General Physics 2 PDF - SY 2021-2022

GENERAL PHYSICS 2 Odessa V. Balmes Ma. Junalyn Grace E. Pupa General Physics 2 Authors: Odessa V. Balmes Ma. Junalyn Grace E. Pupa General Physics 2 By: Ma. Junalyn Grace E. Pupa and Odessa V. Balmes Copyright © 2020 by Ma. Junalyn Grace E. Pupa, Odessa V. Balmes, and the University of Nueva Caceres No part of this course module/study guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author/s and the University of Nueva Caceres Published in the Philippines by the University of Nueva Caceres Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs JH10, JH Bldg., University of Nueva Caceres, J. Hernandez Ave. Naga City, Camarines Sur, Philippines Printed in the Philippines December, 2020 COURSE INTRODUCTION In this course, you are expected to understand the fundamental concepts of Physics and be able to apply the same in redesigning a machine of your own choice as your final output. The fundamental concepts that you will need are as follows: Waves Sound Light Magnetism Electricity You will explore these concepts as you go through two sets of experiences: (1) get to know the formulas for each concept and how they are applied in solving worded problems, and (2) apply the concepts that you have learned in improving a machine. Course outline At the end of the course, you should be able to: 1. Solve word problems related to electricity; 2. Define and describe radio waves, sound waves, optics, and magnetism; 3. Compile all activities related to physics in a Science Portfolio; 4. Craft guidelines in writing a science paper; and 5. redesign a product to improve efficiency. In addition to these content-related objectives, you must also improve your skill in data handling and your proficiency in experimentation. Listed below are the levels that you need to reach for each skill and their corresponding descriptions. DATA HANDLING | LEVEL 3 or 4 be able to identify, collect, store, and organize data and use statistical tools and analysis, to convert data into information. EXPERIMENTATION| LEVEL 4 be able to effectively apply the principles of the Scientific Method to test hypotheses in an academic or work context. 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES The following are the activities that you need to perform in order to successfully finish the course. Study: Product Redesign In this course, you will conduct a study on your chosen product by redesigning it FINAL OUTPUT through the scientific method. Your study 40% of your grade shall focus on improving a complex machine or existing tool and increasing its efficiency. You will calculate physics quantities to show the efficiency of your design. 1: Science Portfolio In this milestone, you will compile and make reflections on all the activities included in the module. You will, therefore, be given one grade only for the entire activities in MILESTONE section 1 35% of your grade 2: Paper Guidelines In this milestone, you will create your own guidelines for conducting a scientific study. The Quarterly Assessment for General Physics 2 is scheduled on March 16-18, 2021. QUARTERLY The questionnaire and answer sheets may be delivered to the designated drop-off points a ASSESSMENT day before the scheduled exam. You will also 25% of your grade submit your exam within a designated period, which will be indicated in the instructions to be provided on the questionnaire. Your grade for each component shall be computed through different rubrics, particularly designed for the courses in Natural Sciences. The rubrics will be discussed thoroughly in the succeeding paragraph. 2 RUBRICS As you have learned in your previous year in senior high school, the rubrics are used in assessing both your grades in recorded activities and skill progression. For Physics 2, you will have three (3) main rubrics that will be used to compute your score in the Science Portfolio, Paper Guidelines, and Final Output. In addition, you will have two (2) more rubrics to measure your skills in Experimentation and Data Handling. Please see the rubrics below for details. RULES Although learning solely happens outside the classroom in the “new normal,” your experience in Physics 2 shall still be governed by specific rules to ensure optimum learning despite the physical barriers posed by the pandemic. These rules are as follows: 1. Your scientific calculator is your most important partner in Physics 2. Keep hold of it. 2. The timeline provided for each activity shall be followed. Failure to comply with the deadlines without reasonable cause shall warrant deductions from your grades, among others. 