Government in America 16th Edition PDF

Why Do You Need This New Edition? If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition of Government in America, here are five good reasons! 1 The 2012 Election Edition features the most current 5 The new MyPoliSciLab is an immersive online analysis of American government and p...

Why Do You Need This New Edition? If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition of Government in America, here are five good reasons! 1 The 2012 Election Edition features the most current 5 The new MyPoliSciLab is an immersive online analysis of American government and politics, experience that supports your success. including the latest Supreme Court decisions on civil liberties, civil rights, federalism, and congressional and r The Pearson eText offers a full digital version of the presidential powers; the historic struggles over the print book and is readable on Apple iPad and Android budget and national debt, health care reform, economic tablets with the Pearson eText app. Highlight relevant policy; the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; and of course, passages and add notes, and with chapter audio, listen full coverage of the 2012 presidential and congressional to the full text of this book. elections. r Practice tests help you achieve this book’s learning 2 Numerous new chapter-opening anecdotes put recent objectives by creating personalized study plans, which political events into the context of this book’s coverage. suggest readings and multimedia to strengthen your mastery of course concepts. 3 Over 30% of the photos in this edition are new and capture major political events from the last few years. r Explorer is a hands-on way to improve quantitative Also, the data in all of the figures and tables have been literacy. Jump off from infographics in the book to updated throughout. interactive exercises that help you use data to answer questions in politics. 4 This new edition works better than ever with MyPoliSciLab! r The MyPoliSciLab Video Series plays the videos referenced in the text. Watch this book’s authors and r A new design facilitates print and digital reading top scholars discuss the big ideas in each chapter and experiences and turns this book’s learning objectives apply them to enduring political issues. into a clear learning path through each chapter. r Reflect on theoretical cases with simulations, game- r Videos help you engage each chapter. The authors of like opportunities to play the role of a political actor this book introduce the chapter topics, and interviews and to use course concepts to make realistic political with political scientists look at interesting aspects of the decisions. topics. r Infographics demonstrate how political scientists use data to answer questions like “What Influences a President’s Public Approval?”  GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA PEOPLE, POLITICS, AND POLICY MyPoliSciLab® 2012 ELECTION EDITION George C. EDWARDS III Texas A&M University Martin P. WATTENBERG University of California - Irvine Robert L. LINEBERRY University of Houston Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Creative Director: Blair Brown Editor-in-Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Art Director: John Christiana, Kathryn Foot Senior Acquisitions Editor: Vikram Mukhija Director of Digital Media: Brian Hyland Assistant Editor: Beverly Fong Senior Digital Media Editor: Paul DeLuca Editorial Assistant: Emily Sauerhoff Digital Media Editor: Alison Lorber Editorial Assistant: Isabel Schwab Multimedia Production Manager: Michael Granger Director of Development: Sharon Geary Media Project Manager: Joseph Selby Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Full-Service Project Management and Composition: Executive Marketing Manager: Wendy Gordon GEX Publishing Services Marketing Assistant: Zakiyyah Wiley Printer/Binder: R. R. Donnelley/Willard Senior Managing Editor: Ann Marie McCarthy Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Procurement Supervisor: Mary Fischer Text Font: Adobe Caslon Pro 10/13.5 Procurement Specialist: Mary Ann Gloriande Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page 685. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction; storage in a retrieval system; or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edwards, George C. Government in America / George C. Edwards, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry.—Sixteenth editon. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-0-205-86561-1 (paperbound) 1. United States—Politics and government. I. Title. JK276.E39 2013 320.473—dc23 2012041511 Student Edition: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-205-86561-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-86561-1 A la Carte Edition: ISBN 10: 0-205-93599-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-93599-4 BRIEF CONTENTS Contents iv To the Student xvi To the Instructor xvii PART I CONSTITUTIONAL PART III THE POLICYMAKERS FOUNDATIONS Introducing Government in 11 Congress 358 1 America 2 12 The Presidency 396 2 The Constitution 32 The Budget: The Politics of 13 Taxing and Spending 442 3 Federalism 72 Civil Liberties and 14 The Federal Bureaucracy 472 4 Public Policy 104 Civil Rights and 15 The Federal Courts 506 5 Public Policy 152 PART IV POLICIES PART II PEOPLE AND POLITICS Economic and Social Welfare Public Opinion and 16 Policymaking 546 6 Political Action 190 Policymaking for Health Care, the The Mass Media and the 17 Environment, and Energy 578 7 Political Agenda 224 National Security 18 Policymaking 608 8 Political Parties 256 Campaigns and Voting 9 Behavior 286 10 Interest Groups 328 Glossary 646 Key Terms in Spanish 659 Notes 664 Credits 685 Index 693 Answer Key 714 On MyPoliSciLab The Declaration of Independence Anti-Federalist No. 17 The Constitution of the United States Marbury v. Madison Federalist No. 10 McCulloch v. Maryland Federalist No. 15 Brown v. Board of Education Federalist No. 51 The Gettysburg Address Federalist No. 78 Washington’s Farewell Address * The icons listed here and throughout this book lead to learning resources on MyPoliSciLab. iii  CONTENTS To the Student xvi To the Instructor xvii PART I CONSTITUTIONAL 2 The Constitution 32 FOUNDATIONS MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 34 Introducing Government 1 in America 2 2.1 The Origins of the Constitution 35 The Road to Revolution 35 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 4 Declaring Independence 36 The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas 37 1.1 Government 9 The American Creed 38 1.2 Politics 11 Winning Independence 39 The “Conservative” Revolution 40 1.3 The Policymaking System 12 2.2 The Government That Failed: People Shape Policy 13 1776–1787 40 Policies Impact People 14 The Articles of Confederation 40 1.4 Democracy in America 15 WHY IT MATTERS: A STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 41 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A CANDIDATE FOR Changes in the States 41 CONGRESS 15 Economic Turmoil 42 Traditional Democratic Theory 15 The Aborted Annapolis Meeting 43 Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy 16 2.3 Making a Constitution: The Challenges to Democracy 18 Philadelphia Convention 44 American Political Culture and Gentlemen in Philadelphia 44 Democracy 20 Philosophy into Action 44 EXPLORER: CAN YOU GET AHEAD IN AMERICA? 