GOVT2060 01 2024 History and Evolution of the Int System PDF

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE GOVT 2060 International Relations: Theories and Approaches Fall 2024 Slides will be uploaded on my eLearning Readings (generously made available by the Caspian...

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE GOVT 2060 International Relations: Theories and Approaches Fall 2024 Slides will be uploaded on my eLearning Readings (generously made available by the Caspian Sea University, in Turkmenistan): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1_Z5ACd6MBPNGJDSUJLX2t4ZG8?resourcekey=0- ZQcvRcZSaE_zqP4DuJKFYA&usp=sharing  Course content  The History and Evolution of the International System  Levels of Analysis and Foreign Policy POSITIVIST THEORIES MAINSTREAM STRUCTURALIST APPROACHES APPROACHES  Liberalism  Classical Marxism  Realism  Dependency Theory  Neorealism  Structural Imperialism  Neoliberalism  World System Theory  International Society Theory (The English School) POST-POSITIVIST THEORIES  Constructivism  Postmodernism  Critical Theory  Feminism  Topic 1 History and Evolution of the International System This sessions tracks the major events in the international system from the birth of the modern state system to the current 21st century. The main question to be addressed here is how did international events influence the major International Relations theories and approaches which emerged in the post-Westphalian era. Readings: At the Caspian Sea University: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1_Z5ACd6MBPNGJDSUJLX2t4ZG8?resourcekey=0- ZQcvRcZSaE_zqP4DuJKFYA&usp=sharing Rourke, John T., International Politics on the World Stage (Tenth edition). University of Connecticut, McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2005, Chapter 2 The Evolution of World Politics. D'Anieri, Paul, International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs (Second edition). Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012, Chapter 2 The Historical Evolution of International Politics. + any chapter on the evolution of the international system that you can find in most IR manuals 5/66 EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION tribe  territorial state 6/66  THE GREEK CITY STATE (POLIS) (700 BC-300 BC) Four important IR concepts: Citizenship - Athenians = world’s first citizens Sovereignty - Aristotle (384-322 BC), Politics: supreme authority = law (a system of government) Nationalism - people / government / territory Democracy (Athens) An international system similar to the modern one. 7/66 The Peloponnesian War (431 to 404 BC) (Thucydides=Realism) 8/66 The Roman Empire in 117 AD 9/66  ROME (753 BC - 476 AD) city state universal empire oligarchic republic absolutist empire 10/66  THE MIDDLE AGES (1000-1500) Governance → UNIVERSAL AUTHORITY Two layers: RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY SECULAR AUTHORITY Catholic Church=an integrating force Multi-ethnic empires Monarchs=ruled in the name of God= No ethnic or cultural link subordinate to the Pope the Emperor 936 AD Christian-Roman universal state: Empires progressively supplanted the Otto I=emperor of the Holy Roman Empire authority of the church LOCAL AUTHORITY (THE FEUDAL SYSTEM) God, not monarchs, had authority over territory God’s church gave permission to rulers to rule Autonomous fiefdoms ruled by nobles Nobles more powerful than their monarchs but lacking sovereignty 11/66 The Holy Roman Empire in 1250 12/66  DECLINE OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM Causes:   Progress of military technology DECLINE OF UNIVERSALISTIC (gun powder)→need of larger states AUTHORITY (both Church and Holy Roman empire)  Economic expansion   New commercial activity Renaissance (1450-1600)  Early stages of mass production  (primitive factories) and rise of a scientific inquiry, personal freedom powerful commercial class   undermined the authority of the church RISE OF THE BURGHERS  commercial class = dominated trade and Protestant Reformation manufacturing (e.g. England's King Henry VIII (1509-  1547) rejected papal authority) allied with the kings   Religious wars kings increased their control over aristocrats   Peace of Westphalia (1648) absolutist monarchies Cuius regio, eius religio ("Whose realm, his  religion") centralized, modern states = the birth of the modern state system  13/66 Early Nation-State System: The Holy Roman Empire challenged by Protestant Reformation The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Treaty of Westphalia 14/66  Treaty of Westphalia George W. Bush-Sovereignty Sovereignty-What is it-How do Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c- WO73Dh7rY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdimK1onR4o you get it (19min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X63jn9CcFyw THE MODERN STATE SYSTEM De facto split of the Holy Roman Empire  - Catholic Habsburg: Austria, Spain - Protestant entities: Holland, many German states + Outside the Empire: Catholic France, Protestant England etc.  