Genetic Modified Crops PDF

Genetic modified organism (crops) And The Methods for detection Veterinary public health department Assist prof: Dr Majid Joudah Al-saadi Defination : Genetically Modified Organism or crops. its is plants(crops) or an organism whose genetic material has altered by(1) removal or (2)alt...

Genetic modified organism (crops) And The Methods for detection Veterinary public health department Assist prof: Dr Majid Joudah Al-saadi Defination : Genetically Modified Organism or crops. its is plants(crops) or an organism whose genetic material has altered by(1) removal or (2)alteration or (3)insertion of a particular characteristic trait in desire gene or some genes using genetic engineering techniques. This change can be done not only within the same species, which called (Intragenesis)or ‫‏‬ (Cisgenes) but also between different types of organisms such as fungi ,bacteria , viruses ,or plant cells.  Genetically Modified (Crops) regarded a one of the most important type of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), for two reasons : A. The global land areas of crops that implantation with genetically modified for agronomic traits continues to grow ,and distributed in different countries in allover world B. these crops become an extremely significant due to high demand source of feed stuffs for farm animals what are Genetic modified crops: It’s the crop in which the genes of DNA chain are modified using genetic engineering methods, that it does not occur naturally, what is the benefit? the benefits is include 1) resistance to certain pests, 2) resistance to certain diseases, 3) resistance to environmental conditions cold or hot weather 4) To reduction of spoilage, 5) resistance to chemical treatments , such as herbicide,incectsides ), 6) improving the nutrient values of the crop. What are the most important methods for genetic modefieds: A. Classical technique )‫التهجين واالنتخاب(التضريب بين االجناس‬ 1. Hybridization and Selection combined more than one traits in same homologous sex in same species. then breed selection: according to genetic improvement programs, so by this way it has been produced millions of hybrids or modified varieties with desirable qualities via several centuries by natural method.  Induced Mutation ‫استحداث الطفرات‬ 2: By use Gama or x-ray to increase number of mutation in DNA chains to produce a new species or hybrid but still (un-control mutation ) :3: Tissue ‫تقنية تكرار الزراعة النيسجية النباتية‬ Cultur technique : This method is done by used an implantation in recurrent plant tissue in assistance of concentrated of growth promotors , within specific growth temperature to got affect on some chromosomal rearrangements leads to appeared some morphological alterations 4: Gene Manipulation technique ‫تطويع ألجين‬: It is occur by transferring special gene that have a special desire traits which present in the plasmid of some bacteria or viruses. Its composed from three main components : 1.The Promoter: it’s a piece of RNA which have few numbers of nucleotides necessary for starting or initiating replication of transgenic process. for example the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ( P_35S) : ( CMV- P_35S ) promoter is regarded the most used in genetic modification 2. The donor gene : The donor of the desired gene in characteristic (coded DNA piece )The Genes that act as markers for transgenic plant cells, such as the gene responsible for resistance to some herbicides It done When The propagated in plasmid of non- pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli to obtain an appropriate number of copies of the plasmid carrier of the gene. 3. Terminator: RNA protein which have few numbers of nucleotides at is necessary for stopping the replication of transgenic process the most used is Nopaline synthase (T_Nos).  The general ways in which transport or insert a gene into the genome. There are several ways to transport and insert isolated gene into the genome of the desired organism, including: 1.Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation ‫النقل بواسطة البكتريا‬: It is transfer the desire gene to plant cell by use the bacterial transfer ability of ((Agrobacterium tumefaciens)) which caused the ‫(التدرن التاجي‬Crown gall disease) in plant rots. Its present normally in soil, it has the ability to Transferred its DNA (tDNA) to plant cells and combined with infected plant chromosomes to produce special plants hormones caused increased rate of plant cells reproduction to (form crown like shape growth(tumer)) which regards the final results to form suitable bacterial culture (occupation) and nutrient source. 2. Competent Cell wall Technique: by used electro- impulse system : this method is done by penetrating of outer bacterial cell wall to facilitate DNA large molecule to enter via cell membrane 3. Micro-injection technique ‫طريقة الحقن ألمجهري‬:its done by special microscopic needles provide with special Injection Pipette Glass to insert the DNA into the cell nuclei: Although this technique is very accurate and highly efficient in transport it is impractical for several reasons, including that the tip of the needle usually clogged or broken and the introduction of DNA to the cells is a stressful process 4. Silicon Carbide Mediated ‫النقل باستخدام ألياف كاربيد‬ ‫السليكون‬Transformation: used to perforate plant cell walls (without damage ). It is a good way to transfer DNA directly but is less efficient than other methods and has health hazardous. 5. Gene Gun Technique ‫تقنية المسدس الجيني‬:It is a method of ejaculating plant cells with genetic material transferred after encapsulating metal particles of 1-2 microns in diameter, such as gold pellets. These particles are tossed at high speed using a gene gun (Gene Gun) to divorce their cell walls by temporary pores and not exposed the cells to damage.  Disadvantage and Environmental Effects of Genetically Modified Crops Disadvantage and Environmental Effects of Genetically Modified Crops: 1. Effect on non-target species plants, contain modified genes of Bacillus thurginsis bacteria have a insect- resistant, produce special toxins can harm other non-target species found in along the food chain 2. Effects on soil microbial communities ‫التأثير في ميكروبات‬ ‫التربة‬ 3. Effects on soil invertebrates 4. Effects of Glyphosate tolerant crops on soil microbial communities ‫تاثير المحاصيل المتحملة للمبيد الغليفوسات في ميكروبات‬ ‫التربة‬ 5. Effects on soil chemistry 6. Effects on aquatic life 7. Resistance Weeds phenomena ‫ظاهرة االعشاب المقاومةا‬ 8. Resistance Insects phenomena‫ظاهرة الحشرات المقاومة‬ ❑Seeds contamination ‫تلوث البذور‬Genetic contamination ‫ا الوراثي‬ 9. Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT) ‫االنتقال األفقي‬ 10. DNA uptake by bacteria ‫امتصاص الحامض النووي عن طريق‬ ‫البكتيريا‬DNA uptake during digestion of GM foods2 ‫امتصاص الحامض النووي خالل هضم األغذية المعدلة‬ 11. Horizontal gene transfer by Agrobacterium tumefaciens3 ‫نقل الجينات بواسطة البكتيريا‬ 12. Gene transfer by viruses ‫نقل الجينات عن طريق الفايروسات‬ 13. the toxins results from genetic modified degradation can enter the soil and accumulate as plant residues after harvest, 14. Effects on Natural Enemies: ‫التأثير في األعداء الطبيعيين‬ 15. Effect on Butterfly and Moth ‫التأثير في الفراشات والعث‬  ‫وراثيا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫كيفية الكشف عن النباتات المعدلة‬ ‫‪HOW Detection Of GM crops‬‬  ً ‫وراثيا‬ ‫كيفية الكشف عن النباتات المعدلة‬ HOW Detection Of GM plants There are many methods used to detect GMOs that can detect the presence qualification and quantification of GMOs. In general, there are two main methods: 1 : Protein detection based methods using ELISA-based antibody technique (Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay ), which depend on the use of the antibodies that identify target antigen (protein ) GM. 2. DNA based methods Using, Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) technique which widely used in multiple detection areas. Small amounts of highly specialized DNA in many modified feed and foods such as to soybean and corn ,cotton and tomato In general, it is possible to distinguish the following parts: 1. Promoter 35S detection: This catalyst is responsible for stimulating and initiation of transcription of the target gene and determining the of the transcription process 3. Detection of specific gene like Zein gene: a characteristic of the genes of the plant corn 2. Nos Terminator Detection gen responsible for determining the end of copies( terminal gen )