21 A Culture War? 23 2.4 Critical Issues at the Convention 45 POINT TO PONDER 24 The Equality Issues 45 WHY IT MATTERS: REPRESENTATION IN THE 1.5 The Scope of Government in SENATE 46 America 25 POINT TO PONDER 47 How Active Is American Government? 26 The Economic Issues 47 ON MYPOLISCILAB 27 The Individual Rights Issues 49 iv 2.5 The Madisonian System 50 National Supremacy 78 Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority 50 WHY IT MATTERS: COMMERCE POWER 82 WHY IT MATTERS: CHECKS AND BALANCES 52 States’ Obligations to Each Other 83 The Constitutional Republic 52 3.3 Intergovernmental Relations 84 The End of the Beginning 53 From Dual to Cooperative Federalism 85 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: 2.6 Ratifying the Constitution 54 FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 86 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FOUNDER 54 Devolution? 87 Federalists and Anti-Federalists 54 Fiscal Federalism 88 EXPLORER: HOW LONG DID IT TAKE TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION? 55 WHY IT MATTERS: GRANTS-IN-AID 88 Ratification 56 POINT TO PONDER 91 EXPLORER: WHICH STATES WIN OR LOSE THE FEDERAL 2.7 Changing the Constitution 57 AID GAME? 93 The Formal Amending Process 58 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: THE UNUSUAL 3.4 Diversity in Policy 94 RIGIDITY OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION 59 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD The Informal Processes of Constitutional Change 60 WHETHER YOU LIVE DEPEND ON WHERE YOU LIVE? 95 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: HOW FREQUENTLY SHOULD WE AMEND THE CONSTITUTION? 60 3.5 Understanding Federalism 95 The Importance of Flexibility 63 Federalism and Democracy 96 Federalism and the Scope of the National 2.8 Understanding the Constitution 64 Government 98 The Constitution and Democracy 64 ON MYPOLISCILAB 101 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: LOWERING THE VOTING AGE 65 Civil Liberties and Public The Constitution and the Scope of Government 65 4 Policy 104 ON MYPOLISCILAB 68 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 106 4.1 The Bill of Rights 107 3 Federalism 72 The Bill of Rights—Then and Now 108 The Bill of Rights and the States 109 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 74 4.2 Freedom of Religion 109 3.1 Defining Federalism 75 The Establishment Clause 110 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: WHY FEDERALISM? 76 WHY IT MATTERS: THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE 113 3.2 The Constitutional Basis of The Free Exercise Clause 114 Federalism 77 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: TOLERANCE FOR THE FREE SPEECH RIGHTS OF RELIGIOUS SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FEDERAL JUDGE 77 EXTREMISTS 114 The Division of Power 77 WHY IT MATTERS: PROTECTING RIGHTS 78 v  4.3 Freedom of Expression 116 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: COLLEGE STUDENTS HELP PREVENT WRONGFUL DEATHS 142 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A POLICE OFFICER 116 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF ANIMAL 4.7 The Right to Privacy 143 SACRIFICES 116 Is There a Right to Privacy? 143 Prior Restraint 117 Controversy over Abortion 143 Free Speech and Public Order 118 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF THE 4.8 Understanding Civil Liberties 145 PURLOINED PENTAGON PAPERS 118 Civil Liberties and Democracy 146 Obscenity 119 Civil Liberties and the Scope of Government 146 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF THE DRIVE-IN THEATER 121 ON MYPOLISCILAB 147 Libel and Slander 122 WHY IT MATTERS: LIBEL LAW 122 Civil Rights and Public Symbolic Speech 123 5 Policy 152 Free Press and Fair Trials 123 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 154 Commercial Speech 124 Regulation of the Public Airwaves 124 5.1 The Struggle for Equality 155 Campaigning 126 Conceptions of Equality 156 4.4 Freedom of Assembly 126 The Constitution and Inequality 156 Right to Assemble 126 5.2 African Americans’ Civil Rights 158 Right to Associate 127 The Era of Slavery 158 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF THE NAZIS’ MARCH IN SKOKIE 128 The Era of Reconstruction and Segregation 158 Equal Education 159 4.5 Right to Bear Arms 128 WHY IT MATTERS: BROWN V. BOARD OF POINT TO PONDER 129 EDUCATION 160 The Civil Rights Movement and Public Policy 161 4.6 Defendants’ Rights 130 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: FREEDOM Searches and Seizures 132 RIDERS 162 WHY IT MATTERS: THE EXCLUSIONARY Voting Rights 163 RULE 133 WHY IT MATTERS: THE VOTING RIGHTS YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF MS. ACT 164 MONTOYA 133 Self-Incrimination 134 5.3 The Rights of Other Minority Groups 165 The Right to Counsel 136 Native Americans 165 Trials 136 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF THE Hispanic Americans 167 ENTICED FARMER 136 Asian Americans 168 Cruel and Unusual Punishment 139 Arab Americans and Muslims 169 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF THE FIRST OFFENDER 139 5.4 The Rights of Women 170 EXPLORER: SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT APPLY THE DEATH The Battle for the Vote 170 PENALTY? 140 vi The “Doldrums”: 1920–1960 170  The Second Feminist Wave 171 The Regional Shift 199 Women in the Workplace 172 The Graying of America 199 WHY IT MATTERS: CHANGES IN THE WORKPLACE 173 6.2 How Americans Learn About Politics: Political Socialization 200 Wage Discrimination and Comparable Worth 173 The Process of Political Socialization 200 Sexual Harassment 173 Political Learning over a Lifetime 202 Women in the Military 174 YOU ARE THE JUDGE: IS MALE-ONLY DRAFT 6.3 Measuring Public Opinion and REGISTRATION GENDER DISCRIMINATION? 