an SSL Certificate. SSL is also another necessary site protocol. It ensures your site visitor’s personal information transfers between the website and your database are secure. SSL encrypts information (send from you/receive from the server) to prevent others from accessing and reading it while in transit. To check whether a website is secure or not, you can type the website name into a browser address bar (e.g. ethiopia.gov.et) and notice one of the two results as shown below. A secure site displays a locked keypad (See the image in the second column below). If the site is not secure, before the web address, you could see the information icon and ‘Not secure’ (see the image in the first column below). Non secure website is shown on a browser Secure website is shown on a browser address bar address bar 127 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Activity 4.9 1. Based on the below website directory: a. What is the name of the website? b. Identify the root directory and sub-directory, image directory, style directory, home page, or index page. 2. Take the websites of five Ethiopian federal institutions and check if their websites are secured. Hint: moa.gov.et, mofed.gov.et, etc. 3. Review at least two web hosting companies in Ethiopia, with features provided. 128 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Unit Summary In this unit, you have learnt about: the markup language XML. the definition of XML, its features, and purpose. elements of XML. XML vs. HTML – similarities and differences. advantages and disadvantages of XML. XML tags, root, XML declaration. document Type Declaration (DTD), Attributes, Comments. ways of opening XML file directly. entity references and entity declaration. 129 Information Technology radeG12 ~ Student Textbook Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring UNIT-4 Web Authoring Key Terms Keylanguage A markup Terms is a type of computer language that uses tags such as “”language A markup to define elements is a type in of acomputer document. language that uses tags such as “” to for define elementsMarkup Extensible in a document. Language which is a way to apply structurestands XML to a web forpage. XML provides Extensible Markupa standard Languageopen format which is and mechanisms a way to apply for structuring structure a document to a web soprovides page. XML that it can be exchanged a standard and manipulated. open format and mechanisms An structuring for XML document contains a document theitfollowing: so that XML declaration, can be exchanged Document and manipulated. Type An XMLDeclaration document (DTD), Internal contains DTD subset, the following: XMLXML information declaration, set / Document Content, Root element, Type Declaration Tags,Internal (DTD), Data, Attributes, DTD subset,and Comments. XML information set / Points to Root Content, remember while element, youData, Tags, workAttributes, on XML: and Comments. You Points should have to remember oneyou while rootwork in anon XML document. XML: XMLshould You elements haveare case-sensitive. one root in an XML document. XML should notare elements overlap or all elements must properly be nested within case-sensitive. each XMLother. should not overlap or all elements must properly be nested within XMLother. each attribute values must always be in quotation marks. Comments XML in XML attribute follow values must the HTML always comment be in structure. quotation marks. XML does not Comments truncate in XML multiple follow whitespaces. the HTML comment structure. Special XML characters does need multiple not truncate entity references, otherwise, they create errors. whitespaces. Special HTML and XML are two characters different need markup languages. entity references, HTML otherwise, they iscreate the markup errors. language HTML and to XML designareand twocreate webmarkup different content, whereasHTML languages. XML isisthe a markup markup language designed to store data. It is popularly used for the transfer language to design and create web content, whereas XML is a markup of data. However, the two complement language designed to store data.each It isother. popularly used for the transfer of data. Entity References: However, This referseach the two complement to characters other. that have special meaning in XML. Entity There are 5 pre-defined References: This refers entity references to characters thatinhave XML, such as special < (), & (&), ' (‘), and " (“). XML. There are 5 pre-defined entity references in XML, such as < (), open & and(&), edit' XML with any" (‘), and text editor, (“). and view it with any web browser, or useand You can open a website that with edit XML lets you anyview, edit, and text editor, andeven viewconvert it withitany to other web formats. browser, or use a website that lets you view, edit, and even convert it to other In DTD the !DOCTYPE - defines the root element of the document. formats. In DTD the !DOCTYPE - defines the root element of the 12 document. 130 InformatIon technology grade ~ Student textbook 130 InformatIon technology grade 12 ~ Student textbook  data. Ethiofetena.com Ethiopian No 1 Educational Website UNIT-4 Web Authoring Advantages of using XML: It makes documents transportable, separates data from HTML, flexible platform change process. Disadvantages of using XML: It requires a processing application, syntax PCDATA in- means parsed character sometimes confusing, no intrinsic data type, and redundant syntax. data. Website publishing is the process of publishing the website’s original content Advantages of using XML: It makes documents transportable, separates on the Internet, or specifically on a remote server. data from HTML, flexible platform change process. Websites are published by uploading website content/files onto the remote Disadvantages of using XML: It requires a processing application, syntax server which is provided by a hosting company or a web host. sometimes confusing, no intrinsic data type, and redundant syntax. SSL and HTTPS are protocols that provide security options that keep your Website publishing is the process of publishing the website’s original content site safe and secure. HTTPS is secured and prevents interceptions and on the Internet, or specifically on a remote server. interruptions from occurring while the content is in transit. The website Websites are published by uploading website content/files onto the remote requires an SSL certificate to enable HTTPS. server which is provided by a hosting company or a web host. SSL and HTTPS are protocols that provide security options that keep your site safe and secure. HTTPS is secured and prevents interceptions and interruptions from occurring while the content is in transit. The website requires an SSL certificate to enable HTTPS. 131 InformatIon technology grade 12 ~ Student textbook 131 InformatIon technology grade 12 ~ Student textbook