3. You may avail of a consultation period with your Learning Facilitator for each activity during the assigned period. Consultations may be conducted through phone calls. MUST-HAVES FOR PHYSICS 2 Generally, you will need the following materials to ensure a meaningful experience in Physics 2: Graphing Paper / Notebook Scientific Calculator Cellular Phone Short-Size Bond Paper for consultation and updates 8.5x11 inches Folder Binder Clip standard letter size - 9x12 inches 1x1.25 inches Materials per Activity Black and Colored Pens to be specified in the preceding sections / activities 3 Course Introduction Section 1: Introduction 1. Introduction to the course. 2. Solving real-world physics problems. 3. Explaining the Physics behind trivial questions. 4. MILESTONE: Science Portfolio. Section 2: Experimentation 5. MILESTONE: Paper Guidelines 6. OUTPUT: Product Redesign 7. Evaluation of output and milestone Timeline ACTIVITY TITLE SCHEDULE 1 Course Introduction 1 session 2 Physics Problems 1 session 3 Have You Ever Wondered? 2 sessions 4 Milestone 1: Science Portfolio 1 session 5 Milestone 2: Paper Guidelines 3 sessions 6 Final Output 3 sessions 7 Quarterly Assessment March 16 - 18 4 WORKSHEET: Course Introduction In not less than five sentences, answer the following questions: 1. What are your expectations for this course? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you expect to learn? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. What do you think is the difference between Physics 1 and 2? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you think you know Physics well? Why or why not? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5 SECTION 1 Welcome to Section 1 of this course: Physics 2! Here, you will: 1. Solve word problems related to electricity; 2. Define and describe radio waves, sound waves, optics, and magnetism; 3. Compile all activities related to physics in a Science Portfolio; Have fun working on different activities as they will help you achieve the goals of this course. Enjoy the Class! ACTIVITY 1: Physics Problems Applications of physics in machinery and technology can be easy to spot, but there are calculations behind those specific innovations. In this activity, you will practice solving word problems based on real-world scenarios. GOALS/OBJECTIVES: Solve word problems related to electricity; DURATION 2 sessions ESSENTIAL WIKI WIKI: What is Physics 2? 7 YOU WILL NEED Notebook Pen Scientific Calculator Short -size bond paper INSTRUCTION 1. Read the WIKI, “What is Physics 2”. Go through the content and be familiar with it. 2. Recall and take note of the formulas for the following Physics concepts: a. Coulomb’s law b. Electric potential difference c. Capacitance d. Electric Current e. Ohm’s law f. Resistivity 3. Solve word problems. 4. Write your reflection paper for this activity. 5. In making your output for this activity, you can print the worksheet or recreate it. WIKI: What is Physics 2? Physics Concepts: - Waves - Sound & Light - ELectricity and Magnetism - Circuits Waves - an oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy. - as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location. 8 Categories of Waves (based on ability or inability to transmit energy through a vacuum (i.e., empty space) Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic Waves - Needs a medium to travel - Does not need a medium to travel - not capable of transmitting its energy - is capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum through a vacuum (i.e., empty space). - e.g. SOUND WAVES - e.g. LIGHT WAVES (based on the direction of movement of the individual particles of the medium relative to the direction that the waves travel) TRANSVERSE WAVE LONGITUDINAL WAVE SURFACE WAVE - is a wave in which - is a wave in which - is a wave in which particles particles of the medium particles of the medium of the medium undergo a move in a direction move in a direction circular motion. perpendicular to the parallel to the direction - are neither longitudinal nor direction that the wave that the wave moves. transverse. moves. NOTE: The above categories represent just a few of the ways in which physicists categorize waves in order to compare and contrast their behaviors and characteristic properties. This listing of categories is not exhaustive; there are other categories as well. Behaviors of Waves Definition SOUND LIGHT Reflection - Bouncing back of waves - Follows law of reflection - involves a change in direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier. Refraction - involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. - Bending of the path of the waves - is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. 