175 Political Information 202 5.5 Other Groups Active Under the Civil SIMULATION: YOU ARE A POLLING CONSULTANT 202 Rights Umbrella 175 How Polls Are Conducted 203 Civil Rights and the Graying of America 176 The Role of Polls in American Democracy 204 Civil Rights and People with Disabilities 176 What Polls Reveal About Americans’ Political Gay and Lesbian Rights 177 Information 206 POINT TO PONDER 207 EXPLORER: ARE ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION THE SAME? 178 WHY IT MATTERS: POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE ELECTORATE 207 5.6 Affirmative Action 180 The Decline of Trust in Government 208 POINT TO PONDER 180 6.4 What Americans Value: Political YOU ARE THE JUDGE: THE CASE OF THE NEW Ideologies 210 HAVEN FIREFIGHTERS 182 Who Are the Liberals and Conservatives? 211 5.7 Understanding Civil Rights and YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: HOW YOUNGER Public Policy 183 AND OLDER AMERICANS COMPARE ON THE ISSUES 211 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A MAYOR 183 Do People Think in Ideological Terms? 212 Civil Rights and Democracy 183 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: RESPECT FOR 6.5 How Americans Participate in MINORITY RIGHTS 184 Politics 214 Civil Rights and the Scope of Government 184 EXPLORER: HOW ARE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN POLITICS? 215 ON MYPOLISCILAB 186 Conventional Participation 216 Protest as Participation 216 PART II PEOPLE AND POLITICS AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 218 Public Opinion and Class, Inequality, and Participation 219 6 Political Action 190 WHY IT MATTERS: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 219 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 192 6.6 Understanding Public Opinion and Political Action 219 6.1 The American People 193 Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of Government 220 The Immigrant Society 194 Democracy, Public Opinion, and Political Action 220 The American Melting Pot 195 ON MYPOLISCILAB 221 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD IMMIGRATION BE BASED MORE ON SKILLS THAN BLOOD TIES? 196 vii  The Mass Media and the 7 Political Agenda 224 8 Political Parties 256 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 226 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 258 7.1 The Mass Media Today 227 8.1 The Meaning of Party 259 7.2 The Development of Media Tasks of the Parties 260 Politics 229 WHY IT MATTERS: POLITICAL PARTIES 261 EXPLORER: WHERE DO YOU GET YOUR Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model 261 POLITICAL NEWS? 230 The Print Media 231 8.2 The Party in the Electorate 263 The Emergence of Radio and Television 232 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: THE PARTIES FACE AN INDEPENDENT YOUTH 265 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD NEWSPAPERS BE ALLOWED TO BE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS? 233 8.3 The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington 265 Government Regulation of Electronic Media 234 Local Parties 266 From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Rise of Cable and Cable News 234 The 50 State Party Systems 267 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: LEARNING YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD FROM COMEDY SHOWS? 235 POLITICAL PARTIES CHOOSE THEIR NOMINEES IN OPEN OR CLOSED PRIMARIES? 267 The Impact of the Internet 238 The National Party Organizations 268 Private Control of the Media 240 WHY IT MATTERS: MEDIA AS A BUSINESS 241 8.4 The Party in Government: Promises and Policy 268 7.3 Reporting the News 242 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A VOTER 268 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A NEWSPAPER EDITOR 242 EXPLORER: WHICH PARTY GOVERNS BETTER? 269 Finding the News 242 Presenting the News 243 8.5 Party Eras in American History 270 WHY IT MATTERS: THE INCREASING SPEED OF 1796–1824: The First Party System 272 NEWS DISSEMINATION 244 1828–1856: Jackson and the Democrats Versus AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: THE LENGTH the Whigs 272 OF CANDIDATE SOUND BITES IN FOUR COUNTRIES 245 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras 273 Bias in the News 246 1932–1964: The New Deal Coalition 273 7.4 The News and Public Opinion 248 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government 275 7.5 Policy Entrepreneurs and Agenda WHY IT MATTERS: DIVIDED PARTY Setting 249 GOVERNMENT 276 7.6 Understanding the Mass Media 250 8.6 Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics 277 The Media and the Scope of Government 250 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: MULTIPARTY Individualism and the Media 251 SYSTEMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES 278 Democracy and the Media 251 8.7 Understanding Political Parties 279 POINT TO PONDER 251 Democracy and Responsible Party Government: ON MYPOLISCILAB 253 How Should We Govern? 279 viii  POINT TO PONDER 281 9.6 How Americans Vote: Explaining American Political Parties and the Scope of Citizens’ Decisions 313 Government 281 Party Identification 314 ON MYPOLISCILAB 283 Candidate Evaluations: How Americans See the Candidates 314 Campaigns and Voting Policy Voting 315 9 Behavior 286 2012: A Battle for the Middle-Class Vote 316 9.7 The Last Battle: The Electoral MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 288 College 318 9.1 The Nomination Game 290 EXPLORER: IS THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE DEMOCRATIC? 320 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD WE Competing for Delegates 290 MAKE EVERY STATE A BATTLEGROUND BY POINT TO PONDER 294 ELECTING THE PRESIDENT BY A NATIONAL POPULAR VOTE? 321 WHY IT MATTERS: EARLY DELEGATE CONTESTS 295 Understanding Campaigns and Voting 9.8 The Convention Send-Off 297 Behavior 321 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A VOTING REGISTRATION 9.2 The Campaign Game 298 VOLUNTEER 321 The High-Tech Media Campaign 298 Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic? 322 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: WILL THE INTERNET REVOLUTIONIZE POLITICAL Do Elections Affect Public Policy? 323 CAMPAIGNS? 299 Do Campaigns Lead to Increases in the Scope of Organizing the Campaign 300 Government? 323 9.3 Money and Campaigning 301 ON MYPOLISCILAB 324 Regulations on Campaign Contributions 302 Regulations on Independent Political Expenditures 304 10 Interest Groups 328 Are Campaigns Too Expensive? 306 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 330 Does Money Buy Victory? 