Geography Review PDF

Geography review Renewable energy - Renewable: resources that can be regenerated if use carefully - Regenerated within 100 years or less (forests, etc.) Non renewable - Non renewab...

Geography review Renewable energy - Renewable: resources that can be regenerated if use carefully - Regenerated within 100 years or less (forests, etc.) Non renewable - Non renewable: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced - Which takes a million years to regenerate themselves (gold, silver, copper, etc.) Primary industry - Industries that take raw minerals from the environment - Recovery of natural resources must happen before anything else can occur - Agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing - Contributes to a countries wealth Secondary industry - Involves processing primary industries products into finished goods - Manufacturing responsible for making the range of products needed - Located in densely populated areas Tertiary industry - Wide range of services to support primary and secondary industries - Society wouldn’t function with these products - Majority in concentrated cities and towns Quaternary industry - It is the research and development of new and improved products - Continuously growing sector Non basic and Basic Basic: - industries that sell products outside the community - Ex. shipping department of a pulp and paper mill - The money comes from outside the community as iot is provided indirectly by the customers who buy paper products from the mill Non basic: - Industries that sells it products within the community - Doesn’t bring new money into the community - Instead they recycle the money that is already there GDP - Gross domestic product - Measures the value of goods and services that a country makes in a year - GDP per capita: countries GDP divided by it population Ex. united states = $ 25.463 trillion - Natural resources is the least GDP in canada and Services is the highest GDP NAFTA/USMCA - The goal of NAFTA is to eliminate all tariffs and non tariff barriers of trade and investment between the US, canad, mexico - Support beneficial trade leading tk freer markets, fairer trade, and robust economic growth in north america WTO - World trade organization - International organization that sets the rules how nations can trade among one another and that resolves trade disputes - Canada is a member - WTO overseas and keeps track of all the world’s trading patterns - WTO has over 165 embers who are involved in 95% of the worlds trade - Encourages globalization - Recall: globalization is the process by which most regions of the world have become connected by economics, culture, and financial services. Extensive farming - Involves large areas of land - Requires relatively small amounts of labour - Produces products such as wheat and cooking oil for export Intensive farming - Involves relativity small areas of land - Requires large amounts of labour - Is located near large urban areas and produces products such as dairy products for the nearby large population Mechanization - - the process of using machines, technology and automation to do work - Pros: the cost of work is sign, finally decreased less power needed, short amounts of time, increased efficient, productivity - Cons: high initial costs on ongoing maintenance expenses, and job losses due to reduced labour need. - Contributes to the improvements of agricultural technology and rapid transformation of agricultural development. Metallic Minerals - Minerals containing one or forms of metals in a definite composition - Copper, tin, iron, manganese, gold, etc) Fossil fuels - It is a term for non renewable energy sources such as coal, coal products, natural gas, derived gas, crude oil, petroleum products and non renewable waste. - They produce large quantities of carbon dioxide when burned - Fossil fuels are found in the earth’s crust - Compound mixtures made of fossilized plant and animal remnants from millions of years ago. - All fossil fuels are estimated to be gone by  2060 - Fossil fuels are used to produce energy, - Ex. heat our homes, run our vehicles, power industry, manufacturing, and provide us with electricity. Pros: - Reliable sources - Contributes to climate - Accident prone - Cost effective energy Cons: - Not renewable - Reduce consumption - Easy to run out - Pollute the environment - Contribute to greenhouse gases - They can be dangerous if used irresponsible - Air pollution, climate change, water pollution Industrial Minerals - A rock, a mineral or other naturally occurring material of economic value Clear cutting - Clear cutting is when most or all trees are cut in a harvesting area - Pros: opens new spaces, new sun exposure, most profitable - Cons: erosion increase, sediment entering the waters are harmful for animals, reduces biodiversity Shelter wood cutting - Shelter wood cutting is when mature trees are harvest - Cut strips away from trees - Pros: fewer environmental problems, helps the regeneration of trees - Cons: more expensive Selective cutting - Selective cutting is forest management as an uneven age system. It is performed on private wood lots - Only cutting down certain trees - Pros: not much impact on the ecological features of the forest - Cons: costly, uses pesticides Sustainability - The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - Meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - The threes pillars of sustainability are environmental, social, and economic Stewardship - The conducting, supervising, or managing of something - The care, handling and management of resources Globalization - The trend toward greater interconnectedness of the world - Describes how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place - The 8 types of globalization if financial, economic, technological, political, cultural, sociological, ecological, and geographic systems Strip mining - Used to mine coal, oil sands, and other minerals that are located in horizontal layers near the surface - Overburden (trees, earth,rock) is removed - Blasting may be necessary to remove some mineral deposits - Material is loaded onto trucks or conveyor belts by shovel or dragline, a dragline is a large bucket that is dragged to pick up loose material - Cheapest - Can only be used for mineral deposits located very close to the surface - Used to extract minerals such as sand gravel, some coal deposits, and oil sands - Most severe environmental impact - Very large areas must be disturbed Open pit mining - Used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground - Overburden is removed - Holes are drilled 10 to 15 metres deep and filled with explosives. The rock is blasted apart - Ore is loaded into large trucks (which my carry 90 to 250 tonnes) by huge shovels - More expensive - Used for minerals relatively close to the surface but deeper than can be accessed by strip mining - Some diamonds, oil sands, iron ore deposits Underground mining - Is used to extract mineral ores located deep underground - Mine consists of vertical shafts accessible by elevators and horizontal shafts, called stopes, where the actual mining takes place - Explosives are used to blast rock at the end of the stopes - The blasted rock is moved to an underground crusher - The crushed rock is taken to the surface to await further processing - Most expensive mining method - Used to extract potash and valuable ores - Gold, nickel, and copper - More than 1000 metres below the surface - In extreme surfaces underground mines can be up to 3000 metres deep Inshore fishing - Small boats with limited gear, self employed - 85% of fishers but just 10% of fishing - Day trips only, not trips during bad weather - Low income - Lobster, shrimp, clam, cod, and haddock Offshore finishing - Large ships with variety of gear, company owned - 15% of fishers but 90% of fish - Out for two weeks or more at a time, in any weather - Reasonable income - Harvest cod, sole, balibut, redfish, flounder Potable water - Water that is safe to drink - Water that is filtered and treated properly and free from all the contaminants and harmful bacteria Ground water - Water underground in the soil (also called the Water Table) Trade surplus - When a country has more exports than imports Trade deficit - When a country has more imports than exports Free trade - When no tariffs are applied to any goods and services Tariffs - Taxes when a government puts on imports ( to make the imported good more expensive so that people will buy locally made goods) Competitive advantage - Factors that allow a company to produce goods or services better or more cheaply than its rivals - Allows the productive entity to generate more sales or superior margins compared to its markets rivals - Variety of factors including cost structure branding, the quality of products offering, the distribution network. Imports - Goods or services brought into one country from another country Canadian imports: - High technology products (i.e., computers, cameras and televisions from many countries including japan, taiwan, south korea, Germany, USA) - Motor vehicle parts from USA, mexico and japan - Goods produced only in warmer climate (i.e., coffee, sugar, citrus fruits, mahogany imported from countries nearer to the equator such as kenya, columbia, brazil, and india) - Low cost good (i.e., clothing, toys, books, from counties where labour costs are low such as china, india, vietnam, cambodia, and thailand) - Business services (i.e., movies, fast food  chains) Exports - Goods or services sent out from one country to another Canadian exports: - Products based on our natural resources (i.e., lumber, metal ores, oil, fish, live animals, grains, energy Industrial heartland - The parts of southern ontario and southern quebec that contain a large share of Canada’s manufacturing activity - There is fertile soil, gently rolling landscape, and varied stretches of lake shore. Boreal forest - Located in the boreal shield, boreal plains, and boreal cordillera ecozones - Largest forest area - Mainly coniferous (softwood) trees Black spruce is most common - Smaller trees are more common in this region 1. What are the 4 different types of industries, explain, and provide examples? The first is primary industry. This industry takes raw minerals from the environment. They are located near resources. For example, agriculture, farming, forestry, energy and mining. The second is secondary industry. It is the processing of primary industry products into finished goods. For example, lumber is manufactured and assembled into furniture. The next is the tertiary industry. It is the industry that takes wide ranges of services to support primary and secondary industries. For example, furniture is shipped to stores to be sold. That last is the quaternary industry. It is research and development of new and improved products. For example, developing new models of furniture. 