General Zoology Lab Finals PDF

PCZ 101L - GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAB Prof. Grospe|1st Semester | DMD-1K ○ Warm blooded animals with hair and PHYLUM PROTOZOA mammary glands...

PCZ 101L - GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAB Prof. Grospe|1st Semester | DMD-1K ○ Warm blooded animals with hair and PHYLUM PROTOZOA mammary glands Order Primates CAROLUS LINNAEUS ○ Forward-facing vision, grasping 1707 - 1778 hands with five fingers, and two types Known as the “father of taxonomy” and the of teeth “father of modern ecology” Family Hominidae Introduced the binomial system of ○ Upright posture, large brain, flat face, nomenclature hands and feet Very general to specific: King Plays Chess On Genus Homo Fine Gold Sets (mnemonics) ○ Very closely related species and is the Latin word for “man” Species Homo Sapiens ○ The knowing man and noted for desire to understand the world BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE A formal naming system for all living things that all scientists use Gives species a two-part scientific name ○ The first part of the name is the genus, which is a small group of closely related organisms but not Very specific to general: Some Girls Found exactly alike One Cute Pink Kite ○ The second part of the name is the specific epithet used to identify a particular species as separate from others belonging to the same genus; they are so similar that they can mate and have fertile offspring Because scientific names are unique species identifiers, they ensure that there is never any confusion as to which organism a scientist may be referring: ○ The entire two-part name must be written in italics or underlined if handwritten ○ The genus name is first and must be capitalized CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS ○ The specific epithet is not capitalized Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM PROTOZOA ○ Multicellular and heterotrophic — rely Kingdom: Protista on other organisms for nourishment Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum Chordata Phylum: Protozoa ○ Animals with backbone The word protozoa came from the Greek Class Mammalia protozoon word meaning “first animal” CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA Sarcodina Protozoa do not have a cell wall and therefore ○ Major locomotor organelles in can have a variety of shapes sarcodina is pseudopodia (Pseudo Body is unicellular and performs all functions means false, podia means foot) of the body The cytoplasm is divided into two regions: the ectoplasm and endoplasm The body is either bilaterally, radial symmetry or asymmetry Protozoa prefer living in moist and aquatic habitats and their cysts can be found in the bleakest parts of the ecosphere They are both heterotrophic and autotrophic based on their type of nutrition They live freely, may be parasitic or symbiotic Sporozoates Respiration is by diffusion ○ Sporozoates are the only non-motile Movement is by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia form of protozoa Reproduction occurs asexually and sexually REPRODUCTION IN PROTOZOA Excretion is via contractile vacuoles or by Protozoa can reproduce their offspring by diffusion both sexual and asexual methods LOCOMOTION IN PROTOZOA Asexual methods of reproduction are: Flagellates ○ Budding ○ Flagellates move by help of Flagella ○ Binary Fission (a tail-like structure) ○ Schizogony or multiple fission ○ The movement is whip like Sexual methods: ○ Conjugation ○ Gametogony REPRODUCTION IN PROTOZOA Based on the mode of respiration, protozoa is classified into two groups Aerobic protozoa ○ Most species of free-living protozoa Ciliates are aerobic ○ Ciliates protozoa have movement ○ They cannot live without oxygen through cilia (fine hair like structure ○ Aerobic protozoa are tiny and so are attached to their body) capable of getting oxygen from the liquid medium by diffusion ○ Ex: Amoeba proteus Anaerobic protozoa ○ They can survive in the absence of oxygen and are normally not commonly found amidst eukaryotic organisms ○ Anaerobic eukaryotes are either parasites or symbionts of multicellular organisms that have originated from aerobic ancestors ○ Ex: Giardia CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA Ectoplasm Kingdom: Protista ○ Semisolid or gelatinous cytoplasm Subkingdom: Protozoa immediately under the plasma Phylum: Protozoa membrane Subphylum: Endoplasm ○ Sarcomastigophora ○ More fluid and granular portion inside - superclass: sarcodina the ectoplasm - superclass: mastigophore Uroid ○ Sporozoa ○ A posterior bulb-like structure that ○ Ciliophora serves to accumulate waste, Genus periodically detaching from the cell ○ Amoeba sp. (sarcodina) - Entamoeba histolytica - Escherichia coli ○ Euglena sp. (mastigophore) ○ Trypanosoma sp. (mastigophore) ○ Plasmodium sp. (Sporozoa) ○ Toxoplasma sp. (Sporozoa) ○ Vorticella sp. (Ciliophora) ○ Balantidium coli (Ciliophora) AMOEBA Plasmagel ○ Cytoplasm in more solid or gel-like state Plasmasol ○ Cytoplasm in fluid state PARAMECIUM Contains cilia for locomotion of paramecium Trichocysts ○ Tiny stinging and attachment structures in the outer cytoplasm Oral groove ○ A depression in the plasma membrane for ingesting food Gullet ○ Cavity for digestion  Found in Found in DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA eukaryotic cells prokaryotic and Structure eukaryotic cells ○ Flagella: usually longer and fewer in number (typically one or two); they Cilia are two Flagella are of types: three types: have a whip-like structure non-motile and bacterial ○ Cilia: shorter and more numerous motile cilia flagella, (hundreds or thousands on a single archaeal cell); they have a hair-like structure flagella, and Movement eukaryotic ○ Flagella: move in wave-like manner, flagella propelling the cell forward ○ Cilia: beat in a coordinated manner, INVERTEBRATES creating currents to move fluid or particles across the cell surface or INVERTEBRATES propel the cell Invertebrates are animals that do not have a Function backbone ○ Flagella: primarily used for These animals include mollusks, arthropods, locomotion in single-celled annelids, cnidarians, echinoderms, and organisms (e.g. sperm) sponges ○ Cilia: often involved in moving EXAMPLES OF INVERTEBRATES substances across the cell surface or Mollusks aiding in the movement of the ○ Diverse group of invertebrates with organism itself soft bodies Location ○ The hard shell protects the soft bodies ○ Flagella: typically found at one cell of of mollusks the cell ○ There are more than 100,000 species ○ Cilia: cover the entire surface of the of mollusks cell or specific areas ○ Examples of mollusks are octopuses, oysters, snails, and squid Arthropods ○ Invertebrates that have a hard CILIA FLAGELLA outside covering called an the number of the number of exoskeleton cilia is flagella is ○ Insects, crustaceans, and arachnids comparatively comparatively are three of the largest arthropod more (typically less ( groups ranged in the thousands) Annelids ○ Soft, long-bodied with no legs, and Cilia are usually Flagella are flat or round bodies with a head and shorter in length comparatively a tail longer in length ○ There are at least 20,000 species of The beating The beating annelids pattern of cilia pattern of ○ Worms are examples of annelids is very flagella involves Cnidarians complicated - it circular, ○ Water invertebrates can move in a wave-like or ○ Come in a variety of shapes and sizes, wide range of propeller-like from the bell-shaped and mobile motions motion jellyfish to the tube-like structures of  coral and sea anemones which remain anchored to one spot Echinoderms ○ Invertebrates with radial symmetry that lives on the ocean floor ○ Include a diverse range of species such as starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES Sponges are unusual invertebrates that live in SPECIALIZED CELLS AND STRUCTURES water Collar cells (choanocytes) They can have different sizes, colors, and ○ Digest food particles and contain shapes flagella that move water current They do not even move around, but they stay through the sponges attached to an underwater rock or coral reef Osculum Sponges are the simplest, most ancient ○ Large hole in the top of the sponge animals that allows water to exit the central ○ Porifera means “pore bearers” cavity ○ Loose aggregation of specialized cells Spicule ○ Cells do not actually form tissues or ○ Thin, spiny structures that form the organs, but do serve similar functions, simple skeleton keeping the animals alive Amebocytes (archaeocytes) CHARACTERISTICS OF SPONGES ○ Cells that build spicules, digest food, Contain pores (holes) to get food and transport particles to cells Adults are sessile Porocytes Are filter feeders — move water containing ○ Control the amount of water that food in their pores and out of a large hole in enters pores into the spongocoel the top (an osculum) Spongin Body is asymmetrical and sac-like ○ Fibers of protein that make up softer Are multicellular sponges Are heterotrophic, have no cell walls and contain few specialized cells Have no mouth, gut, specialized tissues, or organs Have skeletons Reproduce sexually or asexually STRUCTURE OF SPONGES Sponges have a simple body form They depend on a current of water for everything, since they’re sessile Body forms a wall around a center cavity ○ Wall contains pores, to allow water flow into the center cavity  result of a skeleton made of Calcarea spicules ○ The development is aided by coeloblastula or amphiblastula, and the body may be arranged in an asconoid or conoid type fashion ○ Large cells in this are referred to as choanocytes ○ Once more, these choanocytes are divided into two orders depending on their structural characteristics ○ Examples are Scypha sp., Leucosolenia, Clathrina Class Hexactinellida MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF SPONGES ○ They are present in marine and in the Sexual reproduction deep sea ○ Eggs are stored inside the walls of ○ Their skeleton shows six-rayed female sponges siliceous spicules ○ Male sponges release sperm into the ○ The canal system is sycon and leucon water type ○ Sperm enter the female sponge ○ The body is cylindrical and has radial through the water current and her symmetry cells carry the sperm to the eggs to ○ They have some inorganic be fertilized (internal fertilization) components and finger-like channels ○ Some are hermaphrodites ○ Its form resembles that of a cup or vase ○ Examples are Euplectella aspergillum (Venus’ flower basket), Hyalonema sp. Class Demospongia ○ These porifera come in a variety of hues with pigment granules ○ They can be found from the surface of the ocean to its depths Asexual reproduction ○ The majority of species of this phylum ○ Either through budding or are in this group regeneration ○ The body will be either circular or ○ Gemmules - sphere shaped flattened, and the exoskeleton may or collections of amebocytes may not be visible surrounded by a tough layer of ○ Examples include Geodia neptuni spicules (leathery barrel sponge), Platina, ○ Can survive harsh conditions and Chalina sp (dead man’s finger)., later grow into new sponges Spongia sp. (bath sponge) CLASSES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA CRITERIA DELIMITING PHYLUM TO CLASSES Class calcarea Body structure ○ The type of porifera are tiny and live Symmetry in shallow water in marine forms Orientation ○ The cylindrical body shape of the Pigmentation animal, which is symmetrical, is the COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF SPONGES Water filtration Adds up on the life form under the sea Habitat of sea creatures