306 WHY IT MATTERS: MONEY AND 10.1 The Role of Interest Groups 332 ELECTIONS 306 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: INTEREST GROUP PARTICIPATION 332 9.4 The Impact of Campaigns 307 10.2 Theories of Interest Group 9.5 Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First Politics 333 Choice 307 Pluralism 333 Deciding Whether to Vote 308 Elitism 334 Registering to Vote 309 Hyperpluralism 334 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: WHY TURNOUT IN THE UNITED STATES IS POINT TO PONDER 335 SO LOW COMPARED TO TURNOUT IN WHY IT MATTERS: THEORIES OF INTEREST OTHER COUNTRIES 310 GROUP POLITICS 336 Who Votes? 311 WHY IT MATTERS: YOUTH TURNOUT 312 ix  10.3 What Makes an Interest Group 11.2 Congressional Elections 364 Successful? 336 Who Wins Elections? 364 The Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups 336 WHY IT MATTERS: INCUMBENT SUCCESS 364 Intensity 338 The Advantages of Incumbency 365 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: THE VIRGINIA The Role of Party Identification 368 21 COALITION 338 Defeating Incumbents 368 Financial Resources 339 Open Seats 369 10.4 How Groups Try to Shape Policy 339 Stability and Change 369 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A LOBBYIST 339 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD WE IMPOSE TERM LIMITS ON MEMBERS OF CONGRESS? 369 EXPLORER: CAN INTEREST GROUPS BUY PUBLIC POLICY? 340 11.3 How Congress Is Organized to Lobbying 341 Make Policy 370 Electioneering 343 American Bicameralism 370 WHY IT MATTERS: PACs 344 WHY IT MATTERS: THE FILIBUSTER 372 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD PACs BE Congressional Leadership 372 ELIMINATED? 345 WHY IT MATTERS: PARTY STRENGTH 374 Litigation 345 The Committees and Subcommittees 374 Going Public 346 WHY IT MATTERS: INCONSISTENT OVERSIGHT 377 10.5 Types of Interest Groups 347 WHY IT MATTERS: THE COMMITTEE Economic Interests 348 SYSTEM 378 Environmental Interests 350 Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress 379 Congressional Staff 379 Equality Interests 351 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: ARE Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies 352 OPPORTUNITIES TO INTERN BIASED IN FAVOR OF THE WEALTHY? 380 10.6 Understanding Interest Groups 352 11.4 The Congressional Process and Interest Groups and Democracy 352 Decision Making 381 Interest Groups and the Scope of Government 353 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A CONSUMER ADVOCATE 381 ON MYPOLISCILAB 355 Presidents and Congress: Partners and Protagonists 383 Party, Constituency, and Ideology 384 PART III THE POLICYMAKERS EXPLORER: CAN CONGRESS GET ANYTHING DONE? 385 Lobbyists and Interest Groups 387 11 Congress 358 POINT TO PONDER 388 11.5 Understanding Congress 389 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 360 Congress and Democracy 389 11.1 The Representatives and Senators 361 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: MALAPPORTIONMENT IN THE UPPER The Members 361 HOUSE 390 Why Aren’t There More Women in Congress? 363 Congress and the Scope of Government 391 x ON MYPOLISCILAB 392 12 The Presidency 396 WHY IT MATTERS: WAR POWERS 425 Crisis Manager 425 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 398 Working with Congress 427 12.1 The Presidents 399 12.6 Power from the People: The Public Presidency 428 Great Expectations 400 Going Public 428 Who They Are 400 POINT TO PONDER 400 Presidential Approval 429 How They Got There 401 EXPLORER: WHAT INFLUENCES PRESIDENTIAL PUBLIC APPROVAL? 430 WHY IT MATTERS: STANDARDS OF IMPEACHMENT 403 Policy Support 431 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: WHAT SHOULD YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: THE BE THE CRITERIA FOR IMPEACHING THE GENERATION GAP IN PRESIDENTIAL PRESIDENT? 405 APPROVAL 432 Mobilizing the Public 433 12.2 Presidential Powers 405 12.7 The President and the Press 434 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FIRST-TERM PRESIDENT 405 Nature of News Coverage 435 Constitutional Powers 405 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: PRESIDENT OR Understanding the American PRIME MINISTER? 406 12.8 Presidency 436 The Expansion of Power 407 The Presidency and Democracy 437 Perspectives on Presidential Power 407 The Presidency and the Scope of Government 437 12.3 Running the Government: The Chief ON MYPOLISCILAB 438 Executive 408 The Vice President 409 The Budget: The Politics of The Cabinet 409 13 Taxing and Spending 442 The Executive Office 410 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 444 The White House Staff 412 The First Lady 413 13.1 Federal Revenue and Borrowing 446 12.4 Presidential Leadership of Congress: SIMULATION: YOU ARE A PRESIDENT DURING A BUDGET The Politics of Shared Powers 414 CRISIS 446 Chief Legislator 415 Personal and Corporate Income Tax 446 WHY IT MATTERS: THE PRESIDENT’S VETO 415 EXPLORER: HOW HIGH ARE YOUR TAXES? 447 Party Leadership 416 WHY IT MATTERS: THE PROGRESSIVE INCOME TAX 448 Public Support 419 Legislative Skills 420 Social Insurance Taxes 449 Borrowing 449 12.5 The President and National Security WHY IT MATTERS: DEFICIT SPENDING 451 Policy 422 Taxes and Public Policy 451 Chief Diplomat 422 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: EDUCATION Commander in Chief 423 AND THE FEDERAL TAX CODE 453 War Powers 424 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: HOW BIG IS THE TAX BURDEN? 454 xi  13.2 Federal Expenditures 454 14.3 Bureaucracies as Implementors 484 Big Governments, Big Budgets 455 SIMULATION: YOU ARE HEAD OF FEMA 484 The Rise of the National Security State 455 What Implementation Means 484 The Rise of the Social Service State 457 Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Incrementalism 459 Implementation Test 484 “Uncontrollable” Expenditures 460 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: DRUG OFFENSES AND FINANCIAL AID 485 WHY IT MATTERS: “UNCONTROLLABLE” SPENDING 460 WHY IT MATTERS: BUREAUCRATIC RESOURCES 487 POINT TO PONDER 461 POINT TO PONDER 489 13.3 The Budgetary Process 461 A Case Study of Successful Implementation: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 492 Budgetary Politics 461 The President’s Budget 464 Privatization 493 Congress and the Budget 464 14.4 Bureaucracies as Regulators 493 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: BALANCING THE BUDGET 467 Regulation in the Economy and in Everyday Life 493 13.4 Understanding Budgeting 467 Deregulation 494 Democracy and Budgeting 467 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: HOW SHOULD WE REGULATE? 