9 Diffraction - diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. Interference - is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. CONSTRUCTIVE - when the waves meet the INTERFERENCE resulting wave will have the amplitude of the sum of the two interfering waves. DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE Polarization - is when a wave oscillates in one particular direction. - Light waves are often polarized using a polarizing filter. Only transverse waves can be polarized. - Longitudinal waves, such as sound, cannot be polarized because they always travel in the same direction of the wave. Light and sound can be reflected and refracted, just like water waves. Light and sound can also be diffracted, just like water waves, but diffraction in light is less obvious than in sound. Light and sound compared Light and sound both travel as waves, but they are not identical. The table summarises the similarities and differences between them. Property Light Sound Type of wave Transverse Longitudinal Can they travel through a Yes No. Sound waves can only pass vacuum? through a solid, liquid or gas Can they be reflected? Yes Yes Can they be refracted? Yes Yes Can they be diffracted? Yes Yes 10 Sounds Sound waves are longitudinal. Humans hear sounds from 20 - 20 000 Hz (audible range), but we also use the term sound for similar waves with frequencies above (ultrasonic) and below (infrasonic) the range of human hearing. CONDITIONS: Caused by a vibrating body Longitudinal wave Can be perceived by ear 4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT SPEED OF SOUND 1. Elasticity (Higher Elasticity, Faster Speed of Sound) 2. Density (Higher Density, Faster Speed of Sound) 3. Temperature (Temperature, Faster Speed of Sound) 4. Molecular Structure (Fastest in Solid Material) V = 331 m/s + 0.6 m/s per 1C ˚ increase in temperature SOLVE: 1. 20°C 2. 49°C 3. -68°C 4. 120°C 5. -70°C REFLECTION OF SOUND waves off of surfaces can lead to one of two phenomena - an echo or a reverberation. 1. ECHO a. the sound wave will take more than 0.1 seconds to reflect and return to you b. more than approximately 17 meters 2. REVERBERATION a. is perceived when the reflected sound wave reaches your ear in less than 0.1 second after the original sound wave. b. less than 17 meters 11 Light is an electromagnetic radiation that has the properties of both waves and particles. SPEED OF LIGHT - 3x10^8 m/s Electromagnetic Spectrum - is a continuous range of wavelengths. The types of radiation that occur in different parts of the spectrum have different uses and dangers - depending on their wavelength and frequency. Energy Frequency Wavelength Radiation type Typical use Lowest Lowest Longest Radio waves Television signals Microwaves Cooking, mobile phones Optical fibre Infrared communication Visible light Seeing Detecting forged bank Ultraviolet notes X-rays Medical images of bones Highest Highest Shortest Gamma radiation Killing cancer cells Dispersion (Property of Light) - separation of visible light into its different colors - Process by which light is separated into its colors due to differences in degrees of refraction. - When a white light beam is passed through a prism, a band of seven colors are formed known as spectrum of white light. - The seven colors in the spectrum are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet respectively Highest Energy VIOLET Lowest Energy 12 RED Electricity & Magnetism Electricity is the movement of electrons. Electrons create charge, which we can harness to do work. Your lightbulb, your stereo, your phone, etc., are all harnessing the movement of the electrons in order to do work. They all operate using the same basic power source: the movement of electrons. Quantity Definition Unit Symbol Device Used to Measure Quantity Voltage is the difference in charge between Volts (V) V voltmeter two points. Current (Electric is the rate at which charge is flowing. Ampere I ammeter Current) (A) Direct the electric charge (current) only DC Current flows in one direction. Alternating changes direction periodically. AC Current Resistance is a material’s tendency to resist the Ohms (Ω) R ohmmeter flow of charge (current). DIFFERENCE OF AC & DC Alternating Current Direct Current Practically the voltage of DC cannot 1 The amount of energy that can be It is safe to transfer over longer city distances travel very far until it begins to lose carried and will provide more power. energy. 2 The cause of the direction of flow It is denoted steady magnetism along the It is denoted a rotating magnet along the wire. of electrons wire The frequency of alternating current will be 3 The frequency of direct current will be Frequency either 50Hz or 60Hz depending upon the zero. country. 4 Direction It reverses its direction while flowing in a circuit. It only flows in one direction in the circuit. 5 It is the current of magnitude which is varying Current It is the current of constant magnitude. with time 6 Here electrons will keep switching the directions Electrons move steadily in one direction Flow of Electrons – forward and backward. or ‘forward’. 7 The source of availability is AC Generator and The source of availability is either Cell or Obtained from mains. Battery. 10 It will have different types like Sinusoidal, Types It will be of Pure and pulsating. Square Trapezoidal, and Triangular. 