States = successor to the feudal universalistic system of political organization STATES = primary actors in the post-Westphalia international system No higher authority  ANARCHICAL international system based on states 15/66  18TH & 19TH CENTURIES National states consolidated by  Louis XIV of France (1643-1715),  Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786), and  Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725) Pace of change quickened in the 18th and 19th centuries. Major phenomena: 1. Popular Sovereignty 2. Westernization of the international system 3. Zenith of the Multipolar System Leading to the 20th century rise of bipolarity and the Cold War 16/66  1. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY Rule by divine right up to the 18th Notion of sovereignty = changed century Concept of nationalism expanded American Revolution (1776)  French Revolution (1789)  mass identification with and   participation in People claimed sovereignty for the affairs of the state themselves under the doctrine of popular Nationalism sovereignty  spread throughout Europe   undermined monarchical People owned the state instead of dynasties kings 17/66  2. WESTERNIZATION OF THE INT. SYSTEM The international system = dominated and shaped by the West Colonial empires Decline and fall of non-European states/empires 18/66 The British Colonial Empire 19/66 The French Colonial Empire 20/66 The German Colonial Empire 21/66 Africa in 1860 22/66 23/66 Africa in 1914 24/66 Causes: Renaissance  scientific and technological advances  industrial revolution (started in the mid-17th century in Britain) Industrialization = a Western phenomenon (exceptions - Japan - few and late)  advanced weaponry  advantage over non-industrialized Asia and Africa  colonialism  resources and prestige  Euro-American Imperialism US: Hawaii and Samoa in 1890s; Guam, P. Rico and the Philippines in 1898 Compromised the independence of Central America, the Caribbean Colonialism division of the world North-South, Rich-Poor, First-Third World 25/66  3. GROWTH OF THE MULTIPOLAR SYSTEM  several major powers: Britain, France, Prussia/Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, the Ottoman Empire  shifting alliances  preserve the balance of power  prevent any single power / combination of powers to dominate Europe and the rest of the world 26/66 Napoleon’s Empire in 1812 27/66  Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 Concert of Europe (a coalition of great powers=multipolarity) 28/66 Concert of Europe - Balance of Power (a Realist concept) 29/66  England’s Balancing Act (Effective between the fall of Napoleon and the rise of Germany, 1815-1870) 30/66 Rise of Germany two rigid, almost bipolar pre-1914 alliances (UK-FR-Russia vs. Germany-Austria Hungary-Italy) 31/66 German Perception of Balance of Power in 1914 WW I 32/66 Europe 1914: Empires 33/66 Europe 1922: Nation States 34/66 The League of Nations ("Utopian" Liberalism) 35/66  THE 20TH CENTURY–PERIOD OF RAPID GLOBAL CHANGE Structural changes:  1900 Many monarchies  2000 Most countries = democratic regimes  UN and other international organizations mushroomed  World population increased from 1.5 billion to 6 billion  Era of technological and scientific innovation  Expansion of the world economy and transportation  Pollution, deforestation, depletion of the ozone layer etc. Evolution of the international system:  Momentous and rapid global change  Rise of International Organizations  Eclipse of the multipolar world  Rise of non-European Powers  Two World Wars  Rise of Bipolarity (1945-1947)  End of Bipolarity (1989-1991) 36/66 Europe  declined as a global power  lost the ability to maintain the balance of power WWI (1914-1918) - two rigid almost 1900-1940 Rise of Non-European bipolar alliances: powers  Central powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey  Japan and the US centre stage  Allied Powers - France, Russia,  New states = independence Britain and Italy  Many non-European countries  world diplomacy League of Nations  IR still focused on Europe but  voices of Africa, Asia and Latin Germany was allowed to rebuild its America began to be heard strength  Britain - fear of France  Britain and France - fear of the red menace (Soviet communism) 37/66 Balance of Power on Eve of WW II 38/66 The Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, 1939 ("Realpolitik") 39/66 Europe under Nazi domination 1941-42 ( Morgenthau=Realism) 40/66 Hiroshima 41/66 Yalta, 1945 42/66 The Cold War (1947-1989) The Cold War in 1959 43/66 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile 44/66 Bipolarity = the most stable system (Kenneth Waltz=neorealism) 45/66  BIPOLARITY AND THE COLD WAR After WWII = restructuring of the international system European-based multipolar system  Bipolar system dominated by two superpowers  Cold War (Hostility and antagonism, not military clashes)  regional alliances US = NATO (1949) USSR = Warsaw Treaty Organization (1955) + Both funded govts and rebel groups in the Third World 46/66 video: Warsaw Pact troops on attack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9YUaKynXy8 47/66  Major episodes of the Cold War nuclear