495 The Budget and the Scope of Government 469 14.5 Controlling the Bureaucracy 496 ON MYPOLISCILAB 470 Presidents Try to Control the Bureaucracy 496 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: INFLUENCING The Federal INDEPENDENT AGENCIES 497 14 Bureaucracy 472 Congress Tries to Control the Bureaucracy 497 Iron Triangles and Issue Networks 498 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 474 14.6 Understanding Bureaucracies 500 14.1 The Bureaucrats 475 Bureaucracy and Democracy 500 Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities 476 EXPLORER: WHAT PUTS THE “BIG” IN BIG Civil Servants 478 GOVERNMENT? 501 WHY IT MATTERS: THE MERIT SYSTEM 479 Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government 502 Political Appointees 479 ON MYPOLISCILAB 503 14.2 How the Federal Bureaucracy Is Organized 480 Cabinet Departments 480 15 The Federal Courts 506 Independent Regulatory Commissions 481 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 508 WHY IT MATTERS: INDEPENDENT REGULATORY COMMISSIONS 482 15.1 The Nature of the Judicial Government Corporations 483 System 509 The Independent Executive Agencies 483 Participants in the Judicial System 510 xii 15.2 The Structure of the Federal Judicial YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: THE DEBATE System 511 OVER JUDICIAL ACTIVISM 539 District Courts 512 EXPLORER: WHO ARE THE ACTIVIST JUDGES? 540 Courts of Appeals 513 ON MYPOLISCILAB 542 The Supreme Court 514 15.3 The Politics of Judicial Selection 516 PART IV POLICIES WHY IT MATTERS: JUDICIAL ELECTION 516 The Lower Courts 517 WHY IT MATTERS: SENATORIAL COURTESY 517 Economic and Social The Supreme Court 518 16 Welfare Policymaking 546 15.4 The Backgrounds of Judges and MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 548 Justices 521 Backgrounds 522 16.1 Economic Policymaking 550 Criteria for Selection 523 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FEDERAL RESERVE CHAIR 550 Background Characteristics and Policymaking 524 Two Major Worries: Unemployment and Inflation 550 15.5 The Courts as Policymakers 525 EXPLORER: WHO BROKE THE ECONOMY? 551 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A SUPREME COURT CLERK 525 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY AGE AND RACE/ Accepting Cases 525 ETHNICITY, 2011 552 The Process of Decision Making 527 Policies for Controlling the Economy 553 WHY IT MATTERS: INTEREST RATES 554 The Basis of Decisions 528 WHY IT MATTERS: KEYNESIAN VERSUS SUPPLY- POINT TO PONDER 530 SIDE ECONOMICS 557 Implementing Court Decisions 530 POINT TO PONDER 557 WHY IT MATTERS: THE LACK OF A JUDICIAL Why It Is Hard to Control the Economy 558 BUREAUCRACY 532 15.6 The Courts and Public Policy: A 16.2 Types of Social Welfare Policies 558 Historical Review 532 WHY IT MATTERS: PERCEPTIONS OF POVERTY 559 John Marshall and the Growth of Judicial Review 532 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: THE SUPREME 16.3 Income, Poverty, and Public COURT IS CLOSER THAN YOU THINK 533 Policy 559 The “Nine Old Men” 534 Who’s Getting What? 560 The Warren Court 535 Who’s Poor in America? 561 The Burger Court 535 How Public Policy Affects Income 563 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: THE TENURE OF SUPREME COURT JUDGES 535 16.4 Helping the Poor? Social Policy and The Rehnquist and Roberts Courts 536 Poverty 566 “Welfare” as We Knew It 566 15.7 Understanding the Courts 536 Ending Welfare as We Knew It: The Welfare Reforms The Courts and Democracy 536 of 1996 567 The Scope of Judicial Power 538 WHY IT MATTERS: THE 1996 REFORM OF WELFARE 568 xiii  YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: SHOULD WHY IT MATTERS: “NIMBY” 598 GOVERNMENT BENEFITS BE DENIED TO ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS? 569 Global Warming 598 WHY IT MATTERS: GLOBAL WARMING 599 16.5 Social Security: Living on Borrowed Time 569 17.3 Energy Policy 600 The Growth of Social Security 570 Coal 600 Reforming Social Security 570 Petroleum and Natural Gas 600 16.6 Social Welfare Policy Elsewhere 571 Nuclear Energy 602 POINT TO PONDER 602 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: PARENTAL LEAVE POLICIES 572 Renewable Sources of Energy 603 16.7 Understanding Economic and Social 17.4 Understanding Health Care, Welfare Policy 572 Environmental, and Energy Democracy and Economic and Social Welfare Policy 603 Policies 573 Democracy, Health Care, and Environmental Economic and Social Welfare Policies and the Scope Policy 603 of Government 574 The Scope of Government and Health Care, Environmental, and Energy Policy 604 ON MYPOLISCILAB 575 ON MYPOLISCILAB 605 Policymaking for Health 17 Care, the Environment, 18 National Security and Energy 578 Policymaking 608 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 580 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 610 17.1 Health Care Policy 581 18.1 American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers 611 The Cost of Health Care 581 Instruments of Foreign Policy 611 EXPLORER: SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT ENSURE EVERYONE HAS HEALTH CARE COVERAGE? 582 Actors on the World Stage 612 AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: THE COSTS AND The Policymakers 614 BENEFITS OF HEALTH CARE 583 POINT TO PONDER 615 Access to Health Care 584 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: HEALTH 18.2 American Foreign Policy Through INSURANCE, EMERGENCY ROOMS, AND YOUNG the Cold War 618 AMERICANS 587 Isolationism 619 The Role of Government in Health Care 588 The Cold War 620 Reform Efforts 589 18.3 American Foreign Policy and the WHY IT MATTERS: NATIONAL HEALTH War on Terrorism 624 INSURANCE 590 The Spread of Terrorism 624 17.2 Environmental Policy 592 Afghanistan and Iraq 625 Economic Growth and the Environment 592 Environmental Policies in America 594 18.4 Defense Policy 627 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: HOW MUCH Defense Spending 627 SHOULD WE DO TO SAVE A SPECIES? THE FLORIDA MANATEE 596 xiv  WHY IT MATTERS: THE DEFENSE BUDGET 628 The International Economy 635 Personnel 628 WHY IT MATTERS: ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE 635 Weapons 629 YOUNG PEOPLE AND POLITICS: EMBRACING EXPLORER: HOW MUCH DOES AMERICA SPEND ON GLOBALIZATION 636 DEFENSE? 