13 OHM’S LAW Combining the elements of voltage, current, and resistance, Ohm developed the formula: Where: V = Voltage in volts I = Current in amps R = Resistance in ohms Sample Problem: A nine volt battery supplies power to a cordless curling iron with a resistance of 18 ohms. How much current is flowing through the curling iron? SOLVE: 1. An emf source of 6.0V is connected to a purely resistive lamp and a current of 2.0 amperes flows. All the wires are resistance-free. What is the resistance of the lamp? 2. A 110 volt wall outlet supplies power to a strobe light with a resistance of 2200 ohms. How much current is flowing through the strobe light? 3. A CD player with a resistance of 40 ohms has a current of 0.1 amps flowing through it. Calculate how many volts supply the CD player? 14 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS SERIES PARALLEL Two or more loads but current flows Has more than one path for current to through a single conducting path flow IT = I1= I2 = I3 =......= In IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +..... +In VT = V1 + V2 + V3 +..... +Vn VT = V1= V2 = V3 =......= Vn RT = R1 + R2 + R3 +.....+ Rn 1/RT = 1/R1+ 1/R2 + 1/R3 +......+ 1/Rn Magnet Is any object or material that has or produces magnetic field MAGNETIC FIELD a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. Properties of Magnets: 1. Magnets have the ability to attract materials that are magnetic in nature. 2. LIKE poles REPEL and UNLIKE poles ATTRACT each other. 3. When allowed to hang freely, magnets always align in one direction. 4. Magnetic poles ALWAYS occur in pairs. 15 Key Concepts for Magnetism: 1. An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field around the wire. 2. A current induced in a wire in a moving or changing magnetic field. 3. An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. 4. A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. 5. A transformer increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current. WORKSHEET: Physics Problems Coulomb’s law Electric potential difference where Q1= quantity of charge on object 1 (in Coulombs) where Q2 = quantity of charge on object 2 (in Coulombs) 𝚫PE= potential energy (in Joules) d = distance of separation between the two objects Q = charge (in Coulombs) (in meters) 𝚫V = electric potential difference (in Volts) 2 2 k = Coulomb's law constant = 8.99×109 N m /C Capacitance Electric current where where C = capacitance (in Farads) I = electric current (in Ampere) Q = the charge built up on the capacitor (in 𝚫Q = charge (in Coulombs) Coulombs) 𝚫t = time (in seconds) V = voltage difference between two sides of a capacitor (in Volts) Ohm’s law Resistivity where where R = resistance (in Ohm) ρ = resistivity (in Ω m) V = electric potential (in Volts) R = resistance (in Ohm) I = electric current (in Ampere) L = length of wire (in meters) 16 Word Problems Answer the following problems. Write your solution and final answer in the space provided. The force between two identical charges separated by 1 cm is equal to 90 N. What is the magnitude of the two charges? A negatively charged particle (Q = -2 C) moves through a 2000 V loss of electric potential. Will there be a loss or gain of potential energy? 17 In an electric circuit, a capacitor is holding a charge of 0.500 C. The voltage difference across the capacitor is 5.00 V. What is the capacitance? A wire is connected to a battery with a voltage of 5 V. Its resistance is 100 Ohms. What is current flowing? 18 A current of 2.00 A is flowing through an electric circuit. What is the potential difference across a resistor, with a resistance of 320Ω? A wire with a resistance of 1.53 k Ω has a length of 1 m and A= 3 cm2. What is its resistivity? 19 REFLECTION REFLECTION PAPER In not less than three sentences, answer the following questions: ➔ What is the importance of knowing the equations for each concept? ➔ What techniques do you have or may have discovered for answering word problems? ➔ How can these problem solving exercises be helpful in the real world? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 20 ACTIVITY 2: Have You Ever Wondered? The laws of Physics provide basic understanding of a lot of confusions/questions. They also provide essential understanding for developing new techniques. In this activity, you will unlock some trivial questions by explaining the physics behind them. GOALS/OBJECTIVES: Define and describe radio waves, sound waves, optics, and magnetism; DURATION 2 sessions ESSENTIAL WIKI WIKI: What is Physics 2? YOU WILL NEED Notebook Pen Tablet Gdocs (8.5 x 11 inches) Gslides INSTRUCTION 1. Form ten (10) groups. 2. Each group will be assigned to a question. Here are the questions: a. If a tree falls in a forest and nobody is around to hear it, does it make a sound? b. If a jet pilot is flying at the speed of sound, am I able to hear the sound? c. Can opera singers really shatter glasses with their voices? d. An image focused on the retina is upside down, why don't we see it that way? e. How does a window turn into a mirror at night? f. Why do stars twinkle? g. Does a source of electricity ever run out of electrons? h. How are rainbows formed? i. Are coins magnetic? j. How and why are glasses polarized? 