2. What are the top 5 primary industries in Canada? The top 5 primary industries in Canada are fishing, farming, forestry, energy and mining. The first is fishing. It makes up a lot of Canada's economy. It is the foundation to place life the pacific and atlantic. Farming is the dominant business in the agribusiness. The new types of farming like mechanization has made farming a more profitable business. Forestry covers about 50% of canada. Commercial forestry is doing it for profit. Non-commercial forestry is less likely for industrial use. There are three different types of forestry practices (clear cutting, shelter cutting, and selective cutting.) energy is also important for the economy. Some examples are oil and gas, hydroelectric power, and renewable energy. Mining is Canada's primary industry. It involves processing rocks and minerals. The different types of mining are strip mining, open-pit mining, and underground mining. 3. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources and provide an example. A renewable resource can naturally replenish themselves while non renewable resources can’t. Renewable resources cannot be depleted overtime. Non renewab;e resources deplete overtime. Some examples of renewable energy are wind power, solar power, bio energy, and hydroelectric. Examples of non-renewable are oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy.  4. What does GDP stand for? What does it mean? GDP stands for gross domestic product. It measures the value of goods and services that a country makes in a year. GDP per capita is the country's GDP, divided by its population. Some countries are the US, China, Germany, Japan, and india. 5. What is the industrial heartland? The industrial heartland is a geographic and economic region of the US that comprises parts of the midwest surrounding areas that have relied on manufacturing for a significant share of their economic well-being foremost of the last century. In Canada, it is around southern Ontario and southern Quebec that contains a large share of Canada's manufacturing activity. 6. What is an import? What does Canada need to import? Imports are goods and services brought into one country from another country. Canada imports high technology products (computers, cameras, and tvs). Other examples are motor vehicles, goods produced in warm weather, low cost foods and business services. 7. What is an export? What does Canada export? Exports are goods and services sent out from one country to another. Canada exports products like natural resources. For example, Canada exports lumber, metal ores, oil, fish, live animals, grains and energy. 8. What is a tariff? A tariff is taxes when a government puts on imports (to make the imported goods more expensive so that people will buy locally made goods) 9. What is free trade? Free tafe is when no tariffs are applied to any goods and services. Goods and services bought and sold across international borders with little to no government tariffs. An example of free trade is NAFTA. 10. What is NAFTA/USMCA? NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement. USMCA stands for United States, Mexico, - Canada Agreement. The goal of NAFTA/USMCA is to eliminate all tariff and non-tariff barriers of trade and investment between the US, Canada, and mexico. It supports beneficial trade leading to freer markets, fairer trade and robust economic growth in North america. 11. What is WTO? WTO stands for world trade organization. It is an international organization that sets the rules on how nations can trade among one another and resolves trade disputes. WTO oversees and keeps track of all the world’s trading patterns. WTO encourages globalization. 12. Who is Canada’s top trading partner? Canada’s main trading partners are the United states. They export and import. Canada and the US are the largest trading partners in the world. The Us is a market for our raw materials, manufactured goods and services such as testing for mineral content in rocks and water quality. If the US would stop trading with Canada there would be huge effects. 13. What is Canada’s competitive Advantage? Canada's competitive advantage comes from all the natural resources, strong financial systems and highly educated workforce. They also have a strong and stable political environment and a good quality of life. This will attract people around the world.  14. What is a trade surplus? What is a trade deficit? Trade surplus is when a country has more exports than imports. For example, if a country exports $1 trillion in products while importing only $200 billion in goods it would’ve been a trade surplus of $800 billion. China, Russia, Germany and Saudi arabia. Trade deficit is when a country has more imports than exports. Canada exports seafood, oil, and lumberm while China exports electronics, clothing, footwear and steel. United States, Mexico, Brazil and the United Kingdom. 15. What is globalization? Globalization is trends towards greater interconnectedness of the world. It describes trade and technology that have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. The 8 types of globalization are financial, economic, technological, political, cultural, sociological, ecological and geographic systems. 16. What is the difference between inshore and offshore fishing? Inshore fishing is small boats with limited gear, self employed. 85% of fishers buy 20% of fishing. It is only a day trip and not trips during bad weather. Low income fishing. Fish thing life lobster, shrimp, clam, cod, and haddock, offshore fishing is large ships with a variety of gear and company owned. 15% of fishers byu 90% of fishers go out for 2 weeks or more in any type of weather. Reasonable income. They fish things like sol, bailbut, redfish and flounder. 