GEO01 Course Outcome 1.1 - Earth Science PDF

Official Business GREAT MORNING! Official Business DAILY ROUTINE Official Business ATTENDANCE CHECKING Official Business REMINDERS 1. Class list 2. BB- materials 3. Meeting link 4. Additional Concerns ...

Official Business GREAT MORNING! Official Business DAILY ROUTINE Official Business ATTENDANCE CHECKING Official Business REMINDERS 1. Class list 2. BB- materials 3. Meeting link 4. Additional Concerns Official Business Introducing the Earth and its Neighbors Course Outcome 1 GEO01 – Earth Science Materials Prepared by: Ryo Jerome C. Tuzon, LPT. and Charl Vince L. Porlares, LPT. Official Business Learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, I should be able to: 1. define geology; 2. differentiate Earth’s subsystem; 3. analyze the structure of each Earth’s subsystem; and 4. explain the Earth’s feedback mechanism Official Business What is this? Official Business Introduction to Geology Official Business Who Needs Geology? Geology is the scientific study of Earth: “Science of the Earth” Physical geology - the study of Earth’s materials, changes of the surface and interior of the Earth, and the forces that cause those changes. Official Business The Need for Geology The average American uses: Nonmetals (rock, clay, salt etc…) ~8,666 kg/person/year. Metals ~147 kg/person/year. Energy 3,626 (958 gallons) liters petroleum. 1,908 kg coal. 2,775 cubic meters natural gas. 0.06 kg of uranium. Official Business WHY GEOLOGY? Official Business Protecting the Environment Understanding geology can help us lessen or prevent damage to the environment —just as it can be used to find the resources in the first place. Dwindling resources can encourage disregard for ecological damage caused by extraction activities. The Alaskan Pipeline Official Business Avoiding Geologic Hazards Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods and tsunamis are the most dangerous geologic hazards. Damage in Haiti following earthquake of 2010 Damage in Chili following earthquake of 2010 Source: Tech. Sgt. James L. Harper Jr., U.S. Air Source: Walter D. Mooney, U.S. Geological Survey Force Official Business Avoiding Geologic Hazards Volcanoes – eruptions of lava and ash can overwhelm populated areas and disrupt air traffic Mudflows, landslides, floods, and wave erosion Mount Pinatubo eruption from 19 91 Armero, Colombia mudflow from 19 85 Source: Robert LaPointe, U.S. Air Force Source: Jacques Langevin Official Business Earth’s Systems Official Business CLOSE OPEN Official Business The Earth as a System Any portion of the universe that can be isolated from the rest of the universe to observe and measure changes. Each system of the Earth interacts with one another which allows it to support life. CLOSED SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM A self-contained system (in Energy and matter flow in which the boundary permits and out of the system. the exchange of energy, but not matter, with the surroundings).  The Earth as a Closed System Official Business  The Earth as a Closed System Official Business Official Business Earth Systems Atmosphere – the gases that envelop the Earth Hydrosphere – water on or near the Earth’s surface, such as the oceans, rivers, lakes and glaciers Biosphere – all living or once-living materials Geosphere – the solid rocky Earth Official Business ATMOSPHERE The gas that envelops the Earth and is one of the reasons that it can support life Relatively shallow compared to the Earth’s Geosphere Composed of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% of other gases such as CO2, Argon, Helium, Neon, Hydrogen and etc. From Tarbuck, Lutgens, & Tasa Earth Science Pearson Publishing Official Business TROPOSPHERE The lowest layer where all weather occurs. The base is warmer than the uppermost portion because the base is heated by the Earth’s surface that absorbs heat. Environmental Lapse Rate The rate of temperature decrease with an increase in altitude Normal lapse rate = 6.5°C/km in average Tropopause – the outer boundary of the troposphere Official Business STRATOSPHERE Beyond the tropopause. This is where the airplanes travel. The site of the ozone layer that absorbs the sun’s UV rays. sunlight The temperature remains constant to a height of about 20 km and then begins a gradual increase that continues until the stratopause at a height of nearly 50 km above Earth’s surface. Official Business MESOSPHERE Extends upward from the stratopause Temperatures decreases with height until at the mesopause, more than 80 km above the surface, the temperature approaches -90°C. The coldest temperatures anywhere in the atmosphere occur at the mesopause. One of the least explored regions of the atmosphere Official Business THERMOSPHERE Above the mesosphere but has no well-defined upper limit Temperatures increase due to the absorption of very short- wave, high-energy solar radiation by nitrogen and oxygen atoms The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere, between 330 and 435 kilometres (205 and 270 mi). Official Business BLUE MARBLE HYDROSPHERE NASA A dynamic mass of water that is continually on the move, evaporating from the oceans to the atmosphere, precipitating to the land, and running back to the ocean again. Includes all of water in and on the Earth. A unique property of the Earth is its abundance of water Official Business HYDROSPHERE Oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface and 97.5% of its salt water 2.5% of the Earth’s water represents the freshwater surface Freshwater sources are available from glaciers, groundwater, rivers, and lakes Geography of the Ocean NORTHERN HEMISPHERE Known as the land hemisphere 61% water 39% land SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE Known as the water hemisphere 81% water 19% land Official Business PACIFIC OCEAN Largest and deepest ocean Largest single geographic feature Extends from the Arctic Ocean in the North to the Antarctic Ocean (or Southern Ocean) to the South Official Business INDIAN OCEAN The third largest ocean in the world Largely a Southern Hemisphere water body Bounded by Asia to the North, Africa to the West, Australia to the east, and Antarctica to the South Official Business ATLANTIC OCEAN Second largest ocean Bounded by almost parallel continental margins (Europe and Africa to the East while the Americas to the West) Official Business ARCTIC OCEAN 7% the size of the Pacific Ocean The smallest and shallowest of the world’s oceans Some also call this ocean the Arctic Mediterranean Sea Official Business ANTARCTIC OCEAN The Antarctic Ocean or the Southern Ocean is defined by the Antarctic Convergence. It is the portions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans that lie about 50 degrees south latitude. ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE The meeting of currents near Antarctica Official Business OCEANS OF THE WORLD Official Business BIOSPHERE The sphere that includes all life on earth and a key part of the Carbon Cycle Ocean life is concentrated in the surface water and most life on land is concentrated near the surface as well. McGraw-Hill – BCSCIENCE 10 Ryerson 2007 Official Business BIOSPHERE The Earth so far is the only one known to hold life Covers all ecosystems From soil to the rainforest, mangroves to coral reefs, the plankton-rich ocean surface to the deep sea The base of the food chain is commonly the photosynthetic organisms From eSchooltoday http://eschooltoday.com/earth-system/the-biosphere.html Official Business GEOSPHERE The Earth after its formation, differentiated into the Crust, Mantle, and Core. PLANETARY DIFFERENTIATION The process that created the Earth’s layered structure The denser material sinks to the center (forming the core) The less dense materials floated to the top forming the crust Official Business LAYERING BY LITHOSPHERE PHYSICAL ASTHENOSPHERE PROPERTIES This classification MESOSPHERE is based on compositional or OUTER CORE density differences. INNER CORE Official Business LAYERING BY CRUST CHEMICAL PROPERTIES MANTLE Classification based on whether the layer is CORE solid or liquid and could be on how weak or strong it is Official Business LAYERING BY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CRUST The thinnest layer ranging from 5 to 80 km thick and occupies