3. Your task is to answer the question and be able to explain the Physics concept behind it. 4. Write your reflection paper for this activity. 5. In making your output for this activity, you can print the worksheet or recreate it. 21 wORKSHEET: Have You ever Wondered? Question: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Answer/s: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Reference/s: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 22 REFLECTION REFLECTION PAPER In not less than three sentences, answer the following questions: ➔ What is the relationship/difference between radio waves and sound waves? ➔ Give an example of application of Optics in technology?. ➔ Why is magnetism needed to make motors work? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 23 MILESTONE1: Science Portfolio Throughout the course, you will be conducting different activities to deepen your understanding of Physics concepts. Your task is to collate the outputs of these activities, together with your notes on the concepts, and present them in a portfolio. GOALS/OBJECTIVES: Compile all activities related to physics in a Science Portfolio; DURATION 1 session YOU WILL NEED outputs (from all the activities) reflection papers INSTRUCTION: Make sure you have answered and completed all the activities including the reflection papers. Activity 1: Physics Problems Activity 2: Have You Ever Wondered? 1. Compile your outputs in one document. a. The title of your document (Google docs) is Milestone 1: Last name, First name Strand-Section. (e.g Milestone 1: Bernardo, Kathryn STEM Z) b. Label each activity correctly. c. Arrange all contents in a neat, organized manner. d. You can be creative by adding colors or designs. 2. For each topic, create your own reviewer, or just simply notes, and add it to your portfolio. 3. Submit your portfolio on the deadline. Your milestone will be evaluated using the given rubric. 4. In making your output for this milestone, you should use Google docs. 24 tEMPLATE: Science Portfolio Title Page University of Nueva Caceres Senior High School STEM MILESTONE 1: SCIENCE PORTFOLIO A PORTFOLIO SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES, JAIME HERNANDEZ AVENUE, NAGA CITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE MILESTONE 1 IN PHYSICS 2 LAST NAME, FIRST NAME, MIDDLE INITIAL STEM (insert section) FIRST NAME, MIDDLE INITIAL, LAST NAME LEARNING FACILITATOR - PHYSICS 2 Overview What is Physics 2 - Section 1 all about? What are the activities included? Table of Contents Title Page Overview Table of Contents Activity 1: Physics Problems Reflection Paper Notes/Reviewer Activity 2: Have You Ever Wondered? Reflection Paper Notes/Reviewer NOTE: Make sure to include page numbers in lower right. Activity 1: Physics Problems Output Reflection Paper Notes/Reviewer Activity 2: Have You Ever Output Wondered? Reflection Paper Notes/Reviewer 25 Rubrics: Science Portfolio Your Portfolio will be evaluated using this rubric: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Criteria Beginning Developing Approaching Proficient Proficiency Proficiency Proficiency Quality of I DO NOT follow the I CAN follow the I CAN follow the I CAN follow the Content instructions of the instructions of the instructions of the instructions of the 40% activities. activities correctly, activities correctly. activities correctly. I but I left some parts I do not skip or do not skip or leave I CANNOT create blank. leave any parts of any parts of the my own processed the activities blank. activities blank. information” from the I CANNOT create WIKIs provided. I my own processed I CANNOT create I use my own words only copied the information” from the my own processed in explaining and information from the WIKIs provided. I information” from accomplishing the WIKIs. only change a few the WIKIs different activities. wordings from the provided. I only WIKIs. change the I CAN create my wordings from the own processed WIKIs. information” from the WIKIs provided. Punctuality and I CAN submit the I CAN submit the I CAN submit the I CAN submit the Presentation portfolio within a portfolio within a portfolio on the portfolio on the 30% week after the week week after the deadline. deadline. of the deadline. deadline. I can organize the I can organize the I CANNOT organize I can organize the contents of the contents of the the portfolio in a contents of the portfolio in a logical portfolio in a neat and portfolio in a logical order, but it does not logical order with presentable manner. order, but it does not look neat or proper labels and a look neat or presentable. table of contents. It presentable. also looks neat and presentable. Completeness I did not include 2 I did not include 1 I did not include 1 I include all valid of Content activities. activity. activity. activities. 