General Physics Overview and Introduction (Lecture) PDF

GENERAL PHYSICS Prof. Marie Rose D. Jasareno | Overview and Introduction (Lecture) Topic Outline: CHEMISTRY The Nature of Science...

GENERAL PHYSICS Prof. Marie Rose D. Jasareno | Overview and Introduction (Lecture) Topic Outline: CHEMISTRY The Nature of Science Deals with the composition, structure, and reactions ○ 2 Major Groups of matter. ○ Objectives of Physical Science Physics and its Relations to Other Fields ○ Objectives ASTRONOMY ○ Nature Study of the universe, which covers the totality of ○ 2 Divisions and Branches matter, energy, space, and time. 15 Branches of Classical Physics 5 Branches of Modern Physics METEOROLOGY ○ Men Behind the Progress of Physics Study of the atmosphere, from the surface of the ○ Key Terms Earth to where it ends in outer space. GEOLOGY 1.0 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE Science of the planet Earth Studies the planet’s composition, structure, SCIENCE processes, and history Came from the Latin word “scientia” The investigation of natural phenomena through 1.2 SOCIAL SCIENCE observation, theoretical explanation and experimentation, or the knowledge produced by such investigation. Studies the human behavior and societies The systematic study of the nature and behavior of Examples of such are the following: the material amd physical universe based on ○ Sociology observation, experiment, and the formulation of the ○ Psychology laws to describe these facts in general terms. ○ History ○ Economics 2 MAJOR GROUPS ○ Political Science Natural Science Social Science 2.0 PHYSICS AND ITS RELATIONS TO OTHER FIELDS 1.1 NATURAL SCIENCE PHYSICS Derived from the Greek word “fusis,” which means Studies the natural and biological world nature or natural things. These can be categorized into 2 groups: The most fundamental of the divisions ○ Biological (ex. Botany, Ecology, Biochemistry, Branch of science that deals with the structure of Zoology) matter and the interactions between the fundamental ○ Physical (ex. Chemistry, Astronomy, constituents of the observable universe. Meteorology, Geology, Physics) Science of matter, motion, and energy ○ Its laws are typically expressed with economy and precision in the language of OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE mathematics. Study of laws that determine the structure of the To acquire knowledge of the non-living parts of the Earth and the universe towards gaining a more effective control universe utilization of the natural phenomena. Concerned with the forces that exist between objects To emphasize the need for proper utilization and and the interrelationship between matter and energy. conservation of the natural resources. To understand, appreciate, and enjoy the discoveries, explorations, and inventions of science for the benefit of mankind. A.F. Concepcion | 1  ○ Classical Mechanics = Focuses on the laws 2.1 OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICS of motions and how they affect material objects. Physics covers the following topics: ○ Quantum Mechanics = Provides a ○ Behavior of objects under the action of given description of the physical properties of forces nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic ○ Nature and origin od gravitational, particles. electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields Is actually one of the sub-fields of Quantum Physics. Aims to formulate few comprehensive principles that bring together and explain all such disparate 2. Magnetism phenomena. Explores the properties of a magnet and how magnetic forces and fields act or react when they interact with other forces or even each other. 2.2 NATURE OF PHYSICS Studies how these magnetic fields react when they come in contact with different forces (e.g. the Physics is an experimental science. By observing the gravitational field and electric field) how magnets are phenomena of nature, physicists try to find patterns made, and how its properties will be lost or gained and principles that relate these phenomena. These over time. patterns are called physical theories. 3. Electricity and Electronics 2.3 2 DIVISIONS OF PHYSICS Electricity ○ Study of properties and movements of electrically charged particles of an object 2 DIVISIONS OF PHYSICS ○ Explores the various concepts of electricity (e.g. resistance, current, AC, DC) Classical Physics Modern Physics Electronics ○ Studies the application of electricity and how 2.3.1 CLASSICAL PHYSICS it works on various appliances and new *Newtonian Mechanics pieces of technology. BRANCHES OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS 4. Electromagnetism Mechanical Geo-physics Study of the magnetic forces and fields that are Physics/Mechanics created via the movements of electrical charges and vice versa. Magnetism Plasma Physics Concerned with the forces that occur between electrically charged particles. Electricity and Electronics Nuclear Physics Movements of electrical charges end up creating Electromagnetism Astrophysics magnetic fields while manipulation of magnetic fields renders to the production of electricity. Sound and Oscillation Biophysics 5. Sound and Oscillation Acoustics Psychophysics Studies objects of oscillation or vibration—which is a state of motion that