17. What are the 2 main locations for fishing in Canada? The two main locations for fishing in Canada are the Atlantic coast and the pacific coast. The atlantic coast is placed specifically Nova scotia and on the pacific coast british columbia. They both include fish and other things that are important for industries. The areas are great for both commercial and recreational fishing. 18. What is the purpose of mining? What are the three different types of mining? The main purpose of mining is the production of energy, constructing buildings and manufacturing various goods. Strip mining is used to mine coal, oil sands, and other minerals that are located in the horizontal layers near the surface. It is the cheapest but has the biggest effects on the environment. Open pit mining is used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground. It is very expensive. Underground mining is used to extract minerals ore located deep underground. Most expensive and extracts valuable ores. 19. What are the three different ways to harvest tree? The three ways to harvest trees are selective cutting, clear cutting and shelter cutting. Selective cutting is only cutting down certain trees in an area. The pros are less ecological footprint. Consa are that they use pesticides. Clear cutting is cutting all trees in an area, the pros are that it opens new space, new sun exposure, and is most profitable. Cons are erosion increase, sediment 20. What are examples of renewable energy sources? Some examples are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydro power, ocean energy and bioenergy. Renewable energy is energy from natural resources. 21. What are oil sands and where are they found? Oils sands are naturally occurring mixtures of sand, clay and an oil called bitumen. They are mostly found in cretaceous rocks in venezuela and canada. Canadas are mostly found in northern alberta. 22. What is solar energy? Solar energy is light and heat that comes from the sun. It is the most abundant of all energy resources. It can deliver heat, cooling, natural light, electricity and fuels applications. Some examples, and photovoltaic system, solar heating, solar cooking, solar dryers, and heating water. 23. What is wind energy? Wind energy is energy of moving air by using large wind turbines located on land or in sea or freshwater. It is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Some examples are pumping water (wind pump, milling grain (windmill), sailing boats, generating electricity (water turbines). 24. What is hydroelectricity energy? Hydroelectricity is energy produced by the force of fast moving water such as rivers or waterfalls, it uses natural flow to generate electricity.it provides food control, irrigation support and clean drinking water. An example is an impoundment facility. It is a huge hydropower system that uses dams to store river water. 25. What is geothermal energy? Geothermal energy is heat energy from the earth. Geothermal energy is from power plants. That draws fluids from underground reservoirs to the surface to produce heated materials. It comes from the earth's core. It is used for bathing, heating buildings, and generating electricity. Some examples are geysers, power plants, heat pumps, district heating and electricity generation. 26. What is biomass energy? Biomass energy is renewable energy from plants and animals. It comes from organic materials like plants, wood, agricultural crops and animal waste. Energy converted into heat, electricity or biofuels. It is used from heating and electricity generation and a s a transportation. 27. What is sustainability? Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It doesn't compromise the ability of future generations. The three pillars of sustainability are environmental, social and economic. Some examples of sustainability are renewable energy, recycling, water conservation, energy savings, and carbon off setting. 28. What is an ecological footprint? An ecological footprint is a measure that indicates how much resources from the environment are required to support a specific way of life or business. It tracks the use of products with bad effects on the environment. Something used to track our ecological footprint are our food, our housing, our consumption of goods and services or our modes of transport. Some examples are transportation, energy consumption, food production, carbon emissions, and waste generation. 29. What are ways in which you can reduce your ecological footprint? There are many ways which we can reduce our ecological footprint like renewable energy, compost, buy used goods, energy conservation, reduce plastic waste, use LED light bulbs and save energy at home. 30. What are factors that would increase one’s ecological footprint? Something that can increase our ecological footprint is using more toxins, packaged and highly processed food and animal products. Over using and taking advantage of products can also increase it.  31. What are some ways a person can conserve water? We can conserve water by installing efficient toilets and fixtures, take shorter showers, do not leave the tap on when your not using it, try turning on the dishwasher and laundry machine when fully filled a, avoid watering you plant on rainy and windy days and use a broom instead of a hose to clean. 32. What does potable water mean? Potable water is water that is filtered and treated properly and is finally free from all the contaminants and harmful bacteria. Potable water is all drinking water