30% I can make my own I can make my own I can make my own I can make my own reviewer on 1-2 reviewer on some reviewer on most, reviewer on all topics discussed. topics discussed. but not all, topics topics discussed. discussed. 26 SECTION 2 Welcome to Section 2 of this course: Physics 2! Here, you will:; 1. Craft guidelines in writing a science paper; and 2. redesign a product to improve efficiency. Have fun working on different activities as they will help you achieve the goals of this course. Enjoy the Class! 28 MILESTONE 2: Paper Guidelines Research is done to gain more knowledge and share it with others. The method for presenting new findings and results of research is vital in the science community. Although not all scientific journals apply the same format, there are vital characteristics that all articles must have. GOALS/OBJECTIVES: Craft guidelines in writing a science paper; and DURATION 3 sessions ESSENTIAL WIKIS: WIKI: Scientific Paper WIKI: Designing an Experiment YOU WILL NEED Notebook Pen Short-Size Bond Paper (8.5x11 inches) / Google Docs INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Check the rubric: Paper Guidelines for this milestone. Your milestone will be evaluated using that rubric. 2. Write your own guidelines for writing a scientific paper. Here are guide questions for each part: a. Abstract i. What should be included in the abstract? ii. How is the abstract different from the conclusion? b. Introduction i. What should be included in the introduction? ii. What is the purpose of the introduction? iii. What are the characteristics of a good introduction? c. Materials and Methodology i. What is the difference between materials and methodology? ii. Why should you state the materials and methodology? 29 d. Results and Discussion i. What is the difference between results and discussion? ii. What is the purpose of the results? What is the purpose of the discussion? iii. What are effective ways of presenting the results? iv. Why should there be a discussion after presenting the results? e. Conclusion i. What is the difference between the conclusion and discussion of results? ii. What is the purpose of the conclusion? iii. What should be included in the conclusion? f. Recommendation i. What is the purpose of the recommendation? ii. What are the characteristics of a good recommendation? g. References h. Why are references important? i. What are the different formats for citations? 1. M j. How do you cite different types of sources? 2.. 3. You may use your past outputs (in Bio 1 and 2, Chem 1 and 2, and Physics 1) for reference or any other sample you would like to serve as a guide. Consult your facilitator when needed thru messenger or any other means of communication. 4. In making your output for this milestone, you can print the worksheets or recreate it. 5. Submit your output on the deadline provided for this milestone. 30 WIKI: Scientific Paper WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC PAPER? WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC PAPER? The scientific paper has developed over the past three (3) centuries into a tool to communicate the results of scientific inquiry. The main audience for scientific papers is extremely specialized. The purpose of these papers is twofold: to present information so that it is easy to retrieve, and to present enough information that the reader can duplicate the scientific study. Reference: 1. [email protected] the Scientific Paper. (online) Available at: https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=83 IS YOUR FINAL OUTPUT A SCIENTIFIC PAPER? YES. The WIKIs above will help you understand the role of experimentation in the scientific method. For your final output as a scientific paper, you will follow the given standard format below to help you and your readers organize the expected information. Title CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It should be short and “catchy”. FINAL OUTPUT: (¨pleasing, easily remembered and likely to LISTEN TO YOUR HEART attract interest.¨-thesaurus.com) (This is an exploratory study on how a personś heart ❏ It provides the reader with an idea of what rate varies depending on the movie genre that he/ the study is all about. she is watching.) 31 Background Study CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It should cover basic concepts of biology, mainly about health and the human body. Topic: Effect of In and Out Squat ❏ It should provide context to the topic that Jumps to the Heart Rates of you are exploring through the scientific Male and Female Students method. ❏ It should generate readers’ interest in your Background Study: topic. ❏ It should help the reader understand why (click to enlarge the photo your topic is important. ❏ It should discuss your problem statement and rationale. Problem Statement CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It identifies one issue or problem only. ❏ It does not point out or hint at a possible ¨How does the amount of sunlight affect the height of reason for the problem. new plants?