may be linear Thermodynamics Food Physics Studies the various properties of different oscillating objects and how their vibrations and frequencies vary Optics from one another. Explores the various frequency ranges, their effect on 1. Mechanical Physics/Mechanics other objects and living beings, etc. One of the most basic and fundamental branches of classical physics 6. Acoustics Study of movements and motions of material objects Interrelated with sound and oscillation and how these objects are affected by and interacted Studies the production and properties of sound with other different forces. Aims to explore the concepts of how the mechanical Deals with the behavior of objects and systems in sound waves transmit through different objects and response to various forces. mediums. Explores the different concepts of physics, such as Focuses on the production, control, transmission, and force, matter, and motion while also studying its laws, reception of these sound waves and also their effects properties, and applications. Also studies vibrations that belongs to the inaudible Has 2 sub-branches: ranges of frequency (i.e. ultrasounds, infrasounds). A.F. Concepcion | 2 7. Thermodynamics 14. Psychophysics Study of heat and other forms of energy and the Subfield of psychology devoted to the study of conversion of energy from one form to another physical stimuli and their interaction with sensory Deals with the concept of heat and studies its relation systems. to work and energy Also studies the way heat is transmitted between 15. Food Physics objects and from one medium to another and how it Deals with the physical properties of food, food affects the medium and the energy itself. ingredients, and their measurement. Applied in the generation of raw food materials and 8. Optics the production of food. Studies the nature and properties of behavior of light as well as the properties of non-opaque, 2.3.2 MODERN PHYSICS semi-opaque, and reflective objects and how they interact with light. BRANCHES OF MODERN PHYSICS 9. Geo-Physics A part of natural science that studies the behavior of Cryophysics Atomic and Nuclear Physics geographical bodies and how their movements affect other bodies on the planet. Quantum Physics Plasma Physics Studies the physical processes and properties of the Earth and the space environment surrounding it. Solid-State Physics Uses several quantitative (and sometimes qualitative) methods of research for analysis and reaching a 1. Cryophysics conclusion. aka Low Temperature Physics Science concerned with the production and 10. Plasma Physics maintenance of temperature much below normal, Involves the properties and behavior of the fourth down to almost absolute zero, and with various state of matter, plasma. phenomena that occur only at such temperatures. 11. Nuclear Physics 2. Quantum Physics Studies the nucleus of an atom, which consists of Various areas of study based on quantum theory protons and neutrons. Deals with matter and electromagnetic radiation as Studies various forces and interactions within the well as the their interaction with one another. nucleus that hold the whole thing together. 3. Solid-State Physics 12. Astrophysics aka Condensed-Matter Physics Applies the laws of physics and chemistry to explain Examines the physical properties of solid material or the birth, life, and death of stars, planets, galaxies, condensed phases of matter. nebulae, and other objects in the universe. Very closely related to astronomy and cosmology. 4. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Applies the principles of physics and chemistry to Concerned with the structure and properties of the ascertain the nature of astronomical objects, rather atomic nucleus, and with nuclear reactions and their than their positions or motions in space. applications. 13. Biophysics 5. Plasma Physics Concerned with the application of physical principles Concerned with the study of highly ionized gases, and methods to biological problems. which are gases that have been separated into ○ Bioelectricity positively and negatively charged particles. Electrical phenomena of life processes Regulation of cell, tissue, and organ-level patterning behavior as the result of endogenous electrically mediated signalling Electrical currents and potentials generated by or occurring within living cells, tissues, and organisms. A.F. Concepcion | 3  2.4 MEN BEHIND THE PROGRESS OF PHYSICS Isaac Newton 3 Laws of Motion (1643 - 1727) Albert EInstein Brownian Motion and (1879 - 1955) Photoelectric Effect James Clark Maxwell Kinetic Theory of Gases (1831 - 1879) Wolfgang Pauli Exclusion Principle (1990 - 1958) Paul Dirac Helped found the Quanrum (1902 - 1984) Electrodynamics James Prescott Joule Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (1818 - 1889) 2.5 KEY TERMS APPLIED PHYSICS Application of the science of physics to help human beings in solving their problem. MATTER Anything that has mass and occupies space. ENERGY The capacity to do work or cause change. WORK The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance. DISTANCE The amount of space between two points. FORCE A push or pull that can change the motion od an object MOTION The change in an object’s position over time. A.F. Concepcion | 4