630 Energy 638 Reforming Defense Policy 631 Foreign Aid 638 18.5 The New National Security AMERICA IN PERSPECTIVE: RANKING LARGESSE 639 Agenda 631 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A PRESIDENT DURING A FOREIGN 18.6 Understanding National Security POLICY CRISIS 631 Policymaking 640 The Changing Role of Military Power 632 National Security Policymaking and Democracy 640 WHY IT MATTERS: THE ONLY National Security Policymaking and the Scope of SUPERPOWER 632 Government 641 Nuclear Proliferation 634 ON MYPOLISCILAB 642 YOU ARE THE POLICYMAKER: DEFANGING A NUCLEAR THREAT 634 Glossary 646 Key Terms in Spanish 659 Notes 664 Credits 685 Index 693 Answer Key 714 On MyPoliSciLab The Declaration of Independence Anti-Federalist No. 17 The Constitution of the United States Marbury v. Madison Federalist No. 10 McCulloch v. Maryland Federalist No. 15 Brown v. Board of Education Federalist No. 51 The Gettysburg Address Federalist No. 78 Washington’s Farewell Address xv  TO THE STUDENT In2012,Americanvoters Meet Your Authors Watch on MyPoliSciLab reelected President GEORGE C. EDWARDS III Barack Obama, a Democrat, while simultaneously keeping is University Distinguished control of the House of Representatives in the Republicans’ Professor of Political Science hands. You may be puzzled about why—after such a long, at Texas A&M University and expensive, and hotly contested campaign—voters divided the Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies. He is also the political power in Washington. And you might also won- Winant Professor of American der why our political system permits, and even encourages, Government at the University such mixed verdicts. We have found that election results of Oxford. When he determined like these lead many students to conclude that govern- that he was unlikely to become ment in America is incredibly complex and hard to make shortstop for the New York sense of. We are not going to make false promises and Yankees, he turned to political tell you that American government is easy to understand. science. Today, he is one of the However, we do intend to provide you with a clear road- country’s leading scholars of map to understanding our complex political system. the presidency and has written The framers of our Constitution could have designed or edited 25 books on American a much simpler system, but they purposely built in com- politics. plexities as insurance against the concentration of power. Despite these complexities, many of the founders, such as Jefferson, were confident that the American people would MARTIN P. WATTENBERG be able to navigate their constitutional system and effec- teaches courses on American tively govern themselves within it. In writing this book, we politics at the University of are similarly confident that young adults in the twenty- California, Irvine. His first first century can participate effectively in our democracy. regular paying job was with The major message that we convey in this book is that the Washington Redskins, from politics and government matter to everyone. Government which he moved on to receive in America explains how policy choices make a difference a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan. He is the author of and shape the kind of country in which we live. We will Is Voting for Young People?, show you how these choices affect the taxes we pay, the which examines the role of wars we fight, the quality of our environment, and many young people in elections today. other critical aspects of our lives. His research also encompasses Students often ask us whether we are trying to convey how elections in the United a liberal or conservative message in this book. The answer States compare to those in is that our goal is to explain the major viewpoints, how other established democracies. they differ, and how such differences matter. We wish to give you the tools to understand American politics and government. Once you have these tools, you can make ROBERT L. LINEBERRY your own judgment about policy choices and become a is a professor of political science at the University of Houston. Bob has well-informed participant in our democratic process. In been president of the Policy Studies Section of the American Political the twenty-first century, it is often said that “knowledge is Science Association and is the author or coauthor of numerous books power.” We sincerely hope that the knowledge conveyed in and articles on political science. In addition, he has regularly taught this book will help you exercise your fair share of political the introductory course in American government for the past 40 years. power in the years to come. xvi TO THE INSTRUCTOR In2008,theUnitedStates electedBarackObamaas president in the hope of making progress on a host of issues, including the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, immigration, climate change, and health care. Some changes did occur: health care reform expanded health insurance coverage to millions of Americans and protected millions of others against abuses by insurance com- panies; new regulations on Wall Street were put in place in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008; and immigration policy limited the deportation of young illegal immigrants. More generally, however, the nation faced gridlock, especially follow- ing the substantial Republican gains in the 2010 congressional elections. The national government even came close to defaulting on its debt. Democrats and Republicans have been further apart in their thinking about the role of gov- ernment than at any time since Reconstruction, and Republicans have pledged to undo the Democrats’ health care reform. The 2012 Election Edition of Government in America explains the reasons we have such a difficult time resolving differences over public policy and the stakes we all have in finding solutions to the challenges facing our nation. We frame its content with a public policy approach to government in the United States and continually ask—and answer—the question, “What differ- ence does politics make to the policies that governments produce?” It is one thing to describe the Madisonian system of checks and balances and separa- tion of powers or the elaborate and unusual federal system of government in the United States; it is something else to ask how these features of our consti- tutional structure affect the policies that governments generate. The essence of our approach to American government and politics is that politics matters. The national government provides important services, ranging from retirement security and health care to recreation facilities and weather forecasts. The government may also send us to war or negotiate peace with our adversaries, expand or restrict our freedom, raise or lower our taxes, and increase or decrease aid to education. In the twenty-first century, decision mak- ers of both political parties are facing difficult questions regarding American democracy and the scope of our government. Students need a framework for understanding these questions. We do not discuss policy at the expense of politics, however. We provide exten- sive coverage of four core subject areas: constitutional foundations, patterns of political behavior, political institutions, and public policy outputs; but we try to do so in a more