¨ ❏ It is specific enough to be measurable. ❏ It is solvable. (In this example, the height of plants would be the ❏ It has importance to a significant amount of dependent variable and the amount of sunlight would be people. the independent variable.) ❏ It is based on observations. ❏ Identify the independent variable in the topic statement to use in your problem statement. (The independent variable is the single factor that will be manipulated during the experiment through the application of controlled changes of dependent variables. If you find that there is more than one independent variable, you will want to redo the problem statement in order to properly scope the project to a single independent variable.) ❏ Write the problem statement in terms of a question.26 32 CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It identifies one issue or problem only. ❏ It does not point out or hint at a possible ¨How does the amount of sunlight aﬀect the height reason for the problem. of new plants?¨ ❏ It is specific enough to be measurable. ❏ It is solvable. (In this example, the height of plants would be the ❏ It has importance to a significant amount of dependent variable and the amount of sunlight would people. be the independent variable.) ❏ It is based on observations. ❏ Identify the independent variable in the topic statement to use in your problem statement. (The independent variable is the single factor that will be manipulated during the experiment through the application of controlled changes of dependent variables. If you find that there is more than one independent variable, you will want to redo the problem statement in order to properly scope the project to a single independent variable.) ❏ Write the problem statement in terms of a question. Hypothesis CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It is a statement, not a question. ❏ It is logical or based on research. In scientiﬁc experiments, a hypothesis proposes and ❏ It is written in clear and simple language. examines the relationship between an independent ❏ It defines the variables involved. variable and a dependent variable. ❏ It is testable. ❏ It is a specific statement relating to a single The eﬀect on the dependent variable (the idea being experiment. tested) depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable (the factor being changed). For example, let us take a look at this hypothesis: < click photo to enlarge> 33 Objectives of the Study CHECKLIST SAMPLE/ GUIDE STATEMENTS ❏ It gives a summary of what will be achieved by the research paper. Objectives can be general or specific. The general ❏ It helps to identify the focus of your objective of your study states what you expect to study. achieve in general terms. Specific objectives ❏ It defines clearly the variables to be break down the general objective into smaller, measured. logically connected parts that systematically address the various aspects of the problem. Your specific objectives should specify exactly what you will do in each phase of your study, how, where, when, and for what purpose. HOW SHOULD YOUR OBJECTIVES BE STATED? Your objectives should be stated using action verbs that are specific enough to be measured, for example: to compare, to calculate, to assess, to determine, to verify, to calculate, to describe, to explain, etc. Avoid the use of vague non-active verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand, to believe, to study, etc., because it is difficult to evaluate whether they have been achieved. < Click photo to enlarge> Reference: The Open University. 2017.Research objectives. (online) Available at: https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/ou content/view.php?id=231&section=8.6.2 34 Rationale CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It tells why you have done the study. ❏ It shows how well the researchers < Click photo to enlarge> understand the study. Variables CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It should be composed of 3 types: (1) < click photo to enlarge the image> Independent, (2) Dependent, and (3) Controlled. ❏ The independent variable is the factor that is being manipulated or tested. You should only have one independent variable. ❏ The dependent variable is the factor that is being measured or known as the outcome factor. ❏ The controlled variable is the factor that is being constant throughout the experiment. 