General Biology Notes PDF

- Mice arise from sweaty PRELIM underwear - Flies arise from decaying meat...

- Mice arise from sweaty PRELIM underwear - Flies arise from decaying meat This is called Abiogenesis. CELL THEORY 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 1665 - All life forms, whether unicellular - The discovery of the cell. (bacteria) or multicellular - Robert Hooke viewed cork under (plants, animals) are made up of his microscope and called them cells. cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. - Cells are the basic organizational unit of all living things. 1839 - Cells are responsible for performing the vital processes of - Theodor Schwann states that life. along with plants, animals are 3. All cells arise from pre-existing composed of cells or the product cells. of cells in their structures. - This is established by Rudolf Virchow, indicating that new Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek cells are produced only through - Made a powerful single-lens the division of existing cells. microscope with which he - This concept rejects the idea of observed many types of unicells spontaneous generation which and tissues. suggests that life could arise from non-living matter. CELL - The smallest fundamental unit of SPONTANEOUS life structure. TISSUES - The group or similar cells GENERATION carrying out similar related functions. People believed that animals ORGANS - Collection of tissues grouped could come from non-living performing a common function. matter/sources. ORGAN SYSTEM - A group of organs They thought: that work together to perform a single - Frogs developed from function. falling drops of rain ORGANISM - A combination of organ Digestive Enzymes ➙ Proteins ➙ systems. A living thing. Pancreatic cells Glucagon = Alpha cells (main targets are the fat tissues and liver.) Insulin = Beta Cells THE JOBS OF CELLS Cells have 3 main jobs: 1. Make energy - Need energy for all activities - Need to clean up waste produced CELL ORGANELLES while making energy. - All life is made up of cells. 2. Make proteins - The human body has over 100 - Proteins do all the work in a cell, trillion cells. so we need tons of them. - The cells in our body undergo 3. Make more cells over 500 quadrillion chemical - For growth reactions. - To repair damaged or diseased cells PLANT CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE - The shipping and receiving department. CELL MEMBRANE - It acts as a - Cells are very similar to factories, gatekeeper for regulating the passage to stay alive and function of important molecules, ions, and properly, cells have a division of gasses between the outside and inside labor similar to that found in of a cell. factories. - Serves as the outer boundary of the cell. It consists of a bilayer of  phospholipids that separates the Transport proteins - A passageway internal and external proteins can go through leading them environment of a cell. inside a cell. - The cell boundary - Controls the movement of Aquaporins - transport proteins materials in and out - Recognizes signals A PHOSPHOLIPID is a lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group. *They can easily get in because of their size (water molecules) and can get into small gaps in the phospholipid.* Capsule - It has a layer of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall. Phosphate- its containing phospholipid - It attaches prokaryotic cells to ends are polar and described as the surface; protection and hydrophilic head (water-loving). support Cell Wall Two-fatty acid chains - are non-polar - A rigid structure of plasma and described as hydrophobic membrane. (water-fearing). - It provides protection and support from the outside Non-polar Molecules environment. - Has no change - Equal distribution SELECTIVE PERMEABLE MEMBRANE - A process of selectively choosing *Hydrophobic molecules/tails don't the molecule that will get in our allow water molecules to enter since cells. they can't interact.* Nucleus - The “Chief-Executive Officer”  - An oval-shaped structure. Chromatids - happens during cell - The storehouse of genetic division. information in the form of DNA inside the cells directs the Nucleoid synthesis of ribosomes and - Located at the central region of a proteins. cell. - Contains DNA. - It holds the genetic materials of - Uses MRNA to deliver the cell. instructions to the cells that will convert into amino acid chains. Cytoplasm - It also contains loosely coiled - The cell’s factory floor. fibers called chromatin - It refers to everything between consisting of Deoxyribonucleic the cell membrane and the Acid and proteins. nuclear membrane. - It also possesses the Nucleolus, - It fills the space between the which is a dense region where nucleus and cell membrane. small organelles essential for - It consists mostly of water, salts, making proteins are assembled. some proteins, and organelles. - A jelly-like material that holds organelles in place. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - our DNA will turn into proteins that will undergo ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM chemical reactions. - It serves as a pathway through the cytoplasm, as a support Ribosomes structure for the attachment of - Responsible for protein synthesis other organelles, and as a - The Protein Factory. workstation for the ribosomes. - They receive messages from DNA as to the kind of protein to be ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM synthesized or produced. - A network of sac-like sheets and tubes responsible for the 3 TYPES OF RNA production of secretory proteins - TRNA such as glycoproteins. - MRNA - RRNA Transcription process - DNA will turn into a type of RNA: MRNA. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - Lacks ribosomes on its surface. PHAGOCYTOSIS - Its main function is the synthesis - Process of white blood cells of lipids, metabolism of where they eat or eliminate carbohydrates, detoxification of bacteria. drugs and poisons, and storage - It’s also a process used by of calcium ions. certain cells to absorb and ingest solid particles. Golgi bodies - After leaving the ER, many Peroxisomes transport vesicles travel to the - Small, rounded organelles Golgi apparatus. enclosed by a single membrane. - The lipids or proteins within the It contains enzymes that remove transport vesicles still need to be hydrogen atoms from various sorted, packed, and tagged so substrates and transfer them to they wind up in the right place. oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. - It detoxifies alcohol in the liver. BUILDING PROTEINS - It increases protection in the (The Protein Assembly line) body. *The liver is high in catalase.* Nucleus → Ribosomes → ER → Golgi Apparatus → Vesicles Vacuoles - A fluid-filled sac for the storage of materials needed by the cell Lysosomes that includes water, food molecules, - The “Maintenance crew” inorganic ions, and enzymes. - Rounded-shaped membrane-bound structures Cell Wall containing chemicals that can - Support break down materials in the cell. - Present only in plants, algae, - It contains hydrolytic enzymes fungi, and bacteria. called lysozymes that digest - It surrounds the cell membrane. substances and worn out cellular - A rigid layer that gives parts. protection, rigid support, and shape to the cell. APOPTOSIS - The word came from an ancient Plants/Algae - Polysaccharide Greek word “Falling off” Cellulose. - A programmed cell death. Fungi - Chitin. Bacteria - Peptidoglycan. Mitochondria Plasmid - Small, bean-shaped, tod-shaped, - An independent circular DNA that or long thread-like organelle. carries genes. - The major site of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) energy *Plasmids are replicated independently production. of a bacterium’s genophore (e.g. during bacterial conjugation) and may confer AUTOPHAGY an advantage, such as antibiotic - Cells begin to eat themselves resistance.* when the body is in a fasted state. Flagella - The body will devour for food - Flagella are thin, tail-like only the damaged cells, leaving structures that allow locomotion. you with only healthy cells. - It involves the delivery of Cilia cytoplasmic waste materials to - Hair-like structures on the the lysosomes for recycling. surface of some eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts - Only found in plant cell and other photosynthetic eukaryotic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes organisms. No true nucleus It has a nucleus - It contains green pigment with a nuclear chlorophyll, along with enzymes envelope. and other molecules that function in the production of sugar. Smaller than Bigger and more eukaryotic cells. complex than *Mitochondria are in both animal and prokaryotes. plant cell.* NO Have membrane-bound membrane-bound Centrosome organelles (just organelles (Golgi, - A specialized zone of cytoplasm ribosomes) Endoplasmic close to the nucleus that is the reticulum, center of microtubule formation. lysosomes) - It contains two centrioles that DNA — DNA — are perpendicular to each other. single-strand and double-stranded circular. and forms Centrioles chromosomes - Microtubule rings are present (highly organized) during cell division. ALL are Can be uni- OR unicellular. multicellular chlorophyll ribosomes Centriole & organisms. centrosome Ex: ALL bacteria Ex: animals, photosynthe ER plants, fungi. sis Autotrophs Cell membrane Golgi Organisms are either: Cellular respiration Unicellular - made up of one cell such as bacteria and amoebas. cytoskeleton Multicellular -made of many cytoplasm cells such as plants and animals. Microorganisms - a living thing DNA/chromatin (organism) that is microscopic or Autophagy submicroscopic, which means it’s too small to be seen by the naked Production of eye. more cells No capsule Cell distinct types: Prokaryotic - (Pro: before, Kar: Living organism nucleus) multi-cellular Eukaryotic - (Eu: true, Kar: nucleus) PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL Differences Similarities Differences chloroplast mitochondria lysosome Cell wall vesicle cilia Large, eukaryotes Small central vacuole vacuole Defined nucleus Irregular shape shape