weapons direct US involvement in South Vietnam confrontation impossible (1964-1973) Cuban Missile Crisis (October Soviet intervention in Afghanistan 1962) (1979-1989) 48/66 49/66 Cold war key concepts 50/66  Détente 1971-1979 Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) Richard Nixon (1969-1974), Gerald Ford (1974-1977), Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) US-Soviet relations improved: SALT I treaty, Helsinki Accords Nixon also improved relations with China Détente came to an end with the 1979 Soviet invasion in Afghanistan It was followed by a new genuine Cold War episode, the "second Cold War" But... 51/66  Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) End of the Cold War ( The End of History, Francis Fukuyama=Liberalism) 52/66 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev = Soviet leader  Domestic policy glasnost and perestroika: reforms to  ease the Soviet repressive political system  restructure its cumbersome bureaucratic and economic systems  Foreign policy better relations with the West  to reduce the USSR’s military burden  to receive more favourable trade terms  End of the Cold War 1989 Eastern Europeans allowed to become democratic 1990 East Germany absorbed by West Germany end 1991 USSR collapsed; its constituent republics declared independence 53/66 54/66 55/66 56/66 Berlin Wall 57/66 58/66 Unipolar World 59/66  The three-layered chess game model of Joseph S. Nye: military power is largely strategic Top unipolar ("hard chessboard US = hegemon power") US = important but not a hegemon Middle economic it must bargain as an equal chessboard with EU or China transnational power = chaotically dispersed Bottom sociopolitical No unipolarity, hegemony or chessboard processes American empire 60/66 61/66  Inspired by Hedley Bull (The Anarchical Society, 1977) of the English School: Chessboards Main actors United States strategic nuclear deterrence Soviet Union United States conventional military strength Soviet Union + China (less important) international monetary affairs, United States trade and investment Japan influence derived from China ideological appeal Both chessboards and actors have changed considerably. 62/66  THE 21ST CENTURY International Security New Global Disorder The Environment Globalization and McWorld Interdependence Political Integration Economic Integration Trade liberalization (free trade) Ethnic Wars New Regimes Initially: unipolar system multipolar system (US, EU/Germany, China, Russia, India) Rise of China: bipolar system, a new Cold War (US vs. China) 63/66 Please avoid the following statements taken from past exam scripts. They are MISTAKEN: The Cold War (1947-1989): America was a Communist and believed that that is the ideal style the conflict between the capitalist U.S.A. and the "Iron Curtain" began at the Valta which resulted in the removal of the conference blockade and the division of Berlin into West Germany (communist) and East American President Roosevelt, British Prime Germany (capitalist). Minister Josef and Soviet leader Stalin met after World War II (...). Stalin voted The Berlin Wall was created preventing the communist, whereas Roosevelt and Josef West from entering their territory. thought... Each side, Kennedy and Gorbachev, verbally During the period of 1939-1989, there was a attacked one another especially via the Cold War that... media The Cold War ended in the 1960s. The stage where Gorbachev had sent missiles to Cuba The Cold War started in the late 1960s and ended in 1991. Eventually President Kennedy met with Gorbachev Under the Bretton Woods meeting of the 1940s, the top states like U.S., the Soviet They made (the USSR and US) a deal where Union, France and Germany agreed... the US would leave Cuba if the USSR was given a base in Hungary. 64/66 President Jimmy of the US the North Atlantic Peace Treaty (NAPT) When Mikhail Gorbachev came into power the North Atlantic Trade Organization in the 1960s the Nations Alliance Treaty Organization Guvachev the National Alliance Treaty Organization Ghubachev Soviet Union / USSR / [during the 1980s] the Soviet President The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: implemented a series of reforms and the US President Nixon began to hold talks with the United Socialist Soviet Republic them. (...) Communism came to an end. the United Soviet State of Russia When Kennedy visited Germany for the was Bolshekia Revolution of 1917. No Summit the decision was made and he leader of Bolshekia became... declared that the Berlin [wall?] was destructed, uniting East and West Berlin, The Warsaw Pact included Central and Germany. Eastern European states, the USSR and the Soviet Union and any other communist NATO / country. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 65/66  TUTORIAL QUESTIONS Topic 1 History and Evolution of the International System 1. Which historical event do you consider to be the most influential in shaping the current international system? 2. What factors gave rise to the birth of the modern state system? 3. What kind of international system do you think currently prevails? 66/66