35 Set-ups CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It should be composed of two types: (1) control set-up, and (2) experimental set-up. ❏ Control set-up is a group in an experiment that does not receive the variable you are testing. ❏ The experimental set-up is the group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment. An experimental group is a test sample or the group that receives an experimental procedure. This group is exposed to changes in the independent variable being tested. The values of the independent variable and the impact on the dependent variable are recorded. An experiment may include multiple experimental groups at one time. A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment such that the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable's effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternative explanations of the experimental results. While all experiments have an experimental group, not all experiments require a control group. Controls are extremely useful where the experimental conditions are complex and difficult to isolate. Experiments that use control groups are called controlled experiments. Reference: ThoughtCo.2020.The Difference Between Control Group and Experimental Group. (online) Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/control-and-experime ntal-group-differences-606113 36 Methodology CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It has three parts: (1) Materials, (2) Equipment/Tools, and (3) Procedure. ❏ The materials and equipment/tools should be listed using a table which will show the following: (a) item number, (b) name of the material, (c) quantity - specific number and unit, (d) use/s - specific use in the experiment, and (e) illustration of the material. ❏ The procedure shows the step-by-step procedures on how you will conduct the Authors: design of the experiment. It should be Balbedina written in a table which will show the Habana following: (a) number, (b) description of Lorente the specific step, and (c) illustration. Results and Discussion CHECKLIST SAMPLE/ GUIDE STATEMENTS ❏ It has two parts: (1) Data Table and (2) Data Graph. Results: What did you find in your experiment? ❏ The Data Table shows the results for both The result is the heart of the scientific paper, in which the researcher reports set-ups after you conduct the experiment. the outcomes of the experiment. It should be detailed. Results should not contain any explanations of the experimental findings or ❏ The Data Graph shows the reflections of in any other way interpret or draw conclusions about the data. the gathered data from the table. It shows Results should stick to the facts as they have been observed. the comparison of the set-ups. After that, the results integrate both visual (graphs, tables, drawings) and verbal (words) representations of the data. The verbal descriptions consist of series of findings (general statements that summarize or give the important point of a visual) and support for the findings (further details about the data that give pertinent information about the findings). DISCUSSION: What do the results mean? The purpose of the Discussion is to interpret your results, that is, to explain, analyze, and compare them. The Discussion section often begins by making a statement as to whether the findings in the Results support or do not support the expected findings stated in the hypothesis. It's important to make such a comparison because returning to the hypothesis is crucial to basic scientific thinking. The Discussion also provides the opportunity to compare the results to the research of others. Reference: LabWriteProject. 2000. The Parts of a Laboratory Report. (online) Available at: https://tinyurl.com/yaodnarl FOR MORE INFO., SEE THE SAMPLE OUTPUTS BELOW. 37 Conclusion CHECKLIST SAMPLE/ GUIDE QUESTIONS ❏ It accepts/rejects the hypothesis. ❏ It is the overall judgment of the study. Your conclusion should answer the question posed in step one. Your ❏ It is the general analysis of the experiment. conclusion should be based solely on your results. Think about the following questions: 1. Was your hypothesis correct? 2. If your hypothesis wasn't correct, what can you conclude from that? 3. Do you need to run your experiment again changing a variable? 4. Is your data clearly defined so everyone can understand the results and follow your reasoning? Reference: HartfordCommunityCollege. 2020.Scientific Method: Step 6: CONCLUSION.(online)Available at: https://harford.libguides.com/c.php?g=321391&p=2150654 Recommendations CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It gives suggestion/s to future researchers, readers, and students. ❏ It should give specific suggestions as you can. For more samples for recommendations, please see the output below. References CHECKLIST SAMPLE ❏ It gives credit and also acknowledges the ideas of the authors cited in your paper. ❏ It has different formats which are (1) APA (American Psychological Association) - used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences and (2) MLA (Modern Language Association) style - used by the Humanities.

General Physics 2 PDF - SY 2021-2022

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