analytically significant—and interesting—manner. We take special pride in introducing students to relevant work from current political scientists, for example, on the role of PACs and SuperPACs or the impact of divided party government—something we have found instructors to appreciate. xvii  New to This Edition Government in America, 2012 Election Edition, has been substantially revised and updated to reflect recent changes—often of a historic magnitude—in politics, policy, and participation. Naturally, we have full coverage of the 2012 presidential and congressional elections and of the latest Supreme Court decisions on civil liberties, civil rights, federalism, and congressional and presidential powers. The historic struggles over the budget and national debt, health care reform, economic policy, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan also receive significant coverage. Extensive changes in this edition make the text even more accessible and relevant to students. For example, we have changed the content of many of our chapter-opening vignettes and features to make them as relevant as possible to current concerns and to pique student interest. From the first chapter, we emphasize the significance of government to young people and the impor- tance of their participation. We have streamlined our presentation of material by combining our chapter on campaigns, nominations, and elections with our chapter on voting behavior, as well as by combining our chapters on economic and social welfare policymaking. We have reorganized our discussion of federalism to make it easier for students to grasp, and have done the same for Supreme Court decision making, clarifying the different bases of decisions, such as original meaning, original intent, and personal ideology. In addition, we have a great deal of new material in the chapters. For example, not only is there extensive coverage of the 2012 elections, but a com- pletely revised and updated discussion of campaign financing places new focus on the role of money in campaigns. We also have new material on the increas- ingly ideological presentation of the news on cable television and its potential 4.1 consequences. The updating of Supreme Court decisions includes recent key 4.2 4.3 decisions such as those on health care reform and immigration. In our chapter 4.4 on the presidency and throughout the book, we have broad coverage of the Obama administration, in areas ranging from budgetary policy and relations 4.5 4.6 4.7 with Congress in this era of polarization to foreign policy challenges such as 4.8 This mother and daughter attending the National Rifle Association’s annual meeting are enjoying the right to bear arms. This right is not absolute, however. the upheaval in the Middle East. The entire chapter on the core issue of the Defendants’ Rights budget has been thoroughly updated, with new graphics, to reflect the central 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation. he Bill of Rights contains only 45 words that guarantee the freedoms of importance of taxing and spending in American government and the core T religion, speech, press, and assembly. Most of the remaining words concern the rights of people accused of crimes. The Founders intended these rights to protect the accused in political arrests and trials; British abuse of colonial issues of the fiscal and debt crises. We have the latest on all the policies we political leaders was still fresh in the memory of American citizens. Today the courts apply the protections in the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Amendments mostly in criminal justice cases. It is useful to think of the criminal justice system as a funnel. Following a crime there is (sometimes) an arrest, which is (sometimes) followed by a prosecution, which is (sometimes) followed by a trial, which (usually) results in a verdict of innocence or cover, from health care reform and Medicare to the war in Afghanistan and guilt. The funnel gets smaller and smaller. For example, the ratio of crimes reported to arrests made is about five to one. At each stage of the criminal justice system, the Constitution protects the rights of the accused (see Figure 4.1). The language of the Bill of Rights comes from the late 1700s and is often vague. relations with Iran. For example, just how speedy is a “speedy trial”? How “cruel and unusual” does a pun- ishment have to be in order to violate the Eighth Amendment? The courts continually must rule on the constitutionality of actions by police, prosecutors, judges, and legis- latures—actions that a citizen or group could claim violate certain rights. Defendants’ rights, just like those rights protected by the First Amendment, are not clearly defined Over 30% of the photos in this edition are new. They capture major events from the last few years, of course, but to illustrate the relevance of politics, they in the Bill of Rights. One thing is clear, however. The Supreme Court’s decisions have extended specific provisions of the Bill of Rights—one by one—to the states as part of the general process 130 show political actors and processes as well as people affected by politics and policies, creating a visual narrative that enhances rather than repeats the text. MyPoliSciLab Video Series Watch on MyPoliSciLab Also, all of the figures and tables reflect the latest available data, and we take pride in continuously improving our graphical presentations of this data. 1 The Big Picture What does the Constitution leave out? Author George C. Edwards III delves into why the government becomes deadlocked and how understanding the Constitution allows us to adjust expectations for what the government can— and cannot—accomplish. Finally, to create a tighter pedagogical connection between this book The Basics What is the purpose of a Constitution? In this video, you will discover and MyPoliSciLab, we integrated several new features that move students the reasons why the Framers wrote the Constitution and how the Constitution sets up checks and balances, the protection of liberties, and the framework we need for a functioning democracy. 2 from the book to online active learning opportunities. (NB: The icons listed IIn Context Why is it unusual that the United States Constitution has governed so throughout the book lead to learning resources on MyPoliSciLab.) 3 llong in its present form? Fordham University political scientist Costas Panagopolos e explains why the Constitution is such a rarity and how it has succeeded in an e evolving American society. A new design simplifies the presentation of content to facilitate print and Thinking Like a Political Scientist How do the institutions created by the U.S. Constitution operate and how has their role changed over time? Fordham University political scientist Costas Panagopolos examines this and other emerging issues in the research and in the study of the Constitution. 4 digital reading experiences. It also focuses reading by turning our book’s learning objectives into a clear learning path backed by personalized 5 In the Real World How well does the system of checks and balances in the United States work, and is it actually fair? Real people voice their opinions on whether or not they believe it is constitutional for Congress to check the power of the president—and vice versa. study plans on MyPoliSciLab. So What? Discover why change in the government sometimes seems next- Videos now support the narrative in each chapter. We—the authors— to-impossible. Author George C. Edwards III illustrates how the Constitution encourages government to move slowly, and provides some theories on why 6 frame each chapter topic, and interviews with political scientists and maybe that's not such a bad thing. 34 xviii everyday citizens look at interesting aspects of each topic. We list the  videos at the start of each chapter, and students can watch them on MyPoliSciLab. Infographics demonstrate how political scientists use data to answer questions like “How Long Did It Take to Ratify the Constitution?” or “What Influences a President’s Public Approval?” On MyPoliSciLab, stu- dents can use interactive data to investigate further the same question. In every chapter, On MyPoliSciLab helps students review what they just read. In addition to a chapter summary, key term list, chapter test, and further reading list, there are reminders to use the chapter audio, practice tests, and flashcards on MyPoliSciLab. Themes and Features On MyPoliSciLab Review the Chapter Listen to Chapter 3 on MyPoliSciLab Government in America follows two central themes. The great question central Defining Federalism and block grants, the federal government provides state and local governments with substantial portions of their budgets, to governing, a question every nation must answer, is, How should we govern? Define federalism and contrast it with alternative ways 3.1 of organizing a nation, p. 75. and it uses this leverage to influence policy by attaching conditions to receiving the grants. Sometimes Washington Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that two or mandates state policy without providing the resources to more levels of government have formal authority over the implement the policy. In the United States, our answer is “by democracy.” Yet democracy is an evolv- same area and people. Federal systems are more decentral- ized than unitary systems but less so than confederations. Diversity in Policy The Constitutional Basis of 3.4 Explain the consequences of federalism for diversity in public polices among the states, p. 94. Federalism ing and somewhat ambiguous concept. The first theme, then, is the nature 3.2 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establish- ment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to Federalism allows for considerable diversity among the states in their policies. This constitutional arrangement facilitates state innovations in policy, and it allows states to move each other, p. 77. beyond the limits of national policy. However, federalism also of our democracy. In Chapter 1, we define democracy as a means of select- The Constitution divides power between the national (fed- eral) government and state governments and makes the national government supreme within its sphere. The national leaves states dependent upon the resources within their bor- ders to finance public services, and it may discourage states from providing some services. government has implied as well as enumerated powers, Understanding Federalism ing policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and as McCulloch v. Maryland made clear. The Civil War also helped establish the preeminence of the national govern- ment, and over the years the Supreme Court has interpreted these powers—particularly Congress’s interstate commerce 3.5 Assess the impact of federalism on democratic government and the scope of government, p. 95. power—broadly, as Washington has taken on more respon- responds to citizens’ preferences. As with previous editions, we incorporate On the positive side, federalism provides for effective repre- sibilities to deal with matters such as the economy and civil sentation of local interests, reduces conflict at the national rights. States have obligations to give full faith and credit to level, encourages acceptance of losing elections, and increases the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of other the opportunities for citizens to participate in government states, return a person charged with a crime in another state and see their policy preferences reflected in law. On the to that state, and accord citizens of other states the privileges theoretical issues in our discussions of different models of American democ- and immunities enjoyed by their own citizens. Intergovernmental Relations negative side, federalism increases the opportunities for local interests to thwart national policy, can result in the election of a president not favored by a majority of the public, and complicates efforts to make government responsive. The national government has grown in response to the racy. We try to encourage students to think analytically about the theories and 3.3 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today, p. 84. demands of Americans for public services it can best provide, but it has not in any way supplanted the states. States no longer have exclusive responsibility for government to develop independent assessments of how well the American system lives up functions within their sphere but instead share these respon- sibilities with the federal government. Through categorical Learn the Terms to citizens’ expectations of democratic government. To help them do this, in federalism, p. 75 McCulloch v. Maryland, p. 80 Study and Review the Flashcards full faith and credit, p. 83 every chapter we raise questions about democracy. For example, does Congress unitary governments, p. 75 enumerated powers, p. 81 extradition, p. 83 intergovernmental relations, p. 76 implied powers, p. 81 privileges and immunities, p. 83 supremacy clause, p. 78 elastic clause, p. 81 dual federalism, p. 85 Tenth Amendment, p. 79 Gibbons v. Ogden, p. 82 cooperative federalism, p. 85 101 give the American people the policies they want? Is a strong presidency good for democracy? Does our mass media mak